{"id":52869,"date":"2015-01-26T12:00:49","date_gmt":"2015-01-26T12:00:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=52869"},"modified":"2015-05-05T21:26:10","modified_gmt":"2015-05-05T20:26:10","slug":"this-week-in-history-8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2015\/01\/this-week-in-history-8\/","title":{"rendered":"This Week in History"},"content":{"rendered":"

January 26\u2013February 1 <\/em><\/p>\n

Quote of the Week <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201c<\/em>When you find peace within yourself,<\/em> you become the kind of person who can live at peace with others.<\/em>\u201d <\/em>— Peace Pilgrim (Source: http:\/\/www.quotes-inspirational.com\/quotes\/peace\/<\/a> ) For information on Peace Pilgrim, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peace_Pilgrim<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.peacepilgrim.org\/book\/ebooks\/PeacePilgrimBook.pdf<\/a> and\/or http:\/\/www.peacepilgrim.org\/<\/a> .<\/p>\n

January 26<\/strong><\/p>\n

2009\u00a0 \u00a0Rioting breaks out in\u00a0Antananarivo<\/a>,\u00a0Madagascar<\/a>, sparking a\u00a0political crisis<\/a>\u00a0that will result in the replacement of\u00a0President<\/a>\u00a0Marc Ravalomanana<\/a>\u00a0with\u00a0Andry Rajoelina<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2005\u00a0 Condoleezza Rice is sworn in as U.S. Secretary of State, becoming the first African American woman to hold the post. For Condoleezza Rice, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Condoleezza_Rice<\/a> ; and\/or http:\/\/www.biography.com\/people\/condoleezza-rice-9456857<\/a> . For social status of African American women, visit, for instance, http:\/\/diverseeducation.com\/article\/10797\/<\/a> .<\/p>\n

2004\u00a0 President\u00a0Hamid Karzai<\/a>\u00a0signs the new\u00a0constitution of Afghanistan<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2001\u00a0 Earthquake kills 20,000 in Bhuj, India. For this earthquake (Gujarat Earthquake), visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2001_Gujarat_earthquake<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1992\u00a0 Boris Yeltsin<\/a>\u00a0announces that Russia will stop targeting United States cities with\u00a0nuclear weapons<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 Mohamed Siad Barre<\/a>\u00a0is removed from power in\u00a0Somalia<\/a>, ending centralized government, and is succeeded by\u00a0Ali Mahdi<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1986\u00a0 The Ugandan government of\u00a0Tito Okello<\/a>\u00a0is overthrown by the\u00a0National Resistance Army<\/a>, led by\u00a0Yoweri Museveni<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1980\u00a0 Israel<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Egypt<\/a>\u00a0establish\u00a0diplomatic relations<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1965\u00a0 Hindi<\/a>\u00a0becomes the official language of India.<\/p>\n

1952\u00a0 Black Saturday<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Egypt<\/a>: rioters burn\u00a0Cairo<\/a>‘s central business district, targeting British and upper-class Egyptian businesses.<\/p>\n

1950\u00a0 The\u00a0Constitution of India<\/a>\u00a0comes into force<\/a>, forming a republic.\u00a0Rajendra Prasad<\/a>\u00a0is sworn in as its first\u00a0President of India<\/a>. Observed as\u00a0Republic Day<\/a>\u00a0in India.<\/p>\n

1949\u00a0 The\u00a0Hale telescope<\/a>\u00a0at\u00a0Palomar Observatory<\/a>\u00a0sees\u00a0first light<\/a>\u00a0under the direction of\u00a0Edwin Hubble<\/a>, becoming the largest aperture optical telescope (until\u00a0BTA-6<\/a>\u00a0is built in 1976).<\/p>\n

1939\u00a0 Spanish Civil War<\/a>\u00a0\u2013\u00a0Catalonia Offensive<\/a>: Troops loyal to nationalist General\u00a0Francisco Franco<\/a>\u00a0and aided by\u00a0Italy<\/a>\u00a0take\u00a0Barcelona<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1934\u00a0 German\u2013Polish Non-Aggression Pact<\/a>\u00a0is signed.<\/p>\n

1924\u00a0 Saint Petersburg<\/a>, Russia, is renamed Leningrad.<\/p>\n

1918\u00a0 Finnish Civil War<\/a>: A group of\u00a0Red Guards<\/a>\u00a0hangs a red lantern atop the tower of\u00a0Helsinki Workers’ Hall<\/a>\u00a0to symbolically mark the start of the war.<\/p>\n

1911\u00a0 Richard Strauss<\/a>‘ opera\u00a0Der Rosenkavalier<\/a><\/em>\u00a0receives its debut performance at the\u00a0Dresden State Opera<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1911\u00a0 Glenn H. Curtiss<\/a>\u00a0flies the first successful American\u00a0seaplane<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1885\u00a0 Troops loyal to\u00a0The Mahdi<\/a>\u00a0conquer\u00a0Khartoum<\/a>, killing the Governor-General\u00a0Charles George Gordon<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1856\u00a0 First\u00a0Battle of Seattle<\/a>. Marines from the\u00a0USS\u00a0Decatur<\/em><\/a>\u00a0drive off American Indian attackers after all day battle with settlers.<\/p>\n

1855\u00a0 Point No Point Treaty<\/a>\u00a0is signed in\u00a0Washington Territory<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1841\u00a0 The United Kingdom formally occupies Hong Kong, which China later formally\u00a0cedes<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\n

January 27 <\/strong><\/p>\n

2011\u00a0 \u00a0Arab Spring<\/a>: The\u00a0Yemeni Revolution<\/a>\u00a0begins as over 16,000 protestors demonstrate in\u00a0Sana’a<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2010\u00a0 The\u00a02009 Honduran constitutional crisis<\/a>\u00a0ends when\u00a0Porfirio Lobo Sosa<\/a>\u00a0becomes the new\u00a0President of Honduras<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2002\u00a0 \u00a0An explosion<\/a>\u00a0at a military storage facility in\u00a0Lagos<\/a>,\u00a0Nigeria<\/a>, kills at least 1,100 people and displaces over 20,000 others.<\/p>\n

1996\u00a0 Germany first observes\u00a0International Holocaust Remembrance Day<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1996\u00a0 \u00a0In a\u00a0military coup<\/a>\u00a0Colonel\u00a0Ibrahim Bar\u00e9 Ma\u00efnassara<\/a>\u00a0deposes the first democratically elected president of\u00a0Niger<\/a>,\u00a0Mahamane Ousmane<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1983\u00a0 \u00a0The pilot shaft of the\u00a0Seikan Tunnel<\/a>, the world’s longest sub-aqueous tunnel (53.85\u00a0km) between the Japanese islands of\u00a0Honsh\u016b<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Hokkaid\u014d<\/a>, breaks through.<\/p>\n

1980\u00a0 Through cooperation between the U.S. and Canadian governments, six American diplomats secretly escape\u00a0hostilities<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Iran<\/a>\u00a0in the culmination of the\u00a0Canadian Caper<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1973\u00a0 The\u00a0Paris Peace Accords<\/a>\u00a0officially end the\u00a0Vietnam War<\/a>. Colonel\u00a0William Nolde<\/a>\u00a0is killed in action becoming the conflict’s last recorded American combat casualty.<\/p>\n

1967\u00a0 The United States, United Kingdom, and\u00a0Soviet Union<\/a>\u00a0sign the\u00a0Outer Space Treaty<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Washington, D.C.<\/a>, banning deployment of\u00a0nuclear weapons<\/a>\u00a0in space, and limiting use of the\u00a0Moon<\/a>\u00a0and other\u00a0celestial bodies<\/a>\u00a0to peaceful purposes.<\/p>\n

1951\u00a0 Nuclear testing<\/a>\u00a0at the\u00a0Nevada Test Site<\/a>\u00a0begins with a one-kiloton bomb dropped on\u00a0Frenchman Flat<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 Nazi occupiers forbid food transport to West (The Netherlands).<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 Russia liberates Auschwitz and Birkenau Concentration Camp (Poland). For Auschwitz \u2013 Birkenau Concentration Camp, visit, among others, http:\/\/en.auschwitz.org\/m\/<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.remember.org\/camps\/birkenau\/bir-introduction.html<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org\/jsource\/Holocaust\/auschbirk.html<\/a> ; and\/or http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Auschwitz_concentration_camp<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1943\u00a0 World War II<\/a>: The VIII Bomber Command dispatched ninety-one B-17s and B-24s to attack the U-Boat construction yards at\u00a0Wilhelmshaven<\/a>, Germany. This was the first American bombing attack on Germany of the war.<\/p>\n

1926\u00a0 U.S. Senate agrees to join World Court (= the Permanent Court of International Justice until replaced by the International Court of Justice of the UN, in 1946). Visit http:\/\/www.u-s-history.com\/pages\/h1363.html<\/a> ; and http:\/\/www.gwu.edu\/~erpapers\/teachinger\/glossary\/world-court.cfm<\/a> . For the Permanent Court of International Justice, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Permanent_Court_of_International_Justice<\/a> ; and http:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/pcij\/index.php?p1=9<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1918\u00a0 “Tarzan of the Apes,” 1st Tarzan film, premieres at Broadway Theater. For Tarzan movie list, visit http:\/\/www.listal.com\/list\/tarzan-movies<\/a> .\u00a0\u00a0 For Tarzan, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tarzan<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1915\u00a0 US Marines (USS Montana<\/em> as the first invasion forces) occupy Haiti. Visit http:\/\/latinamericanhistory.about.com\/od\/historyofthecaribbean\/p\/08haiti1915.htm<\/a> ; http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_occupation_of_Haiti<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1908\u00a0 Pasiphae, a satellite of Jupiter, discovered by Philibert Jacques Melotte. Visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pasiphae_(moon)<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1825\u00a0 The\u00a0U.S. Congress<\/a>\u00a0approves\u00a0Indian Territory<\/a>\u00a0(in what is present-day\u00a0Oklahoma<\/a>), clearing the way for forced relocation of the\u00a0Eastern Indians<\/a>\u00a0on the “Trail of Tears<\/a>“.<\/p>\n

\n

January 28 <\/strong><\/p>\n

2013\u00a0 ‘Hareetz<\/em>‘, Israel’s oldest daily newspaper, publishes a story in which Israel admits it has administered birth-control injections to Ethiopian Jewish immigrants, without fully educating recipients of its effects. Visit http:\/\/www.haaretz.com\/news\/national\/why-is-the-birth-rate-in-israel-s-ethiopian-community-declining.premium-1.483494<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.haaretz.com\/news\/national\/israel-admits-ethiopian-women-were-given-birth-control-shots.premium-1.496519<\/a> ; and http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/2013\/01\/28\/ethiopian-women-israel-birth-control-shots_n_2567016.html<\/a> .<\/p>\n

2012\u00a0 Death toll from coordinated bombing attacks in Kano, Nigeria, reaches 185. For more related information, visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.freshinitiative.net\/world\/news\/17075-death-toll-from-coordinated-attacks-gun-battles-in-nigeria-city-climbs-to-162<\/a> ; http:\/\/eddyogunbor.blogspot.com\/2012\/12\/occupied-in-nigeria-displaced-in-new.html<\/a> ; and http:\/\/www.usatoday.com\/story\/news\/world\/2013\/04\/21\/nigeria-attack-extremists\/2101855\/<\/a> .<\/p>\n

2011\u00a0 Hundreds of thousands of protesters fill the Egyptian’s streets against the Mubarak regime in demonstrations referred to as the “Friday of Anger”. Visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/2011\/02\/03\/day-of-departure-feb-4_n_818398.html<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2011\/02\/04\/world\/middleeast\/04journalists.html?hp&_r=0#h<\/a>[] ; and http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/worldnews\/africaandindianocean\/egypt\/8305608\/Egypt-protests-day-11-of-the-protests-as-it-happened.html<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1985\u00a0 Supergroup\u00a0USA for Africa<\/a>\u00a0(United Support of Artists for Africa) records the hit single\u00a0We Are the World<\/a><\/em>, to help raise funds for Ethiopian<\/a>\u00a0famine relief<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1951\u00a0 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site. For the Nevada Test Site, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nevada_Test_Site<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1949\u00a0 UN Security council convicts Dutch aggression in Indonesia. Visit, among others, http:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/ga\/search\/view_doc.asp?symbol=S\/RES\/67(1949)<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.indonesia-digest.net\/3060bersiap.htm<\/a> ; http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indonesian_National_Revolution<\/a> ; and http:\/\/www.asianinfo.org\/asianinfo\/indonesia\/pro-history.htm<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 German troops occupy Benghazi Libya. For history of Benghazi, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Benghazi<\/a> . For the situation of Beghazi in 1941 and 1942, visit http:\/\/gallimafry.blogspot.com\/2011\/12\/nazi-forces-in-libya-1941.html<\/a> ; and https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=GYc0tSoeyKk<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 Franco-Thai War<\/a>: Final air battle of the conflict. A Japanese-mediated\u00a0armistice<\/a>\u00a0goes into effect later in the day.<\/p>\n

1935\u00a0 \u00a0Iceland<\/a>\u00a0becomes the first Western country to legalize therapeutic\u00a0abortion<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1933\u00a0 The name\u00a0Pakistan<\/a>\u00a0is\u00a0coined<\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0Choudhry Rahmat Ali<\/a>\u00a0Khan and is accepted by the\u00a0Indian Muslims<\/a>\u00a0who then thereby adopted it further for the\u00a0Pakistan Movement<\/a>seeking independence.<\/p>\n

1932\u00a0 Japanese forces\u00a0attack Shanghai<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1918\u00a0 Finnish Civil War<\/a>:\u00a0Rebels<\/a>\u00a0seize control of the capital,\u00a0Helsinki<\/a>, and members of the\u00a0Senate of Finland<\/a>\u00a0go underground.<\/p>\n

1909\u00a0 \u00a0United States troops leave\u00a0Cuba<\/a>\u00a0with the exception of\u00a0Guantanamo Bay Naval Base<\/a>\u00a0after being there since the\u00a0Spanish\u2013American War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1902\u00a0 The\u00a0Carnegie Institution of Washington<\/a>\u00a0is founded in Washington, D.C. with a $10 million gift from\u00a0Andrew Carnegie<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1871\u00a0 \u00a0Franco-Prussian War<\/a>: the\u00a0Siege of Paris<\/a>\u00a0ends in French defeat and an armistice.<\/p>\n

1846\u00a0 The\u00a0Battle of Aliwal<\/a>, India, is won by British troops commanded by\u00a0Sir Harry Smith<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1820\u00a0 A\u00a0Russian<\/a>\u00a0expedition led by\u00a0Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev<\/a>\u00a0discovers the\u00a0Antarctic<\/a>\u00a0continent, approaching the Antarctic coast.<\/p>\n

1099\u00a0 1st Crusaders begins siege of Hosn-el-Akrad Syria. For the Crusades chronology, visit http:\/\/fussichen.com\/oftheday\/otdcru.htm<\/a> . For the Crusades, visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crusades<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.lordsandladies.org\/the-crusades.htm<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.thearma.org\/essays\/Crusades.htm#.VLJQFyvF-wU<\/a> ; and http:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/crusades<\/a> .<\/p>\n

\n

January 29 <\/strong><\/p>\n

2011\u00a0 Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak appoints Omar Suleiman Vice President, the first office existing under the President in 30 years. Visit http:\/\/www.dnaindia.com\/world\/report-egypt-crisis-mubarak-names-new-vice-president-prime-minister-1500556<\/a> ; and http:\/\/www.thestreet.com\/story\/10989257\/1\/egypts-mubarak-appoints-new-staff.html<\/a> . For the background of this appointment, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Egyptian_Revolution_of_2011<\/a> .<\/p>\n

2005\u00a0 \u00a0The first direct commercial flights from mainland China (from\u00a0Guangzhou<\/a>) to\u00a0Taiwan<\/a>\u00a0since 1949 arrived in\u00a0Taipei<\/a>. Shortly afterwards, a\u00a0China Airlines<\/a>\u00a0flight lands in Beijing.<\/p>\n

2002\u00a0 \u00a0In his\u00a0State of the Union address<\/a>, President\u00a0George W. Bush<\/a>\u00a0describes “regimes that sponsor\u00a0terror<\/a>” as an\u00a0Axis of evil<\/a><\/em>, in which he includes\u00a0Iraq<\/a>,\u00a0Iran<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0North Korea<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1996 President\u00a0Jacques Chirac<\/a>\u00a0announces a “definitive end” to French\u00a0nuclear weapons testing<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 Gulf War<\/a>: The\u00a0Battle of Khafji<\/a>, the first major ground engagement of the war, as well as its deadliest, begins.<\/p>\n

1989\u00a0 \u00a0Hungary establishes diplomatic relations with South Korea<\/a>, making it the first\u00a0Eastern Bloc<\/a>\u00a0nation to do so.<\/p>\n

1970\u00a0 USSR performs nuclear test at Semipalitinsk, Eastern Kazakhstan, USSR.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 In\u00a0Bologna<\/a>, Italy, the\u00a0Anatomical theatre of the Archiginnasio<\/a>\u00a0is destroyed in an air-raid.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 World War II<\/a>: Approximately 38 people are killed and about a dozen injured when the Polish village of Koniuchy (present-day\u00a0Kani\u016bkai<\/a>, Lithuania) is\u00a0attacked<\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0Soviet partisan<\/a>\u00a0units.<\/p>\n

1918\u00a0 Ukrainian\u2013Soviet War: An\u00a0armed uprising<\/a>\u00a0organized by the\u00a0Bolsheviks<\/a>\u00a0in anticipation of the encroaching\u00a0Red Army<\/a>\u00a0begins at the\u00a0Kiev Arsenal<\/a>, which will be put down six days later.<\/p>\n

1918\u00a0 Ukrainian\u2013Soviet War<\/a>: The\u00a0Bolshevik<\/a>\u00a0Red Army<\/a>, on its way to besiege\u00a0Kiev<\/a>, is met by a small group of military students at the\u00a0Battle of Kruty<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1916\u00a0 World War I<\/a>: Paris is first bombed by German\u00a0zeppelins<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1891\u00a0 Liliuokalani<\/a>\u00a0is proclaimed the last\u00a0monarch<\/a>\u00a0and only\u00a0queen regnant<\/a>\u00a0of the\u00a0Kingdom of Hawai\u02bbi<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1863\u00a0 Bear River Massacre<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1856\u00a0 Queen Victoria<\/a>\u00a0of the United Kingdom issues a\u00a0Warrant<\/a>\u00a0under the\u00a0Royal sign-manual<\/a>\u00a0that establishes the\u00a0Victoria Cross<\/a>\u00a0to recognise acts of valour by\u00a0British<\/a>\u00a0military personnel during the Crimean War.<\/p>\n

1815\u00a0 France defeats Russia and\u00a0Prussia<\/a>\u00a0in the\u00a0Battle of Brienne<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\n

January 30 <\/strong><\/p>\n

2011\u00a0 Over half a million people participate in the world’s largest wildlife survey after extreme cold drives exotic birds into Britain’s back gardens. (See http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portal:Current_events\/2011_January_30<\/a> ) For this issue, visit http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2011\/jan\/30\/rspb-big-garden-birdwatch<\/a> .<\/p>\n

2005\u00a0 Parliamentary elections in Iraq, the first since 1958. Visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elections_in_Iraq<\/a> .<\/p>\n

2003\u00a0 \u00a0Same-sex marriage<\/a>\u00a0is officially recognized in the\u00a0Kingdom of Belgium<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1989\u00a0 Closure of the American\u00a0embassy<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Kabul<\/a>,\u00a0Democratic Republic of Afghanistan<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1982\u00a0 \u00a0Richard Skrenta<\/a>\u00a0writes the first PC\u00a0virus<\/a>\u00a0code, which is 400 lines long and disguised as an\u00a0Apple<\/a>\u00a0boot program called “Elk Cloner<\/a>“.<\/p>\n

1968\u00a0 Vietnam War<\/a>:\u00a0Tet Offensive<\/a>\u00a0launch by forces of the\u00a0Viet Cong<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0North Vietnamese Army<\/a>\u00a0against South Vietnam, the United States, and their allies.<\/p>\n

1965\u00a0 Some 1 million people attend former Prime Minister\u00a0Sir Winston Churchill<\/a>‘s funeral, the biggest in the United Kingdom up to that point.<\/p>\n

1964\u00a0 In a bloodless coup, General\u00a0Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u00e1nh<\/a>\u00a0overthrows<\/a>\u00a0General\u00a0D\u01b0\u01a1ng V\u0103n Minh<\/a>‘s military junta in\u00a0South Vietnam<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1960\u00a0 CIA allows Lockheed to produce a new U-2 aircraft (Oxcart) lookout Mr. Powers.<\/p>\n

1956\u00a0 African-American civil rights leader\u00a0Martin Luther King, Jr.<\/a>‘s home is bombed in retaliation for the\u00a0Montgomery Bus Boycott<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1948\u00a0 \u00a0Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi<\/a> (aka Mahatma Gandhi) known for his non-violent freedom struggle, is\u00a0assassinated<\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0Nathuram Godse<\/a>, a\u00a0Hindu<\/a>\u00a0extremist.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 World War II:\u00a0Raid at Cabanatuan<\/a>\u00a0\u2014 126 American Rangers and Filipino resistance fighters liberate over 500 Allied prisoners from the Japanese-controlled Cabanatuan POW camp.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 World War II: The\u00a0Wilhelm Gustloff<\/a><\/em>, overfilled with German\u00a0refugees<\/a>, s inks in the\u00a0Baltic Sea<\/a>\u00a0after being\u00a0torpedoed<\/a>\u00a0by a\u00a0Soviet<\/a>\u00a0submarine, killing approximately 9,500 people in what is the deadliest known maritime disaster.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 World War II: American troops land on\u00a0Majuro<\/a>,\u00a0Marshall Islands<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 World War II: The\u00a0Battle of Cisterna<\/a>, part of\u00a0Operation Shingle<\/a>, begins in central Italy.<\/p>\n

1943\u00a0 Holocaust in Letychiv, Ukraine: German Gestapo commence mass shootings of Jews from Letychiv Ghetto. 200 surviving Jews from Letychiv slave labor camp were ordered to undress and were shot with machine-gun into a ravine. Some 7,000 Jews were murdered in Letychiv. For history of Letychiv and the background of this event, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Letychiv<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1933\u00a0 Adolf Hitler<\/a>\u00a0is sworn in<\/a>\u00a0as\u00a0Chancellor of Germany<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1925\u00a0 The Government of\u00a0Turkey<\/a>\u00a0throws\u00a0Patriarch Constantine VI<\/a>\u00a0out of\u00a0Istanbul<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1908\u00a0 Indian pacifist and leader\u00a0Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi<\/a>\u00a0 (aka Mahatma Gandhi) is released from prison by\u00a0Jan C. Smuts<\/a>\u00a0after being tried and sentenced to 2 months in jail earlier in the month.<\/p>\n

1902\u00a0 The first\u00a0Anglo-Japanese Alliance<\/a>\u00a0is signed in London.<\/p>\n

1862\u00a0 The first American\u00a0ironclad<\/a>\u00a0warship, the\u00a0USS\u00a0Monitor<\/em><\/a>\u00a0is launched.<\/p>\n

1820\u00a0 Edward Bransfield<\/a>\u00a0sights the\u00a0Trinity Peninsula<\/a>\u00a0and claims the discovery of Antarctica.<\/p>\n

1806\u00a0 Prussia takes possession of Hanover.<\/p>\n

1648\u00a0 Eighty Years’ War<\/a>: The\u00a0Treaty of M\u00fcnster and Osnabr\u00fcck<\/a>\u00a0is signed, ending the conflict between the Netherlands and Spain.<\/p>\n

\n

January 31 <\/strong><\/p>\n

2014\u00a0 U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder authorizes federal prosecutors to pursue the death penalty for Boston Marathon bombing suspect, Dzhokhar Tsarnaev. For Boston Marathon Bombings, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boston_Marathon_bombings<\/a> . For the death penalty deal, visit http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/post-nation\/wp\/2015\/01\/06\/why-the-death-penalty-is-so-crucial-to-the-boston-marathon-bombing-trial\/<\/a> .<\/p>\n

2012\u00a0 China tightens its control of monasteries following deadly protests in Tibet. On this issue, visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.tibetoday.com\/China-steps-up-surveillance-of-Tibetan-monasteries.htm<\/a> ; http:\/\/tibet.net\/2012\/01\/31\/china-tibet-protests-prompt-heightened-security\/<\/a> http:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2012\/03\/16\/china-tibetan-monasteries-placed-under-direct-rule<\/a> ; and http:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2011\/10\/12\/china-end-crackdown-tibetan-monasteries<\/a> .<\/p>\n

2012\u00a0 Following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, the Cabinet of Japan approves a bill placing a 40-year cap on the life of nuclear reactors. Visit http:\/\/robinwestenra.blogspot.com\/2012\/01\/fukushima_31.html<\/a> . For the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster<\/a> .<\/p>\n

2001\u00a0 In the Netherlands, a Scottish court convicts\u00a0Libyan<\/a>\u00a0Abdelbaset al-Megrahi<\/a>\u00a0and acquits another Libyan citizen for their part in the bombing of\u00a0Pan Am Flight 103<\/a>\u00a0overLockerbie<\/a>, Scotland in 1988.<\/p>\n

1996\u00a0 An explosives-filled truck rams into the gates of the\u00a0Central Bank of Sri Lanka<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Colombo<\/a>,\u00a0Sri Lanka<\/a>\u00a0killing at least 86 and injuring 1,400.<\/p>\n

1984\u00a0 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1971\u00a0 The\u00a0Winter Soldier Investigation<\/a>, organized by the\u00a0Vietnam Veterans Against the War<\/a>\u00a0to publicize\u00a0war crimes<\/a>\u00a0and atrocities by\u00a0Americans<\/a>\u00a0and allies in\u00a0Vietnam<\/a>, begins in\u00a0Detroit<\/a>,\u00a0Michigan<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1968\u00a0 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1968\u00a0 Nauru<\/a>\u00a0gains independence from Australia.<\/p>\n

1968\u00a0 Viet Cong<\/a>\u00a0attack the United States embassy in\u00a0Saigon<\/a>, and other attacks, in the early morning hours, later grouped together as the\u00a0Tet Offensive<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1964\u00a0 US report “Smoking and Health” connects smoking to lung cancer. Regarding this issue, visit http:\/\/profiles.nlm.nih.gov\/NN\/Views\/Exhibit\/narrative\/smoking.html<\/a> ; http:\/\/healthwiseblog.com\/64-us-report-ties-smoking-cancer\/?redirect=1<\/a> ; and https:\/\/uk.celebrity.yahoo.com\/news\/ap-39-64-us-report-ties-smoking-cancer-214318166.html;_ylt=A0LEVxj.7bJUZzQATD1XNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEzcm9uY2k1BHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDNQRjb2xvA2JmMQR2dGlkA1NNRTkxOV8x<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1961\u00a0 USAF launches Samos spy satellite to replace U-2 flights. For Samos, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samos_(satellite)<\/a> . For the spy satellite in general, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reconnaissance_satellite<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.space.com\/12996-secret-spy-satellites-declassified-nro.html<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.foxnews.com\/tech\/2011\/09\/19\/declassified-us-spy-satellites-reveal-rare-look-at-secret-cold-war-space\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1958\u00a0 James Van Allen<\/a>\u00a0discovers the\u00a0Van Allen radiation belt<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1958\u00a0 Explorer program<\/a>:\u00a0Explorer 1<\/a><\/em>\u00a0\u2013 The first successful launch of an American\u00a0satellite<\/a>\u00a0into orbit.<\/p>\n

1953\u00a0 A\u00a0North Sea flood<\/a>\u00a0causes over 1,800 deaths in the Netherlands and over 300 in the United Kingdom.<\/p>\n

1950\u00a0 President<\/a>\u00a0Harry S. Truman<\/a>\u00a0announces a program to develop the\u00a0hydrogen bomb<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1946\u00a0 Yugoslavia<\/a>‘s new\u00a0constitution<\/a>, modeling that of the\u00a0Soviet Union<\/a>, establishes six constituent republics (Bosnia and Herzegovina<\/a>,\u00a0Croatia<\/a>,\u00a0Macedonia<\/a>,\u00a0Montenegro<\/a>,Serbia<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0Slovenia<\/a>).<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 World War II: the end of fighting in the\u00a0Battle of Hill 170<\/a>\u00a0during the\u00a0Burma Campaign<\/a>, in which the British\u00a03 Commando Brigade<\/a>\u00a0repulsed a Japanese counterattack on their positions and precipitated a general retirement from the\u00a0Arakan<\/a>\u00a0Peninsula.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 World War II: About 3,000 inmates from the\u00a0Stutthof concentration camp<\/a>\u00a0are forcibly marched into the\u00a0Baltic Sea<\/a>\u00a0at Palmnicken (now\u00a0Yantarny<\/a>, Russia) and executed.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 World War II: During the\u00a0Anzio<\/a>\u00a0campaign the\u00a01st Ranger Battalion<\/a>\u00a0(Darby’s Rangers) is destroyed behind enemy lines in a heavily outnumbered encounter at\u00a0Battle of Cisterna<\/a>, Italy.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 World War II: American forces land on\u00a0Kwajalein Atoll<\/a>\u00a0and other islands in the Japanese-held\u00a0Marshall Islands<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1943\u00a0 World War II: German Field Marshal\u00a0Friedrich Paulus<\/a>\u00a0surrenders to the Soviets at\u00a0Stalingrad<\/a>, followed 2 days later by the remainder of his Sixth Army, ending one of the war’s fiercest battles.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 World War II<\/a>: Allied forces are defeated by the Japanese at the\u00a0Battle of Malaya<\/a>\u00a0and retreat to the island of Singapore.<\/p>\n

1929\u00a0 The\u00a0Soviet Union<\/a>\u00a0exiles\u00a0Leon Trotsky<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1919\u00a0 The\u00a0Battle of George Square<\/a>\u00a0takes place in\u00a0Glasgow<\/a>, Scotland.<\/p>\n

1917\u00a0 World War I: Germany announces that its\u00a0U-boats<\/a>\u00a0will\u00a0resume unrestricted submarine warfare<\/a>\u00a0after a two-year hiatus.<\/p>\n

1915\u00a0 World War I<\/a>:\u00a0Germany<\/a>\u00a0is the first to make large-scale use of\u00a0poison gas<\/a>\u00a0in warfare in the\u00a0Battle of Bolim\u00f3w<\/a>\u00a0against\u00a0Russia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1900\u00a0 Datu Muhammad Salleh is\u00a0assassinated<\/a>\u00a0in Kampung Teboh, Tambunan, ending the\u00a0Mat Salleh Rebellion<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1891\u00a0 History of Portugal<\/a>: The first attempt at a Portuguese\u00a0republican<\/a>\u00a0revolution<\/a>\u00a0breaks out in the northern city of\u00a0Porto<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1867\u00a0 Maronite<\/a>\u00a0nationalist leader\u00a0Youssef Bey Karam<\/a>\u00a0leaves\u00a0Lebanon<\/a>\u00a0on board a French ship bound for\u00a0Algeria<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1865\u00a0 American Civil War:\u00a0Confederate<\/a>\u00a0General\u00a0Robert E. Lee<\/a>\u00a0becomes general-in-chief.<\/p>\n

1865\u00a0 American Civil War<\/a>: The\u00a0United States Congress<\/a>\u00a0passes the\u00a0Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States<\/a>, abolishing slavery and submits it to the states for ratification.<\/p>\n

1849\u00a0 Corn Laws<\/a>\u00a0are abolished in the United Kingdom pursuant to legislation in 1846.<\/p>\n

\n

February 1 <\/strong><\/p>\n

2005\u00a0 King\u00a0Gyanendra of Nepal<\/a>\u00a0carries out a\u00a0coup d’\u00e9tat<\/a>\u00a0to capture the democracy, becoming\u00a0Chairman<\/a>\u00a0of the Councils of ministers.<\/p>\n

2003\u00a0 Space Shuttle\u00a0Columbia<\/em><\/a>\u00a0on mission\u00a0STS-107<\/a>\u00a0disintegrates during reentry into the Earth’s atmosphere, killing all seven astronauts aboard.<\/p>\n

2002\u00a0 Daniel Pearl<\/a>, American journalist and\u00a0South Asia<\/a>\u00a0Bureau Chief of the\u00a0Wall Street Journal<\/a>, kidnapped January 23, 2002, is beheaded and mutilated by his captors.<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 South African President, F. W. de Klerk, says he would repeal all apartheid laws. For F. W. de Klerk, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/F._W._de_Klerk<\/a> . For apartheid and its legislation, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apartheid_legislation<\/a> ; http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apartheid<\/a> ; http:\/\/africanhistory.about.com\/library\/bl\/blsalaws.htm<\/a> ; and http:\/\/overcomingapartheid.msu.edu\/multimedia.php?id=65-2`59-3<\/a> . For history of apartheid, visit http:\/\/www-cs-students.stanford.edu\/~cale\/cs201\/apartheid.hist.html<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.sahistory.org.za\/politics-and-society\/apartheid-legislation-1850s-1970s<\/a> ; and http:\/\/www.south-africa-tours-and-travel.com\/apartheid.html<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1983\u00a0 USSR performs underground nuclear test.<\/p>\n

1982\u00a0 Senegal<\/a>\u00a0and\u00a0the Gambia<\/a>\u00a0form a loose confederation known as\u00a0Senegambia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1979\u00a0 The\u00a0Ayatollah<\/a>\u00a0Ruhollah Khomeini<\/a>\u00a0returns to\u00a0Tehran<\/a>,\u00a0Iran<\/a>\u00a0after nearly 15 years of exile.<\/p>\n

1968\u00a0 \u00a0Vietnam War<\/a>: The execution of\u00a0Viet Cong<\/a>\u00a0officer\u00a0Nguyen Van Lem<\/a>\u00a0by\u00a0South Vietnamese<\/a>\u00a0National Police Chief\u00a0Nguyen Ngoc Loan<\/a>\u00a0is videotaped and photographed byEddie Adams<\/a>. This image helped build\u00a0opposition to the Vietnam War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1951\u00a0 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1950\u00a0 USSR demands condemnation of Emperor Hirohito for war crimes. For Hirohito, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hirohito<\/a> . For arguments about his war responsibility, visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1989\/01\/22\/world\/post-hirohito-japan-debates-his-war-role.html<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2014\/10\/15\/opinion\/norihiro-kato-daring-to-ask-hirohito-about-his-role-in-WW2.html?_r=0<\/a> ; http:\/\/japanfocus.org\/-Herbert_P_-Bix\/2741<\/a> ; and http:\/\/www.willamette.edu\/~rloftus\/warrespons.html<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1948\u00a0 Palestine Post<\/em> newspaper building in Jerusalem bombed. See \u201cCase 219\u201d of http:\/\/www.iamthewitness.com\/doc\/Bunche.Report.on.Zionist.Terrorism.in.the.Near.East.htm<\/a> ) Also see the report on this incident, published by Palestine Post<\/em> newspaper on February 2, 1948, issue: http:\/\/zionism-israel.com\/his\/Palestine_Post_Bombing.htm<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1946\u00a0 The\u00a0Parliament of Hungary<\/a>\u00a0abolishes the monarchy after nine centuries, and proclaims the\u00a0Hungarian Republic<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1946\u00a0 \u00a0Trygve Lie<\/a>\u00a0of Norway is picked to be the first\u00a0United Nations Secretary General<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1943\u00a0 German occupiers make Vidkun Quisling Norwegian premier.<\/p>\n

1943\u00a0 Mussert forms pro Nazi shadow cabinet (Netherlands).<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 Voice of America<\/a>, the official external radio and television service of the\u00a0United States government<\/a>, begins broadcasting with programs aimed at areas controlled by the\u00a0Axis powers<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1940\u00a0 Russia begins new offensive against Finland.<\/p>\n

1933\u00a0 German Parliament disolves, General Ludendorf predicts catastrophe. For the time line of this event and relevant events, visit http:\/\/propagander3.tripod.com\/nur02.html<\/a> . For its background information, visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nazi_Party#Rise_to_power:_1925.E2.80.931933<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1924\u00a0 \u00a0The United Kingdom recognizes the\u00a0USSR<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1908\u00a0 \u00a0King\u00a0Carlos I of Portugal<\/a>\u00a0and his son, Prince\u00a0Luis Filipe<\/a>, are killed in\u00a0Terreiro do Paco<\/a>,\u00a0Lisbon<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1897\u00a0 Shinhan Bank<\/a>, the oldest\u00a0bank in South Korea<\/a>, opens in\u00a0Seoul<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1895\u00a0 Fountains Valley, Pretoria<\/a>, the oldest\u00a0nature reserve<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Africa<\/a>, is proclaimed by\u00a0President<\/a>\u00a0Paul Kruger<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1884\u00a0 \u00a0The first volume (A<\/em>\u00a0to\u00a0Ant<\/em>) of the\u00a0Oxford English Dictionary<\/a><\/em>\u00a0is published.<\/p>\n

1865\u00a0 President\u00a0Abraham Lincoln<\/a>\u00a0signs the\u00a0Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1835\u00a0 Slavery<\/a>\u00a0is\u00a0abolished<\/a>\u00a0in\u00a0Mauritius<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1793\u00a0 \u00a0French Revolutionary Wars<\/a>: France declares war on the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.<\/p>\n

1662\u00a0 The Chinese general\u00a0Koxinga<\/a>\u00a0seizes the island of\u00a0Taiwan<\/a>\u00a0after a\u00a0nine-month siege<\/a>.<\/p>\n

________________________<\/p>\n

Satoshi Ashikaga is a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment, originally from Japan.<\/em><\/p>\n

Sources and references: http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/January_26<\/a> to February_1; http:\/\/www.brainyhistory.com\/days\/january_26.html<\/a> to february_1.html; http:\/\/www.historyorb.com\/events\/january\/26<\/a> to february\/1; http:\/\/www.datesinhistory.com\/jan26.php<\/a> to feb1.php ;<\/em> http:\/\/worldhistoryproject.org\/what-happened-on\/1\/26<\/a> to 2\/1; and other relevant websites and\/or documents, mentioned above.) <\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

January 26\u2013February 1
\nQuote of the Week: \u201cWhen you find peace within yourself, you become the kind of person who can live at peace with others.\u201d — Peace Pilgrim<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[148],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-52869","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/52869","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=52869"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/52869\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=52869"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=52869"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=52869"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}