{"id":53533,"date":"2015-02-09T12:00:29","date_gmt":"2015-02-09T12:00:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=53533"},"modified":"2015-05-05T21:26:08","modified_gmt":"2015-05-05T20:26:08","slug":"this-week-in-history-10","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2015\/02\/this-week-in-history-10\/","title":{"rendered":"This Week in History"},"content":{"rendered":"

February 9\u201315<\/em><\/p>\n

Quote of the Week <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cDad, how do soldiers killing each other solve the world’s problems?\u201d<\/em> – Bill Watterson (Source: http:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/quotes\/tag\/peace<\/a> ) For Bill Watterson, visit http:\/\/www.goodreads.com\/author\/show\/13778.Bill_Watterson<\/a><\/p>\n

February 9 <\/strong><\/p>\n

2012\u00a0 The U.S. Department of Defense produces new guidelines that remove restrictions on the use of women in combat. Visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2012\/02\/10\/us\/pentagon-to-loosen-restrictions-on-women-in-combat.html<\/a> ; http:\/\/usatoday30.usatoday.com\/news\/washington\/story\/2012-02-08\/war-women-pentagon\/53017764\/1<\/a> ; and\/or http:\/\/militaryfamily.com\/2012\/02\/15\/new-rules-for-women-in-combat\/<\/a> . For the issue on women in combat in general, visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Women_in_combat<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1996\u00a0 The Provisional Irish Republican Army<\/a> declares the end to its 18-month cea, sefire<\/a> and explodes a large bomb<\/a> in London’s Canary Wharf<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 Voters in Lithuania<\/a> vote for independence.<\/p>\n

1965\u00a0 Vietnam War<\/a>: The first United States troops with a combat mission, a Marine Corps Hawk air defense missile battalion, are sent to South Vietnam<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1962\u00a0 Jamaica signs agreement to become independent. \u201cThe Jamaican Delegation and the United Kingdom signed an agreement which will make Jamaica an Independent Nation as from August 6, 1962.\u201d (http:\/\/www.nlj.gov.jm\/Ja50\/News.htm<\/a> ) For Jamaica\u2019s independence, visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Independence_of_Jamaica<\/a> . For Jamaica Independence Act<\/em>, visit http:\/\/moj.gov.jm\/sites\/default\/files\/laws\/Jamaica%20Independence%20Act,%201962.pdf<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1962\u00a0 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1951\u00a0 Korean War<\/a>: Geochang massacre<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1950\u00a0 Second Red Scare<\/a>: Senator<\/a> Joseph McCarthy<\/a> accuses the United States Department of State<\/a> of being filled with Communists<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 Year-round Daylight saving time<\/a> is re-instated in the United States as a wartime measure to help conserve energy resources.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 Nazi collaborators destroy pro-Jewish caf\u00e9 Alcazar Amsterdam (Alcazar refused to hang “No Entry for Jews” signs in front of cafe). See the photograph, http:\/\/www.14words.net\/2012\/02\/on-this-day-february-9th-dutch-nazis.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1934\u00a0 The Balkan Entente<\/a> is formed.<\/p>\n

1929\u00a0 USSR, Estonia, Latvia, Poland & Romania sign Litvinov Pact. For the Litvinov\u2019s Pact<\/em>, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Litvinov%27s_Pact<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1920\u00a0 Under the terms of the Svalbard Treaty<\/a>, international diplomacy recognizes Norwegian sovereignty over Arctic archipelago Svalbard<\/a>, and designates it as demilitarized<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1904\u00a0 Russo-Japanese War<\/a>: Battle of Port Arthur<\/a> concludes.<\/p>\n

1849\u00a0 New Roman Republic<\/a> established<\/p>\n

1822\u00a0 Haiti invades the newly founded Dominican Republic. For the history of the relationship between these two countries, visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93Haiti_relations<\/a> ; http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haitians_in_the_Dominican_Republic<\/a> ; http:\/\/content.time.com\/time\/world\/article\/0,8599,1953959,00.html<\/a> ; and\/or http:\/\/www.adn.com\/article\/haiti-and-dominican-republic-brief-history-long-strained-relationship<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1788\u00a0 The Habsburg Empire<\/a> joins the Russo-Turkish War<\/a> in the Russian<\/a> camp.<\/p>\n

February 10 <\/strong><\/p>\n

2003\u00a0 France<\/a> and Belgium<\/a> break the NATO<\/a> procedure of silent approval concerning the timing of protective measures for Turkey<\/a> in case of a possible war with Iraq<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1998\u00a0 Voters in Maine<\/a> repeal a gay rights<\/a> law passed in 1997<\/a> becoming the first U.S. state<\/a> to abandon such a law.<\/p>\n

1989\u00a0 U.S. performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1972\u00a0 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh\/Semipalitinsk USSR.<\/p>\n

1962\u00a0 Captured American<\/a> U2 spy-plane<\/a> pilot Gary Powers<\/a> is exchanged for captured Soviet<\/a> spy Rudolf Abel<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1954\u00a0 President<\/a> Dwight Eisenhower<\/a> warns against United States<\/a> intervention in Vietnam<\/a>. For Eisenhower\u2019s policy on Vietnam, visit http:\/\/r.search.yahoo.com\/_ylt=AwrBT9VsrNNU.lwArSJXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTEzZ3NlMjVvBHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDNARjb2xvA2JmMQR2dGlkA1ZJUDI4Ml8x\/RV=2\/RE=1423187180\/RO=10\/RU=http%3a%2f%2fdtic.mil%2fcgi-bin%2fGetTRDoc%3fAD%3dADA328884\/RK=0\/RS=sTD.jXvKrUjPW51Z34eUTOosmew-<\/a>. For the United States\u2019 involvement with Vietnam and Eisenhower\u2019s warning, visit http:\/\/www.english.illinois.edu\/maps\/vietnam\/causes.htm<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.rationalrevolution.net\/war\/american_involvement_in_vietnam.htm<\/a> ; and\/or http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam_War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1943\u00a0 World War II<\/a>: Attempting to completely lift the Siege of Leningrad<\/a>, the Soviet Red Army<\/a> engages German<\/a> troops and Spanish<\/a> volunteers in the Battle of Krasny Bor<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1940\u00a0 The Soviet Union<\/a> begins mass deportations of Polish citizens from occupied eastern Poland<\/a> to Siberia.<\/p>\n

1939\u00a0 Spanish Civil War<\/a>: The Nationalists<\/a> conclude their conquest of Catalonia<\/a> and seal the border with France.<\/p>\n

1936\u00a0 Second Italo-Abyssinian War<\/a>: Italian<\/a> troops launched the Battle of Amba Aradam<\/a> against Ethiopian<\/a> defenders.<\/p>\n

1930\u00a0 Y\u00ean B\u00e1i mutiny<\/a> in French Indochina<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1906\u00a0 HMS\u00a0Dreadnought<\/em><\/a>, the first of a revolutionary new breed of battleships<\/a> is christened and launched by King Edward VII<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1862\u00a0 American Civil War<\/a>: A Union naval flotilla destroys the bulk of the Confederate Mosquito Fleet<\/a> in the Battle of Elizabeth City<\/a> on the Pasquotank River<\/a> in North Carolina<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1846\u00a0 First Anglo-Sikh War<\/a>: Battle of Sobraon<\/a> \u2013 British defeat Sikhs in final battle of the war.<\/p>\n

1814\u00a0 Napoleonic Wars<\/a>: The Battle of Champaubert<\/a> ends in French victory over the Russians<\/a> and the Prussians<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1763\u00a0 French and Indian War<\/a>: The 1763 Treaty of Paris<\/a> ends the war and France<\/a> cedes Quebec<\/a> to Great Britain<\/a>.<\/p>\n

February 11 <\/strong><\/p>\n

2014\u00a0 After restricting its ties with Cuba since 1996, the European Union agrees to launch negotiations; the talks aim to increase the dialogue on human rights and increase trade and investment between Cuba and the EU.<\/p>\n

2013\u00a0 Pope Benedict XVI<\/a> announces his resignation from the papacy, the first pontiff to resign in more than half a millennium.<\/p>\n

2011\u00a0 The first wave<\/a> of the Egyptian revolution<\/a> culminates in the resignation of Hosni Mubarak<\/a> and the transfer of power to the Supreme Military Council after 18 days of protests.<\/p>\n

1990\u00a0 Nelson Mandela<\/a> is released from Victor Verster Prison<\/a> outside Cape Town<\/a>, South Africa after 27 years as a political prisoner.<\/p>\n

1979\u00a0 The Iranian Revolution<\/a> establishes an Islamic theocracy under the leadership of Ayatollah<\/a> Ruhollah Khomeini<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1978\u00a0 Censorship<\/a>: China lifts a ban on works by Aristotle<\/a>, William Shakespeare<\/a> and Charles Dickens<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1973\u00a0 Vietnam War<\/a>: First release of American prisoners of war<\/a> from Vietnam<\/a> takes place.<\/p>\n

1971\u00a0 Eighty-seven countries, including the United States, United Kingdom, and Soviet Union, sign the Seabed Arms Control Treaty<\/a> outlawing nuclear weapons<\/a> on the ocean floor in international waters.<\/p>\n

1968\u00a0 The Memphis Sanitation Strike<\/a> begins.<\/p>\n

1968\u00a0 Israeli\u2013Jordanian<\/a> border clashes rage.<\/p>\n

1964\u00a0 Greeks<\/a> and Turks<\/a> begin fighting in Limassol<\/a>, Cyprus<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1959\u00a0 The Federation of Arab Emirates of the South<\/a>, which will later become South Yemen<\/a>, is created as a protectorate<\/a> of the United Kingdom.<\/p>\n

1953\u00a0 The Soviet Union<\/a> breaks off diplomatic relations with Israel<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1953\u00a0 U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower refuses a clemency appeal for Julius and Ethel Rosenberg<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 World War II<\/a>: The Battle of Bukit Timah<\/a> is fought in Singapore<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1929\u00a0 Kingdom of Italy<\/a> and the Vatican<\/a> sign the Lateran Treaty<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1918\u00a0 US President Wilson makes another speech before Congress and announces ‘the Four Principles’ – freedom of navigation, and end to secret diplomacy, and similar items – that supplement his Fourteen Points. Visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.directessays.com\/viewpaper\/76686.html<\/a> . For Woodrow Wilson, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Woodrow_Wilson<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1889\u00a0 Meiji Constitution<\/a> of Japan is adopted; the first National Diet<\/a> convenes in 1890.<\/p>\n

1861\u00a0 American Civil War<\/a>: United States House of Representatives<\/a> unanimously passes a resolution guaranteeing noninterference with slavery<\/a> in any state.<\/p>\n

1858\u00a0 Bernadette Soubirous<\/a>‘s first vision<\/a> of the Blessed Virgin Mary<\/a> in Lourdes<\/a>, France.<\/p>\n

1856\u00a0 The Kingdom of Awadh<\/a> is annexed by the British East India Company<\/a> and Wajid Ali Shah<\/a>, the king of Awadh, is imprisoned and later exiled to Calcutta<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1826\u00a0 Swaminarayan<\/a> writes the Shikshapatri<\/a><\/em>, an important text within Swaminarayan Hinduism<\/a>.<\/p>\n

February 12 <\/strong><\/p>\n

2002\u00a0 The trial of Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107<\/a>, the former President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia<\/a>, begins at the United Nations<\/a> International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia<\/a> in The Hague<\/a>, Netherlands. He dies four years later before its conclusion.<\/p>\n

1992\u00a0 The current Constitution of Mongolia<\/a> comes into effect.<\/p>\n

1983\u00a0 100 women protest in Lahore, Pakistan<\/a> against military dictator Zia-ul-Haq’s<\/a> proposed Law of Evidence. The women were tear-gassed, baton-charged and thrown into lock-up. The women were successful in repealing the law.<\/p>\n

1982\u00a0 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1976\u00a0 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1973 1st US POWs in N Vietnam released; 116 of 456 flown to Philippine. Visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/learning\/general\/onthisday\/big\/0212.html<\/a> . For more information on relevant issues on US POWs in Viet Nam War, visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.military.com\/daily-news\/2013\/02\/11\/40-years-after-release-hanoi-hilton-pows-reflect.html<\/a> ; http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam_War_POW\/MIA_issue<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/publication\/treatment-american-pows-north-vietnam<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.axpow.org\/southeastasiapowtreat.pdf<\/a> ; and\/or http:\/\/www.nampows.org\/nampowslist.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1968\u00a0 Phong Nh\u1ecb and Phong Nh\u1ea5t massacre<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1965\u00a0 Nuclear test at Pacific Ocean by the United States.<\/p>\n

– For this nuclear test, see Alpaca<\/em> (= the name of the bomb) in the list of Operation Whetstone, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Whetstone<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– For history of nuclear weapon testing, visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.ctbto.org\/nuclear-testing\/history-of-nuclear-testing\/world-overview\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– For Nuclear Detonation Timeline \u201c1945 \u2013 1998\u201d, https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=I9lquok4Pdk<\/a> and\/or Nuclear Testing Timeline http:\/\/www.theatomproject.org\/en\/about\/nuclear-weapons-testing-timeline\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– For relevant documents, visit http:\/\/www.ggram.com\/doc\/pacific-ocean-nuclear.html#.VMfnvS586po<\/a> ; and\/or http:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/14020549_A_compilation_of_nuclear_weapons_test_detonation_data_for_U.S._Pacific_ocean_tests<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– For relevant US military projects, visit, for instance, http:\/\/mysteriesunsolvedstory.blogspot.com\/2011\/06\/10-secret-us-military-intelligence.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– For the Pacific Proving Grounds, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pacific_Proving_Grounds<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1946\u00a0 African American<\/a> United States Army<\/a> veteran Isaac Woodard<\/a> is severely beaten by a South Carolina<\/a> police officer to the point where he loses his vision in both eyes. The incident later galvanizes the Civil Rights Movement<\/a> and partially inspires Orson Welles<\/a>‘ film Touch of Evil<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n

1934\u00a0 In Spain the national council of Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista<\/a><\/em> decides to merge the movement with the Falange Espa\u00f1ola<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n

1934\u00a0 The Austrian Civil War<\/a> begins.<\/p>\n

1909\u00a0 New Zealand’s worst maritime disaster of the 20th century happens when the SS\u00a0Penguin<\/em><\/a>, an inter-island ferry<\/a>, sinks and explodes at the entrance to Wellington Harbour<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1909\u00a0 The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People<\/a> (NAACP) is founded.<\/p>\n

1894\u00a0 Anarchist<\/a> \u00c9mile Henry<\/a> hurls a bomb into the Cafe Terminus in Paris, France, killing one and wounding 20.<\/p>\n

1832\u00a0 Ecuador<\/a> annexes the Gal\u00e1pagos Islands<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1825\u00a0 The Creek<\/a> cede the last of their lands in Georgia to the United States government by the Treaty of Indian Springs<\/a>, and migrate west.<\/p>\n

1818\u00a0 Bernardo O’Higgins<\/a> formally approves the Chilean Declaration of Independence<\/a> near Concepci\u00f3n, Chile<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1817\u00a0 An Argentine<\/a>\/Chilean patriotic army, after crossing the Andes<\/a>, defeats Spanish troops on the Battle of Chacabuco<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1814\u00a0 Battle of Ch\u00e2teau-Thierry (1814)<\/a>.<\/p>\n

February 13 <\/strong><\/p>\n

2011\u00a0 For the first time in more than 100 years the Umatilla<\/a>, an American Indian tribe<\/a>, are able to hunt and harvest a bison<\/a> just outside Yellowstone National Park<\/a>, restoring a centuries-old tradition guaranteed by a treaty<\/a> signed in 1855.<\/p>\n

Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd<\/a> makes a historic apology to the Indigenous Australians<\/a> and the Stolen Generations<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2001\u00a0 An earthquake<\/a> measuring 6.6 on the Richter Scale<\/a> hits El Salvador<\/a>, killing at least 400.<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 Gulf War<\/a>: Two laser-guided “smart bombs<\/a>” destroy the Amiriyah shelter<\/a> in Baghdad<\/a>. Allied forces said the bunker was being used as a military communications outpost, but over 400 Iraqi civilians inside were killed.<\/p>\n

1990\u00a0 German reunification<\/a>: An agreement is reached on a two-stage plan to reunite Germany<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1984\u00a0 Konstantin Chernenko<\/a> succeeds the late Yuri Andropov<\/a> as general secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1982\u00a0 The R\u00edo Negro massacre<\/a> takes place in Guatemala<\/a>. More than 440 Maya Achi were killed in the village of R\u00edo Negro<\/a> alone, and the string of extrajudicial killings<\/a> that claimed up to 5,000 lives between 1980 and 1982 became known as the R\u00edo Negro Massacres. <\/em><\/p>\n

1978\u00a0 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1974\u00a0 Dissident Nobel writer Alexander Solzhenitsyn expelled from USSR. Visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn<\/a> and\/or http:\/\/gawker.com\/5032535\/alexander-solzhenitsyn-writer-dissident<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1971\u00a0 Vietnam War<\/a>: Backed by American<\/a> air and artillery support, South Vietnamese<\/a> troops invade Laos<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1968\u00a0 U.S. sends 10,500 additional soldiers to Vietnam.<\/p>\n

1967\u00a0 American<\/a> researchers discover the Madrid Codices<\/a> by Leonardo da Vinci<\/a> in the National Library of Spain<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1966\u00a0 USSR performs nuclear test at Semipalitinsk, Eastern Kazakhstan U.S.S.R.<\/p>\n

1960\u00a0 Black college students stage the first of the Nashville sit-ins<\/a> at three lunch counters<\/a> in Nashville, Tennessee<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1960\u00a0 With the success of a nuclear test<\/a> codenamed “Gerboise Bleue<\/a>“, France<\/a> becomes the fourth country to possess nuclear weapons.<\/p>\n

1955\u00a0 Israel<\/a> obtains four of the seven Dead Sea scrolls<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1951\u00a0 Korean War<\/a>: Battle of Chipyong-ni<\/a>, which represented the “high-water mark” of the Chinese incursion into South Korea, commences.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 World War II: Royal Air Force<\/a> bombers are dispatched to Dresden<\/a>, Germany<\/a> to attack the city with a massive aerial bombardment<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 World War II<\/a>: The siege of Budapest<\/a> concludes with the unconditional surrender of German<\/a> and Hungarian<\/a> forces to the Red Army<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 Hitler’s Operation Seelowe (invasion of England) cancelled. Visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Sea_Lion<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 Nazi leaders attack Dutch Jewish Council. For this issue, visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Judenrat<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.holocaust-lestweforget.com\/jewishcouncil.html<\/a> ; http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_Jews_in_Amsterdam<\/a> ; and\/or http:\/\/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org\/jsource\/Holocaust\/occamsterdam.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1935\u00a0 A jury in Flemington, New Jersey<\/a> finds Bruno Hauptmann<\/a> guilty of the 1932<\/a> kidnapping<\/a> and murder<\/a> of the Lindbergh baby<\/a>, the son of Charles Lindbergh<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1931\u00a0 New Delhi<\/a> becomes the capital of India<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1920\u00a0 League of Nations recognizes perpetual neutrality of Switzerland. For this issue, visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Country_neutrality_%28international_relations%29<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.currentconcerns.ch\/index.php?id=994<\/a> ; http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Paris_%281815%29<\/a> ; and\/or http:\/\/r.search.yahoo.com\/_ylt=A0LEVyw7KMlUkXEAW7hXNyoA;_ylu=X3oDMTBzYmdoaTM1BHNlYwNzcgRwb3MDMjcEY29sbwNiZjEEdnRpZAM-\/RV=2\/RE=1422497980\/RO=10\/RU=http%3a%2f%2fmercury.ethz.ch%2fserviceengine%2fFiles%2fISN%2f114843%2fichaptersection_singledocument%2f5ac9cad8-acb1-43d1-818d-a22e64312807%2fen%2fChap12.pdf\/RK=0\/RS=ZEvlHRUOQPW3kdJLPE17STEmyVk-<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1920\u00a0 The Negro National League<\/a> is formed.<\/p>\n

– For segregated baseball and baseball color line, visit, for instance, http:\/\/mlb.mlb.com\/mlb\/history\/mlb_negro_leagues_story.jsp?story=kaleidoscopic<\/a> ; http:\/\/segregationinbaseball.weebly.com\/<\/a> ; http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baseball_color_line<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/kenburns\/baseball\/teachers\/lesson2.html<\/a> ; and\/or http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/discover\/10.2307\/2783769?uid=2&uid=4&sid=21105725773203<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– For race and sports and\/or discrimination in sports, visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Race_and_sports<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.studymode.com\/essays\/Segregation-In-Sports-1456559.html<\/a> ; https:\/\/www.questia.com\/library\/sociology-and-anthropology\/leisure-and-recreation\/discrimination-in-sports<\/a> and\/or http:\/\/www.esquire.com\/the-side\/feature\/segregation-in-sports-022310#slide-1<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1914\u00a0 Copyright<\/a>: In New York City<\/a> the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers<\/a> is established to protect the copyrighted musical compositions of its members.<\/p>\n

1881\u00a0 The feminist<\/a> newspaper La Citoyenne<\/a><\/em> is first published in Paris<\/a> by the activist Hubertine Auclert<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1861\u00a0 In Gaeta<\/a> the capitulation of the fortress decreeing the end of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies<\/a> is signed.<\/p>\n

1861\u00a0 Abraham Lincoln<\/a> declared president in Washington DC.<\/p>\n

1849\u00a0 The delegation headed by Metropolitan bishop Andrei \u015eaguna<\/a> hands out to the Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria<\/a> the General Petition of Romanian leaders in Transylvania<\/a>, Banat<\/a> and Bukovina<\/a><\/em>, which demands that the Romanian nation<\/a> be recognized.<\/p>\n

1739\u00a0 Battle of Karnal<\/a>: The army of Iranian<\/a> ruler Nadir Shah<\/a> defeats the forces of the Mughal<\/a> emperor of India<\/a>, Muhammad Shah<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1692\u00a0 Massacre of Glencoe<\/a>: About 78 Macdonalds<\/a> at Glen Coe<\/a>, Scotland<\/a> are killed early in the morning for not promptly pledging allegiance to the new king, William of Orange<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1668\u00a0 Spain<\/a> recognizes Portugal<\/a> as an independent nation.<\/p>\n

February 14 <\/strong><\/p>\n

2005\u00a0 Seven people are killed and 151 wounded in a series of bombings by suspected al-Qaeda<\/a>-linked militants that hit the Philippines<\/a>‘ Makati<\/a> financial district in Metro Manila<\/a>, Davao City<\/a>, and General Santos City<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2005\u00a0 Lebanese self-made billionaire<\/a> and business tycoon<\/a> Rafik Hariri<\/a> is killed<\/a>, along with 21 others, when explosives, equivalent of around 1,000 kg<\/a> of TNT<\/a>, are detonated as his motorcade<\/a> drove near the St. George Hotel in Beirut<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2002\u00a0 The Budapest Open Access Initiative<\/a>, one of the cornerstones of the Open access<\/a> movement, was released to the public.<\/p>\n

1989\u00a0 Iranian<\/a> leader Ruhollah Khomeini<\/a> issues a fatwa<\/a> encouraging Muslims<\/a> to kill Salman Rushdie<\/a>, author of The Satanic Verses<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n

1989\u00a0 Union Carbide<\/a> agrees to pay $470 million to the Indian government for damages it caused in the 1984<\/a> Bhopal disaster<\/a>. For environmental disasters in India or relevant issues<\/em>, visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Environmental_disasters_in_India<\/a> ; http:\/\/indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com\/2013\/10\/08\/7-major-industrial-environmental-disasters-indian-country-151661<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.umich.edu\/~snre492\/Jones\/narmada.html<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1142333\/<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.maryscullyreports.com\/tag\/indian-tannery-contamination-environmental-disaster-in-india\/<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.ehjournal.net\/content\/4\/1\/6<\/a> ;http:\/\/www.yourarticlelibrary.com\/essay\/environment-essay\/environmental-hazards-and-disaster-management-in-india\/39728\/<\/a> ; and\/or http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2013\/jun\/28\/india-floods-man-made-disaster<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1988\u00a0 U.S. performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1979\u00a0 U.S. performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1979\u00a0 In Kabul<\/a>, Setami Milli<\/a> militants kidnap the American ambassador<\/a> to Afghanistan<\/a>, Adolph Dubs<\/a> who is later killed during a gunfight between his kidnappers and police.<\/p>\n

1966\u00a0 Australian currency is decimalised<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1961\u00a0 Discovery of the chemical elements<\/a>: Element 103<\/a>, Lawrencium<\/a>, is first synthesized at the University of California<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1956\u00a0 The XX Congress<\/a> of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union<\/a> begins in Moscow. On the last night of the meeting, Premier Nikita Khrushchev<\/a> condemns Joseph Stalin<\/a>‘s crimes in a secret speech<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1950\u00a0 USSR and China sign peace treaty. Visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sino-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship,_Alliance_and_Mutual_Assistance<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1950\u00a0 Chinese Civil War<\/a>: The National Revolutionary Army<\/a> instigates the unsuccessful Battle of Tianquan<\/a> against the People’s Liberation Army<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1949\u00a0 The Asbestos Strike<\/a> begins in Canada. The strike marks the beginning of the Quiet Revolution<\/a> in Quebec<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1949\u00a0 The Knesset<\/a> (Israeli<\/a> parliament) convenes for the first time.<\/p>\n

1946\u00a0 The Bank of England<\/a> is nationalized.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 President Franklin D. Roosevelt<\/a> meets with King Ibn Saud<\/a> of Saudi Arabia<\/a> aboard the USS\u00a0Quincy<\/em><\/a>, officially beginning U.S.-Saudi<\/a> diplomatic relations.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 World War II: Mostar<\/a> is liberated by Yugoslav<\/a> partisans<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 World War II: On the first day of the bombing of Dresden<\/a>, the British Royal Air Force<\/a> and the United States Army Air Forces<\/a> begin fire-bombing<\/a> Dresden<\/a>, the capital of the German state of Saxony<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 World War II: Anti-Japanese revolt on Java<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1943\u00a0 World War II: Tunisia Campaign<\/a> \u2013 General<\/a> Hans-J\u00fcrgen von Arnim<\/a>‘s Fifth Panzer Army<\/a> launches a concerted attack<\/a> against Allied<\/a> positions in Tunisia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1943\u00a0 World War II<\/a>: Rostov-on-Don<\/a>, Russia is liberated.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 Battle of Pasir Panjang<\/a> contributes to the fall of Singapore<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1929\u00a0 Saint Valentine’s Day Massacre<\/a>: Seven people, six of them gangster<\/a> rivals of Al Capone<\/a>‘s gang, are murdered in Chicago, Illinois<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1920\u00a0 The League of Women Voters<\/a> is founded in Chicago<\/a>. The website of the League of Women Voters today, http:\/\/lwv.org\/<\/a> and that of Chicago, http:\/\/www.lwvchicago.org\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1919\u00a0 The Polish\u2013Soviet War<\/a> begins.<\/p>\n

1918\u00a0 The Soviet Union<\/a> adopts the Gregorian calendar<\/a> (on 1 February<\/a> according to the Julian calendar<\/a>). The Soviet Union<\/a> adopts the Gregorian calendar<\/a> (on 1 February<\/a> according to the Julian calendar<\/a>).<\/p>\n

1900\u00a0 Second Boer War<\/a>: In South Africa, 20,000 British<\/a> troops invade the Orange Free State<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1899\u00a0 Voting machines<\/a> are approved by the U.S. Congress<\/a> for use in federal elections<\/a>. For voting machines, the assurance of democratic procedure, and relevant arguments, visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electronic_votinghttp:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electronic_voting<\/a> ; http:\/\/homepage.cs.uiowa.edu\/~jones\/voting\/congress.html<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.wtsp.com\/news\/article\/280630\/36\/Voting-machine-problems-raise-questions<\/a> ; and http:\/\/www.wral.com\/voting-machine-problems-do-not-change-election-outcome\/14219607\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1879\u00a0 The War of the Pacific<\/a> breaks out when Chilean<\/a> armed forces occupy the Bolivian<\/a> port city of Antofagasta<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1852\u00a0 Great Ormond St Hospital for Sick Children<\/a>, the first hospital in England to provide in-patient beds specifically for children (The National Children’s Hospital in Dublin was founded over 30 years previously in 1821), is founded in London.<\/p>\n

1835\u00a0 The original Quorum of the Twelve Apostles<\/a>, in the Latter Day Saint movement<\/a>, is formed in Kirtland, Ohio<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1831\u00a0 Ras Marye of Yejju<\/a> marches into Tigray<\/a> and defeats and kills Dejazmach Sabagadis<\/a> in the Battle of Debre Abbay<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1804\u00a0 Karadjordje<\/a> leads the First Serbian Uprising<\/a> against the Ottoman Empire<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1797\u00a0 French Revolutionary Wars<\/a>: Battle of Cape St. Vincent<\/a> \u2013 John Jervis, (later 1st Earl of St Vincent)<\/a> and Horatio Nelson (later 1st Viscount Nelson)<\/a> lead the British Royal Navy<\/a> to victory over a Spanish fleet in action near Gibraltar<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1779\u00a0 James Cook<\/a> is killed by Native Hawaiians<\/a> near Kealakekua<\/a> on the Island of Hawaii<\/a>.<\/p>\n

February 15 <\/strong><\/p>\n

2003\u00a0 Protests against the Iraq war<\/a> take place in over 600 cities worldwide. It is estimated that between 8 million to 30 million people participate, making this the largest peace demonstration in history.<\/p>\n

2001\u00a0 First draft of the complete human genome<\/a> is published in Nature<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 The Visegr\u00e1d Agreement<\/a>, establishing cooperation to move toward free-market systems<\/a>, is signed by the leaders of Czechoslovakia<\/a>, Hungary<\/a> and Poland<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1989\u00a0 Soviet war in Afghanistan<\/a>: The Soviet Union<\/a> officially announces that all of its troops have left Afghanistan<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1976\u00a0 The 1976 Constitution of Cuba<\/a> is adopted by national referendum<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1972\u00a0 Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Velasco Ibarra<\/a>, serving as President of Ecuador<\/a> for the fifth time, is overthrown by the military for the fourth time.<\/p>\n

1971\u00a0 The decimalisation<\/a> of British coinage<\/a> is completed on Decimal Day<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1953\u00a0 Parliamentary elections<\/a> held in Liechtenstein<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 World War II<\/a>: Fall of Singapore<\/a>. Following an assault by Japanese<\/a> forces, the British<\/a> General Arthur Percival<\/a> surrenders. About 80,000 Indian<\/a>, United Kingdom<\/a> and Australian<\/a> soldiers become prisoners of war<\/a>, the largest surrender of British<\/a>-led military personnel in history.<\/p>\n

1936\u00a0 Hitler announce building of Volkswagens (starting slug-bug game). For Hitler and Volkswagen, visit, for instance, http:\/\/sadekjake.hubpages.com\/hub\/Volkswagen-and-Hitler–The-Untold-Story<\/a> ; http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Volkswagen<\/a> ; and\/or http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/culture\/story\/20130830-the-nazi-car-we-came-to-love<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1998\/09\/11\/world\/volkswagen-to-create-12-million-fund-for-nazi-era-laborers.html<\/a> ; and\/or http:\/\/www.religioustolerance.org\/fin_nazi.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1923\u00a0 Greece<\/a> becomes the last European country to adopt the Gregorian calendar<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1921\u00a0 Kingdom of Romania<\/a> establishes its legation<\/a> in Helsinki<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1898\u00a0 The battleship USS\u00a0Maine<\/em><\/a> explodes and sinks in Havana<\/a> harbor in Cuba<\/a>, killing 274. This event leads the United States<\/a> to declare war on Spain<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1879\u00a0 Women’s rights<\/a>: American President<\/a> Rutherford B. Hayes<\/a> signs a bill allowing female attorneys<\/a> to argue cases before the Supreme Court of the United States<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1835\u00a0 The first constitutional<\/a> law in modern Serbia<\/a> is adopted.<\/p>\n

1804\u00a0 The Serbian revolution<\/a> begins.<\/p>\n

1798\u00a0 The Roman Republic<\/a> is proclaimed after Louis Alexandre Berthier<\/a>, a general of Napoleon<\/a>, had invaded the city of Rome<\/a> five days earlier.<\/p>\n

1763\u00a0 Austria, Prussia & Saxony sign Treaty of Hubertusburg, marking the end of the French and Indian War and of the Seven Years War. For the Seven Year\u2019s War, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seven_Years%27_War<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/EBchecked\/topic\/536559\/Seven-Years-War<\/a> ; and\/or http:\/\/www.quazoo.com\/q\/Treaty_of_Hubertusburg<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1690\u00a0 Constantin Cantemir<\/a>, Prince of Moldavia<\/a> and the Holy Roman Empire<\/a> sign a secret treaty in Sibiu<\/a>, stipulating that Moldavia would support the actions led by the House of Habsburg<\/a> against the Ottoman Empire<\/a>.<\/p>\n

_____________________________<\/p>\n

(Sources and references: http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/February_9<\/a> to February_15 ; http:\/\/www.brainyhistory.com\/days\/february_9.html<\/a> to February_15 ; http:\/\/www.historyorb.com\/events\/february\/9<\/a> to February\/15 ; and other relevant websites and documents, mentioned above.) <\/em><\/p>\n

Satoshi Ashikaga is a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment, originally from Japan.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

February 9\u201315 – Quote of the Week: \u201cDad, how do soldiers killing each other solve the world’s problems?\u201d — Bill Watterson<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[148],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-53533","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53533","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=53533"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53533\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=53533"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=53533"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=53533"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}