{"id":54342,"date":"2015-03-02T12:00:12","date_gmt":"2015-03-02T12:00:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=54342"},"modified":"2015-05-05T21:26:02","modified_gmt":"2015-05-05T20:26:02","slug":"this-week-in-history-13","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2015\/03\/this-week-in-history-13\/","title":{"rendered":"This Week in History"},"content":{"rendered":"

March 2\u20138<\/em><\/p>\n

Quote of the Week:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cThe best and most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen, even touched. They must be felt with the heart<\/a>.<\/em>\u201d — Helen Keller<\/p>\n

MARCH 2 <\/strong><\/p>\n

2004<\/strong>\u00a0 War in Iraq<\/a>: Al-Qaeda<\/a> carries out the Ashoura Massacre<\/a> in Iraq<\/a>, killing 170 and wounding over 500. Also visit, for instance, http:\/\/911myths.com\/index.php\/Al_Qaeda_does_not_exist<\/a> ; _ http:\/\/undergrounddocumentaries.com\/al-qaeda-does-not-exist-bbc-special-documentary-full-version\/<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/coupmedia.org\/terror-threats-0401<\/a> ; _ http:\/\/www.spiked-online.com\/Printable\/00000006DFED.htm<\/a> ; _ and\/or _ https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ek7ZHenQnu4<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2002<\/strong>\u00a0 U.S. invasion of Afghanistan<\/a>: Operation Anaconda<\/a> begins, (ending on March 19<\/a> after killing 500 Taliban<\/a> and al Qaeda<\/a> fighters, with 11 Western troop fatalities).<\/p>\n

1995<\/strong>\u00a0 Researchers at Fermilab<\/a> announce the discovery of the top quark<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1992<\/strong>\u00a0 Armenia<\/a>, Azerbaijan<\/a>, Kazakhstan<\/a>, Kyrgyzstan<\/a>, Moldova<\/a>, San Marino<\/a>, Tajikistan<\/a>, Turkmenistan<\/a> and Uzbekistan<\/a> join the United Nations<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1991<\/strong>\u00a0 Battle at Rumaila Oil Field<\/a> brings an end to the 1991 Gulf War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1990<\/strong>\u00a0 Nelson Mandela<\/a> is elected deputy President of the African National Congress<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1989<\/strong>\u00a0 Twelve European Community<\/a> nations agree to ban the production of all chlorofluorocarbons<\/a> (CFCs) by the end of the century.<\/p>\n

1983<\/strong>\u00a0 Compact Discs<\/a> and players are released for the first time in the United States and other markets. They had previously been available only in Japan<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1970<\/strong>\u00a0 Rhodesia<\/a> declares itself a republic<\/a>, breaking its last links with the British crown.<\/p>\n

1969<\/strong>\u00a0 Soviet<\/a> and Chinese forces clash at a border outpost on the Ussuri River<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1969<\/strong>\u00a0 In Toulouse<\/a>, France, the first test flight of the Anglo-French Concorde<\/a> is conducted.<\/p>\n

1967<\/strong>\u00a0 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1966<\/strong>\u00a0 The US announces that US Forces in Vietnam now number 215,000 with another 20,000 enroute. Visit http:\/\/bodhimandala1.blogspot.com\/2012\/04\/vietnam-war-timeline-1966.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– For the timeline of the Vietnam War between 1965 \u2013 1968, visit http:\/\/www.historyplace.com\/unitedstates\/vietnam\/index-1965.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– For the Vietnam War, visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam_War<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/vietnam-war<\/a>;_ and _ http:\/\/history1900s.about.com\/od\/vietnamwar\/a\/vietnamwar.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1965<\/strong>\u00a0 The US<\/a> and South Vietnamese Air Force<\/a> begin Operation Rolling Thunder<\/a>, a sustained bombing campaign against North Vietnam<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1962<\/strong>\u00a0 In Burma<\/a>, the army led by General Ne Win<\/a> seizes power in a coup d’\u00e9tat<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n

1956<\/strong>\u00a0 Morocco<\/a> gains its independence from France<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1955<\/strong>\u00a0 King<\/a> Norodom Sihanouk<\/a> of Cambodia<\/a> abdicates the throne in favor of his father, King Norodom Suramarit<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1946<\/strong>\u00a0 Ho Chi Minh<\/a> is elected the President of North Vietnam<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1943<\/strong>\u00a0 World War II: Battle of the Bismarck Sea<\/a> \u2013 United States and Australian forces sink Japanese convoy ships.<\/p>\n

1941<\/strong>\u00a0 World War II<\/a>: First German military units enter Bulgaria after it joins the Axis Pact<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1901<\/strong>\u00a0 The U.S. Congress passes the Platt Amendment<\/a> limiting the autonomy of Cuba<\/a>, as a condition of the withdrawal of American troops.<\/p>\n

1885<\/strong>\u00a0 Sino-French War<\/a>: French victory in the Battle of Hoa Moc<\/a> near Tuyen Quang<\/a>, northern Vietnam<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1865<\/strong>\u00a0 East Cape War<\/a>: The Volkner Incident<\/a> in New Zealand.<\/p>\n

1836<\/strong>\u00a0 Texas Revolution<\/a>: Declaration of independence<\/a> of the Republic of Texas<\/a> from Mexico.<\/p>\n

1815<\/strong> Signing of the Kandyan Convention<\/a> treaty by British<\/a> invaders and the King of Sri Lanka<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1811<\/strong>\u00a0 Argentine War of Independence<\/a>: A royalist<\/a> fleet defeats a small flotilla<\/a> of revolutionary<\/a> ships in the Battle of San Nicol\u00e1s<\/a> on the River Plate<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1807<\/strong>\u00a0 The U.S. Congress<\/a> passes the Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves<\/a>, disallowing the importation<\/a> of new slaves<\/a> into the country.<\/p>\n

1797<\/strong>\u00a0 The Bank of England<\/a> issues<\/a> the first one-pound<\/a> and two-pound<\/a> banknotes<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1776<\/strong>\u00a0 American Revolutionary War<\/a>: Patriot<\/a> militia units arrest the Royal Governor of Georgia<\/a> James Wright<\/a> and attempt to prevent capture of supply ships in the Battle of the Rice Boats<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1484<\/strong>\u00a0 The College of Arms<\/a> is formally incorporated by Royal Charter<\/a> signed by King Richard III of England<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1476<\/strong>\u00a0 Burgundian Wars<\/a>: The Old Swiss Confederacy<\/a> hands Charles the Bold<\/a>, Duke of Burgundy<\/a>, a major defeat in the Battle of Grandson<\/a> in Canton of Neuch\u00e2tel<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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MARCH 3 <\/strong><\/p>\n

2013<\/strong>\u00a0 A bomb blast<\/a> in Karachi<\/a>, Pakistan<\/a>, kills at least 45 people and injured 180 others in a predominately Shia Muslim<\/a> area.<\/p>\n

1991<\/strong>\u00a0 In concurrent referenda, 74% of the population of Latvia<\/a> votes for independence from the Soviet Union<\/a>, and 83% in Estonia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1985<\/strong>\u00a0 Arthur Scargill<\/a> declares that the National Union of Mineworkers<\/a> national executive voted to end the longest-running industrial dispute in Great Britain without any peace deal over pit closures.<\/p>\n

1967<\/strong>\u00a0 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1965<\/strong>\u00a0 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh\/Semipalitinsk USSR.<\/p>\n

1965<\/strong>\u00a0 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1962<\/strong>\u00a0 British Antarctic Territory forms. Visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Antarctic_Territory<\/a>;_and _ http:\/\/www.worldstatesmen.org\/Br_Ant_Terr.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1958<\/strong>\u00a0 Nuri as-Said<\/a> becomes the prime minister<\/a> of Iraq<\/a> for the eighth time.<\/p>\n

1945<\/strong>\u00a0 World War II: A former Armia Krajowa<\/a> unit massacres<\/a> at least 150 Ukrainian<\/a> civilians in Paw\u0142okoma<\/a>, Poland.<\/p>\n

1945<\/strong>\u00a0 World War II: American and Filipino troops recapture<\/a> Manila<\/a> in the Philippines<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1942<\/strong>\u00a0 World War II<\/a>: Ten Japanese<\/a> warplanes raid the town<\/a> of Broome, Western Australia<\/a>, killing more than 100 people.<\/p>\n

1939<\/strong>\u00a0 In Mumbai<\/a>, Mohandas Gandhi<\/a> begins to fast in protest at the autocratic rule in India<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1938<\/strong>\u00a0 Oil<\/a> is discovered in Saudi Arabia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1924<\/strong>\u00a0 The Free State of Fiume<\/a> is annexed by Kingdom of Italy<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1924<\/strong>\u00a0 The thirteen-century-old Islamic caliphate<\/a> is abolished when Caliph Abdul Mejid II<\/a> of the Ottoman Empire is deposed. The last remnant of the old regime gives way to the reformed Turkey<\/a> of Kemal Atat\u00fcrk<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1918<\/strong>\u00a0 Germany, Austria and Russia sign the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk<\/a> ending Russia’s involvement in World War I<\/a>, and leading to the independence of Finland, Estonia<\/a>, Latvia<\/a>, Lithuania<\/a> and Poland.<\/p>\n

1913<\/strong>\u00a0 Thousands of women march in a suffrage parade<\/a> in Washington, D.C.<\/p>\n

1905<\/strong>\u00a0 Tsar Nicholas II of Russia<\/a> agrees to create an elected assembly, the Duma<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1878<\/strong>\u00a0 The Russo-Turkish War<\/a> ends as Bulgaria<\/a> regains its independence from Ottoman Empire<\/a> according to the Treaty of San Stefano<\/a>; shortly after Congress of Berlin<\/a> stripped its status to an autonomous state of the Ottoman Empire.<\/p>\n

1865<\/strong>\u00a0 Opening of the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation<\/a>, the founding member of the HSBC Group<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1861<\/strong>\u00a0 Alexander II of Russia<\/a> signs the Emancipation Manifesto<\/a>, freeing serfs.<\/p>\n

1857<\/strong>\u00a0 Second Opium War<\/a>: France and the United Kingdom declare war on China.<\/p>\n

1799<\/strong>\u00a0 The Russo-Ottoman siege of Corfu<\/a> ends with the surrender of the French garrison.<\/p>\n

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MARCH 4 <\/strong><\/p>\n

2009<\/strong>\u00a0 The International Criminal Court<\/a> (ICC) issues an arrest warrant for Sudanese President<\/a> Omar Hassan al-Bashir<\/a> for war crimes<\/a> and crimes against humanity<\/a> in Darfur<\/a>. Al-Bashir is the first sitting head of state<\/a> to be indicted by the ICC since its establishment in 2002.<\/p>\n

2001<\/strong>\u00a0 4 March 2001 BBC bombing<\/a>: a massive car bomb explodes in front of the BBC Television Centre<\/a> in London, seriously injuring one person. The attack was attributed to the Real IRA<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1998<\/strong>\u00a0 Gay rights<\/a>: Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services<\/a><\/em>: The Supreme Court of the United States<\/a> rules that federal laws banning on-the-job sexual harassment<\/a> also apply when both parties are the same sex.<\/p>\n

1991<\/strong>\u00a0 Sheikh<\/a> Saad Al-Abdullah Al-Salim Al-Sabah<\/a>, the Prime Minister of Kuwait<\/a>, returns to his country for the first time since Iraq<\/a>‘s invasion.<\/p>\n

1983<\/strong>\u00a0 Bertha Wilson<\/a> is appointed the first woman to sit on the Supreme Court of Canada<\/a>. For relevant issues on women\u2019s rights and\/or gender equality in Canada, visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.international.gc.ca\/rights-droits\/women-femmes\/equality-egalite.aspx?lang=eng<\/a>;_ http:\/\/www.wikigender.org\/index.php\/Gender_Equality_in_Canada<\/a>;_ http:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2015-02-high-equality-muslim-women-canada.html<\/a>;_ http:\/\/www.thestar.com\/news\/canada\/2010\/02\/23\/canadian_womens_rights_in_decline_report_says.html<\/a> ;_ and\/or_ http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Category:Women%27s_rights_in_Canada<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1980<\/strong>\u00a0 Nationalist leader Robert Mugabe<\/a> wins a sweeping election victory to become Zimbabwe<\/a>‘s first black prime minister<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1976<\/strong>\u00a0 The Northern Ireland Constitutional Convention<\/a> is formally dissolved in Northern Ireland<\/a> resulting in direct rule<\/a> of Northern Ireland from London by the British parliament<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1972<\/strong>\u00a0 Libya and USSR signs cooperation treaty. For foreign relations of Libya, visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.somalipress.com\/libya-overview\/international-relations-libya-1081.html<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foreign_relations_of_Libya<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foreign_relations_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi<\/a> ; _and\/or _ http:\/\/www.country-data.com\/cgi-bin\/query\/r-8263.html<\/a>. For foreign relations of USSR, visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union<\/a> ;_ and\/or _ http:\/\/articles.latimes.com\/keyword\/libya-foreign-relations-ussr<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1969<\/strong>\u00a0 \u201cMIT and 30 other universities called for a national research stoppage to alert the public to how the \u201cmisuse of science and technology knowledge presents a major threat to the existence of mankind.\u201d\u00a0 Concerns not only about nuclear weapons, radioactive and chemical toxic leaks from U.S. military and civilian nuclear production and bombmaking sites but also about Agent Orange, and biological\/chemical WMDs led scientists and academics to sign on to this pledge.\u00a0 (Source:\u00a0 Oliver Stone and Peter Kuznick.\u00a0 \u201cThe Untold History of the United States.\u201d\u00a0 New York:\u00a0 Gallery Books, 2012.)\u201d\u00a0\u00a0 Quoted from http:\/\/www.wagingpeace.org\/march-this-month-in-nuclear-threat-history\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1966<\/strong>\u00a0 North Sea Gas was 1st pumped ashore by BP. For more information on North Sea gas (and oil), visit, for instance, http:\/\/dukeswoodoilmuseum.co.uk\/offshore%20history.htm<\/a> ;_ and _ http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_Sea_oil<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1945<\/strong>\u00a0 Lapland War<\/a>: Finland declares war on Nazi Germany<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1943<\/strong> World War II: The Battle of the Bismarck Sea<\/a> in the South West Pacific<\/a> comes to an end.<\/p>\n

1941<\/strong>\u00a0 World War II<\/a>: The United Kingdom launches Operation Claymore<\/a> on the Lofoten Islands<\/a>; the first large scale British Commando<\/a> raid.<\/p>\n

1933<\/strong>\u00a0 The Parliament of Austria<\/a> is suspended because of a quibble over procedure \u2013 Chancellor<\/a> Engelbert Dollfuss<\/a> initiates an authoritarian rule by decree<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1933<\/strong>\u00a0 Frances Perkins<\/a> becomes United States Secretary of Labor<\/a>, the first female member of the United States Cabinet<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1917<\/strong>\u00a0 Jeannette Rankin<\/a> of Montana<\/a> becomes the first female member of the United States House of Representatives<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1913<\/strong>\u00a0 First Balkan War<\/a>: The Greek army engages the Turks<\/a> at Bizani<\/a>, resulting in victory two days later.<\/p>\n

1843<\/strong>\u00a0 Carlo Alberto di Savoia<\/a> signs the Statuto Albertino<\/a><\/em> that will later represent the first constitution<\/a> of the Regno d’Italia<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n

1814<\/strong>\u00a0 Americans defeat British forces at the Battle of Longwoods<\/a> between London, Ontario<\/a> and Thamesville, near present-day Wardsville<\/a>, Ontario<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1804<\/strong>\u00a0 Castle Hill Rebellion<\/a>: Irish convicts rebel against British colonial authority in the Colony of New South Wales<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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MARCH 5 <\/strong><\/p>\n

2012<\/strong>\u00a0 Invisible Children<\/a> launches the Stop Kony campaign with the release of Kony 2012<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2003<\/strong>\u00a0 In Haifa<\/a>, 17 Israeli civilians are killed by a Hamas<\/a> suicide bomb in the Haifa bus 37 massacre<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1974<\/strong>\u00a0 Yom Kippur War<\/a>: Israeli<\/a> forces withdraw from the west bank of the Suez Canal<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1970<\/strong>\u00a0 The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty<\/a> goes into effect after ratification by 43 nations.<\/p>\n

1965<\/strong>\u00a0 March Intifada<\/a>: A Leftist<\/a> uprising erupts in Bahrain<\/a> against British colonial presence.<\/p>\n

1946<\/strong>\u00a0 Hungarian<\/a> Communists<\/a> and Social Democrats<\/a> co-found the Left Bloc<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1944<\/strong>\u00a0 World War II<\/a>: The Red Army<\/a> begins the Uman\u2013Boto\u015fani Offensive<\/a> in the western Ukrainian SSR<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1943<\/strong>\u00a0 First flight of Gloster Meteor<\/a> jet aircraft in the United Kingdom.<\/p>\n

1940<\/strong> Six high-ranking members of Soviet politburo<\/a>, including General Secretary<\/a> Joseph Stalin<\/a>, sign an order for the execution of 25,700 Polish<\/a> intelligentsia<\/a>, including 14,700 Polish POWs<\/a>, in what will become known as the Katyn massacre<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1936<\/strong>\u00a0 First flight of Supermarine Spitfire<\/a> advanced monoplane fighter aircraft in the United Kingdom.<\/p>\n

1933<\/strong>\u00a0 Adolf Hitler<\/a>‘s Nazi Party<\/a> receives 43.9% at the Reichstag elections<\/a>. This later allows the Nazis to pass the Enabling Act<\/a> and establish a dictatorship.<\/p>\n

1933<\/strong>\u00a0 Great Depression<\/a>: President Franklin D. Roosevelt<\/a> declares a “bank holiday<\/a>“, closing all U.S. banks and freezing all financial transactions.<\/p>\n

1931<\/strong>\u00a0 The British Viceroy<\/a> of India<\/a>, Governor-General<\/a> Edward Frederick Lindley Wood<\/a> and Mohandas Gandhi<\/a> (Mahatma Gandhi) sign an agreement<\/a> envisaging the release of political prisoners and allowing salt to be freely used by the poorest members of the population.<\/p>\n

1912<\/strong>\u00a0 Italo-Turkish War<\/a>: Italian<\/a> forces are the first to use airships<\/a> for military purposes, employing them for reconnaissance<\/a> behind Turkish<\/a> lines.<\/p>\n

1906<\/strong>\u00a0 Moro Rebellion<\/a>: United States Army<\/a> troops bring overwhelming force against the native Moros<\/a> in the First Battle of Bud Dajo<\/a>, leaving only six survivors.<\/p>\n

1897<\/strong>\u00a0 American Negro Academy<\/em> forms. Visit http:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/article-1G2-2831200032\/american-negro-academy.html<\/a> ; _ http:\/\/afroamhistory.about.com\/od\/biographies\/a\/American-Negro-Academy-Promoting-The-Talented-Tenth.htm<\/a>;_ http:\/\/www.blackpast.org\/aah\/american-negro-academy-1897-1924<\/a>;_ http:\/\/www.webdubois.org\/dbConsrvOfRaces.html<\/a>;_and\/or_ http:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/africana\/#186<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1868<\/strong>\u00a0 Mefistofele<\/a><\/em>, an opera by Arrigo Boito<\/a> receives its premi\u00e8re performance at La Scala<\/a>. See https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=1AyGJyXfgFw<\/a>;_ https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vd1XL9-lBpY<\/a>;_or_ https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=7EAXPKdYYZk<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1860<\/strong>\u00a0 Parma<\/a>, Tuscany<\/a>, Modena<\/a> and Romagna<\/a> vote in referendums<\/a> to join the Kingdom of Sardinia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1850<\/strong>\u00a0 The Britannia Bridge<\/a> across the Menai Strait<\/a> between the Isle of Anglesey<\/a> and the mainland of Wales<\/a> is opened.<\/p>\n

1824<\/strong>\u00a0 First Anglo-Burmese War<\/a>: The British<\/a> officially declare war on Burma<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1811<\/strong>\u00a0 Peninsular War<\/a>: A French force under the command of Marshal Victor<\/a> is routed while trying to prevent an Anglo-Spanish-Portuguese army from lifting the Siege of C\u00e1diz<\/a> in the Battle of Barrosa<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1770<\/strong>\u00a0 Boston Massacre<\/a>: Five Americans<\/a>, including Crispus Attucks<\/a>, are fatally shot by British<\/a> troops in an event that would contribute to the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War<\/a> (also known as the American War of Independence) five years later.<\/p>\n

1616<\/strong>\u00a0 Nicolaus Copernicus<\/a>‘s book, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium<\/a> is banned by the Catholic Church<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– For more information on relevant issues relating to the relationship between religion and science, visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.religioustolerance.org\/sci_rel.htm<\/a>;_ http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Relationship_between_religion_and_science<\/a> ; http:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/entries\/religion-science\/<\/a>;_ http:\/\/www.religioustolerance.org\/scirel_ov1.htm<\/a>;_ http:\/\/raffleshistorynotes.weebly.com\/conflict-between-science-and-religion.html<\/a>;_ http:\/\/atheism.about.com\/od\/einsteingodreligion\/a\/GodConflict.htm<\/a>;_ http:\/\/www.commongroundgroup.net\/2011\/09\/07\/science-religion-and-myth-3-did-the-medieval-church-suppress-scientific-thought\/<\/a>;_ https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=_v_p98r5J8E<\/a>;_ and\/or_ http:\/\/www.carolmswain.net\/2011\/09\/vanderbilt-universitys-dangerous-flirtation-with-religious-suppression\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– For the pope and Galileo, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Galileo_affair<\/a>;_ http:\/\/www.galilean-library.org\/site\/index.php\/topic\/269-the-pope-and-the-galileo-affair\/<\/a>;_ http:\/\/thekindlyones.org\/2010\/10\/16\/the-pope-and-the-galileo-affair\/<\/a>; _and\/or_ http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/karl-giberson-phd\/pope-benedict-science_b_2679021.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– For Islam and science, visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islam_and_science<\/a>;_ http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world<\/a>;_ http:\/\/www.islamicity.com\/science\/?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/islam-science.net\/<\/a>;_ and\/or_ http:\/\/www.quranandscience.com\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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MARCH 6 <\/strong><\/p>\n

2008<\/strong>\u00a0 A suicide bomber kills 68 people<\/a> (including first responders) in Baghdad<\/a> on the same day that a gunman kills eight students<\/a> in Jerusalem<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1988<\/strong>\u00a0 Three Provisional Irish Republican Army<\/a> volunteers are killed by Special Air Service<\/a> on the territory of Gibraltar<\/a> in the conclusion of Operation Flavius<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1975<\/strong>\u00a0 Algiers Accord<\/a>: Iran<\/a> and Iraq<\/a> announce a settlement of their border dispute.<\/p>\n

1968<\/strong>\u00a0 Three black males are executed by Rhodesia<\/a>, the first executions since UDI<\/a>, prompting international condemnation.<\/p>\n

1967<\/strong>\u00a0 Joseph Stalin<\/a>‘s daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva<\/a> defects<\/a> to the United States.<\/p>\n

1962<\/strong>\u00a0 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1957<\/strong>\u00a0 Ghana<\/a> becomes the first Sub-Saharan<\/a> country to gain independence from the British. Visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.sahistory.org.za\/dated-event\/gold-coast-ghana-gains-independence<\/a>;_ http:\/\/www.travel-to-discover-ghana.com\/ghana-independence.html<\/a>;_ http:\/\/www.findingdulcinea.com\/news\/on-this-day\/March-April-08\/On-this-Day–Ghana-Achieves-Independence-from-Britain.html<\/a> ; _ http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Ghana<\/a>;_ and\/or_ https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=AjBcRMjOWzg<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1953<\/strong>\u00a0 Georgy Malenkov<\/a> succeeds Joseph Stalin<\/a> as Premier of the Soviet Union<\/a> and First Secretary<\/a> of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1951<\/strong>\u00a0 The trial of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg<\/a> begins. For more information on the Rosenberg case, visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/rosenberg-case#<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/law2.umkc.edu\/faculty\/projects\/ftrials\/rosenb\/ROSENB.HTM<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.rfc.org\/therosenbergcase<\/a>;_ and\/or_ http:\/\/www.coldwar.org\/articles\/50s\/TheRosenbergTrial.asp<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1946<\/strong>\u00a0 Ho Chi Minh<\/a> signs an agreement with France which recognizes Vietnam<\/a> as an autonomous state in the Indochinese Federation and the French Union<\/a>. Ho Chi Minh<\/a> signs an agreement with France which recognizes Vietnam<\/a> as an autonomous state in the Indochinese Federation and the French Union<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1945<\/strong>\u00a0 World War II<\/a>: Cologne<\/a> is captured by American Troops.<\/p>\n

1943<\/strong>\u00a0 Norman Rockwell<\/a> published Freedom from Want<\/a><\/em> in the The Saturday Evening Post<\/a><\/em> with a matching essay by Carlos Bulosan<\/a> as part of the Four Freedoms<\/a><\/em> series.<\/p>\n

1930<\/strong>\u00a0 International Unemployment Day<\/a> demonstrations globally initiated by the Comintern.<\/p>\n

1921<\/strong>\u00a0 Portuguese Communist Party<\/a> is founded as the Portuguese Section of the Communist International<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1912<\/strong>\u00a0 Italian<\/a> forces became the first to use airships<\/a> in war, as two dirigibles dropped bombs on Turkish troops encamped at Janzur<\/a>, from an altitude of 6,000 feet.<\/p>\n

1882<\/strong>\u00a0 The Serbian kingdom<\/a> is re-founded.<\/p>\n

\n

\n

MARCH 7<\/strong><\/p>\n

2009<\/strong>\u00a0 The Real Irish Republican Army<\/a> kills<\/a> two British soldiers and two civilians, the first British military<\/a> deaths in Northern Ireland<\/a> since the end of The Troubles<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2006<\/strong>\u00a0 The terrorist organisation Lashkar-e-Taiba<\/a> coordinates a series of bombings<\/a> in Varanasi<\/a>, India<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1994<\/strong>\u00a0 US Navy issues 1st permanent order assigning women on combat ship.<\/p>\n

1989<\/strong>\u00a0 Iran<\/a> and the United Kingdom<\/a> break diplomatic relations after a row over Salman Rushdie<\/a> and his controversial novel, The Satanic Verses<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n

1985<\/strong>\u00a0 The song “We Are the World<\/a>“, a song and charity single, receives its international release. See this YouTube video: https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4SGFcYLO0jg<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1976<\/strong>\u00a0 Morocco & Mauretania break diplomatic relations with Algeria. Visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Algeria%E2%80%93Morocco_relations<\/a>;_ http:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_foreign_relations_of_Mauritania<\/a>;_ and\/or_http:\/\/web.stanford.edu\/group\/tomzgroup\/pmwiki\/uploads\/1331-1976-05-KS-a-BXC.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n

1975<\/strong>\u00a0 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1971<\/strong>\u00a0 Sheikh Mujibur Rahman<\/a> delivers his historic speech<\/a> at Suhrawardy Udyan<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1969<\/strong>\u00a0 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh\/Semipalitinsk, USSR.<\/p>\n

1968<\/strong>\u00a0 Vietnam War<\/a>: The United States<\/a> and South Vietnamese military<\/a> begin Operation Truong Cong Dinh<\/a> to root out Viet Cong<\/a> forces from the area surrounding M\u1ef9 Tho<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1966<\/strong>\u00a0 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1965<\/strong>\u00a0 Bloody Sunday<\/a>: a group of 600 civil rights<\/a> marchers is brutally attacked by state and local police in Selma, Alabama<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1951<\/strong>\u00a0 Korean War<\/a>: Operation Ripper<\/a> \u2013 United Nations<\/a> troops led by General<\/a> Matthew Ridgeway<\/a> begin an assault against Chinese<\/a> forces.<\/p>\n

1950<\/strong>\u00a0 Cold War<\/a>: The Soviet Union<\/a> issues a statement denying that Klaus Fuchs<\/a> served as a Soviet<\/a> spy.<\/p>\n

1945<\/strong>\u00a0 World War II: American troops seize the Ludendorff Bridge<\/a> over the Rhine River<\/a> at Remagen<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1945<\/strong>\u00a0 Yugoslavia government of Tito forms. Visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.arhivyu.gov.rs\/active\/en\/home\/glavna_navigacija\/leksikon_jugoslavije\/konstitutivni_akti_jugoslavije\/beogradski_sporazum_tito_subasic.html<\/a>;_ http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Josip_Broz_Tito<\/a>;_ https:\/\/ssua.wordpress.com\/2008\/12\/06\/tito-founder-of-modern-yugoslavia\/<\/a>;_ and\/or _ https:\/\/pediaview.com\/openpedia\/Josip_Broz_Tito<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1936<\/strong>\u00a0 Prelude to World War II<\/a>: In violation of the Locarno Pact<\/a> and the Treaty of Versailles<\/a>, Germany<\/a> reoccupies the Rhineland<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1925<\/strong>\u00a0 American Negro Congress organizes. Visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Negro_Labor_Congress<\/a>;_ http:\/\/famousdaily.com\/history\/american-negro-congress-organizes.html<\/a>;_ http:\/\/www.workers.org\/2011\/us\/african_americans_0224\/<\/a>;_ and\/or_ http:\/\/www.cyclopaedia.fr\/wiki\/The_American_Negro_Labor_Congress<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1914<\/strong>\u00a0 Prince William of Wied<\/a> arrives in Albania<\/a> to begin his reign.<\/p>\n

1912<\/strong>\u00a0 Roald Amundsen<\/a> announces that his expedition had reached the South Pole<\/a> on December 14<\/a>, 1911<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1902<\/strong>\u00a0 Second Boer War<\/a>: In the Battle of Tweebosch<\/a>, a Boer<\/a> commando led by Koos de la Rey<\/a> inflicts the biggest defeat upon the British<\/a> since the beginning of the war.<\/p>\n

1900<\/strong>\u00a0 The German<\/a> liner SS\u00a0Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse<\/em><\/a> becomes the first ship to send wireless<\/a> signals to shore.<\/p>\n

1876<\/strong>\u00a0 Alexander Graham Bell<\/a> is granted a patent<\/a> for an invention<\/a> he calls the “telephone<\/a>“.<\/p>\n

1850<\/strong>\u00a0 Senator<\/a> Daniel Webster<\/a> gives his “Seventh of March” speech endorsing the Compromise of 1850<\/a> in order to prevent a possible civil war<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1827<\/strong>\u00a0 Brazilian<\/a> marines<\/a> unsuccessfully attack the temporary naval base of Carmen de Patagones<\/a>, Argentina<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1814<\/strong>\u00a0 Emperor Napoleon I of France wins the Battle of Craonne<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1799<\/strong>\u00a0 Napoleon Bonaparte<\/a> captures<\/a> Jaffa<\/a> in Palestine<\/a> and his troops proceed to kill more than 2,000 Albanian<\/a> captives.<\/p>\n

\n

\n

MARCH 8<\/strong><\/p>\n

2014<\/strong>\u00a0 Malaysia Airlines Flight 370<\/a> disappears over the Gulf of Thailand<\/a> en route to Beijing<\/a> from Kuala Lumpur<\/a>. The aircraft is believed to have crashed into the Indian Ocean<\/a> off the coast of Australia<\/a> with all 239 people on board dead.<\/p>\n

2004<\/strong>\u00a0 A new constitution<\/a> is signed by Iraq<\/a>‘s Governing Council<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1991<\/strong>\u00a0 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1985<\/strong>\u00a0 A supposed failed assassination attempt<\/a> on Islamic cleric Sayyed Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah<\/a> in Beirut<\/a>, Lebanon<\/a>, kills at least 45 and injures 175 others.<\/p>\n

1983<\/strong>\u00a0 While addressing a convention of Evangelicals<\/a>, U.S. President<\/a> Ronald Reagan<\/a> labels the Soviet Union an “evil empire<\/a>“.<\/p>\n

1980<\/strong>\u00a0 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1979<\/strong>\u00a0 Philips<\/a> demonstrates the Compact Disc<\/a> publicly for the first time.<\/p>\n

1974<\/strong>\u00a0 Charles de Gaulle Airport<\/a> opens in Paris<\/a>, France<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1973<\/strong>\u00a0 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1966<\/strong>\u00a0 A bomb planted by Irish Republican Army<\/a> militants destroys Nelson’s Pillar<\/a> in Dublin<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1965<\/strong>\u00a0 1st US combat forces arrive in Vietnam (3,500 Marines).<\/p>\n

1964<\/strong>\u00a0 Malcolm X<\/a> resigns from the Nation of Islam. For the Nation of Islam, visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nation_of_Islam<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1963<\/strong>\u00a0 The Ba’ath Party<\/a> comes to power in Syria<\/a> in a coup d’\u00e9tat<\/a> by a clique of quasi-leftist Syrian Army officers calling themselves the National Council of the Revolutionary Command.<\/p>\n

1962<\/strong>\u00a0 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1957<\/strong>\u00a0 USSR performs atmospheric nuclear test.<\/p>\n

1957<\/strong>\u00a0 Egypt<\/a> re-opens the Suez Canal<\/a> after the Suez Crisis<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1957<\/strong>\u00a0 Ghana<\/a> joins the United Nations<\/a>. Ghana achieved its independence on 6 March 1957. This means that two days after its independence, Ghana became a member-country of the UN. As to Ghana, one of the most prominent Ghanaians is Kofi Annan (seventh Secretary-General of the UN and Nobel Peace Laureate in 2001). When Ghana was admitted to the UN on 8 March 1957, Annan was one month before to be 19 years old. See http:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/peace\/laureates\/2001\/annan-bio.html<\/a>; _and\/or _ http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kofi_Annan<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1949<\/strong>\u00a0 President of France<\/a> Vincent Auriol<\/a> and ex-emperor B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i<\/a> sign the \u00c9lys\u00e9e Accords<\/a>, giving Vietnam greater independence from France and creating the State of Vietnam<\/a> to oppose Viet Minh<\/a>-led Democratic Republic of Vietnam<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1949<\/strong>\u00a0 Mildred Gillars<\/a> (“Axis Sally”) is condemned to prison for treason.<\/p>\n

1947<\/strong>\u00a0 Thirteen thousand troops of the Republic of China Army<\/a> 21st Reorganized Infantry<\/a> Division<\/a> and the Republic of China Military Police<\/a> 4th Military Police<\/a> Regiment<\/a> of the Republic of China Armed Forces<\/a> sent by the Kuomintang<\/a> government arrive in Taiwan<\/a> after the 228 Incident<\/a> and launch crackdowns which kill thousands of people, including many elites. This turns into a major root of the Taiwan independence movement<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1942<\/strong>\u00a0 World War II<\/a>: Dutch forces<\/a> surrender to Japanese forces on Java<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1937<\/strong>\u00a0 Spanish Civil War<\/a>: The Battle of Guadalajara<\/a> begins.<\/p>\n

1921<\/strong>\u00a0 Spanish<\/a> Premier<\/a> Eduardo Dato Iradier<\/a> is assassinated while exiting the parliament<\/a> building in Madrid<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1920<\/strong>\u00a0 The Arab Kingdom of Syria<\/a>, the first modern Arab<\/a> state to come into existence, is established.<\/p>\n

1917<\/strong>\u00a0 International Women’s Day protests in St. Petersburg<\/a> mark the beginning of the February Revolution<\/a> (so named because it was February on the Julian calendar<\/a>). 1916\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 World War I<\/a>: A British<\/a> force unsuccessfully attempts to relieve the siege of Kut<\/a> (present-day Iraq<\/a>) in the Battle of Dujaila<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1911<\/strong>\u00a0 International Women’s Day<\/a> is launched in Copenhagen<\/a>, Denmark<\/a>, by Clara Zetkin<\/a>, leader of the Women’s Office for the Social Democratic Party in Germany<\/a>. \u201cThe earliest Women\u2019s Day observance was held on February 28, 1909, in New York; it was organized by the Socialist Party of America<\/a> in remembrance of the 1908 strike of the International Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union<\/a>\u2026 Although there were some women-led strikes, marches, and other protests in the years leading up to 1914, none of them happened on March 8. In 1914 International Women’s Day was held on March 8, possibly because that day was a Sunday, and now it is always held on March 8 in all countries\u2026 The 1914 observance of the Day in Germany was dedicated to women’s right to vote, which German women did not win until 1918\u2026 In the West, International Women’s Day was first observed as a popular event after 1977 when the United Nations General Assembly<\/a> invited member states to proclaim March 8 as the UN Day<\/a> for women’s rights<\/a> and world peace<\/a>.\u201d (Source: http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Women%27s_Day<\/a> ) Visit, in addition to the website above, for instance, http:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/events\/womensday\/<\/a>;_ http:\/\/www.un.org\/womenwatch\/feature\/iwd\/history.html<\/a>;_ http:\/\/www.internationalwomensday.org\/<\/a>;_ http:\/\/www.un.org\/womenwatch\/feature\/iwd\/history.html<\/a>;_ and\/or _ http:\/\/www.timeanddate.com\/holidays\/un\/international-womens-day<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1910<\/strong>\u00a0 French<\/a> aviatrix<\/a> Raymonde de Laroche<\/a> becomes the first woman to receive a pilot’s license<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1817<\/strong>\u00a0 The New York Stock Exchange<\/a> is founded.<\/p>\n

1801<\/strong>\u00a0 War of the Second Coalition<\/a>: At the Battle of Abukir<\/a>, a British force under Sir Ralph Abercromby<\/a> lands in Egypt with the aim of ending the French campaign in Egypt and Syria<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1782<\/strong>\u00a0 Gnadenh\u00fctten massacre<\/a><\/strong>: Ninety-six Native Americans<\/a> in Gnadenhutten<\/a>, Ohio<\/a>, who had converted to Christianity<\/a> are killed by Pennsylvania<\/a> militiamen in retaliation for raids carried out by other Indians.<\/p>\n

1777<\/strong>\u00a0 Regiments from Ansbach and Bayreuth<\/a>, sent to support Great Britain<\/a> in the American Revolutionary War<\/a>, mutiny in the town of Ochsenfurt<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1775\u00a0 <\/strong>An anonymous writer, thought by some to be Thomas Paine<\/a>, publishes “African Slavery in America”, the first article in the American colonies calling for the emancipation<\/a> of slaves and the abolition of slavery.<\/p>\n

1736<\/strong>\u00a0 Nader Shah<\/a>, founder of the Afsharid dynasty<\/a>, is crowned Shah of Iran<\/a>.<\/p>\n

________________________________<\/p>\n

Satoshi Ashikaga is a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment originally from Japan.<\/em><\/p>\n

(Sources and references: <\/em>http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/March_2<\/a><\/em> to March_8; http:\/\/www.brainyhistory.com\/days\/march_2.html<\/a> to march_8.html; http:\/\/www.historyorb.com\/events\/march\/2<\/a> to march\/8 ; and other relevant websites and\/or documents, mentioned above.)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

March 2\u20138 – Quote of the Week: \u201cThe best and most beautiful things in the world cannot be seen, even touched. They must be felt with the heart.\u201d — Helen Keller<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[148],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-54342","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/54342","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=54342"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/54342\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=54342"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=54342"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=54342"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}