{"id":54661,"date":"2015-03-09T12:00:52","date_gmt":"2015-03-09T12:00:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=54661"},"modified":"2015-05-05T21:25:59","modified_gmt":"2015-05-05T20:25:59","slug":"this-week-in-history-14","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2015\/03\/this-week-in-history-14\/","title":{"rendered":"This Week in History"},"content":{"rendered":"

March 9-15 <\/em><\/p>\n

Quote of the Week:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cNever doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has<\/a>.<\/em>\u201d — Margaret Mead<\/p>\n

For Margaret Mead, visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikiquote.org\/wiki\/Margaret_Mead<\/a> ; http:\/\/www2.webster.edu\/~woolflm\/margaretmead.html<\/a> ; http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/EBchecked\/topic\/371443\/Margaret-Mead<\/a> ; and http:\/\/www.interculturalstudies.org\/Mead\/biography.html<\/a><\/p>\n

\n

\n

MARCH 9 <\/strong><\/p>\n

1991<\/strong>\u00a0 Massive demonstrations<\/a> are held against Slobodan Milo\u0161evi\u0107<\/a> in Belgrade<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1989<\/strong>\u00a0 U.S. performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1977<\/strong>\u00a0 The Hanafi Siege<\/a>: In a thirty-nine-hour standoff, armed Hanafi<\/a> Muslims seize three Washington, D.C.<\/a>, buildings, killing two and taking 149 hostage.<\/p>\n

1956<\/strong>\u00a0 Soviet forces<\/a> suppress mass demonstrations<\/a> in the Georgian SSR<\/a>, reacting to Nikita Khrushchev<\/a>‘s de-Stalinization<\/a> policy.<\/p>\n

1954<\/strong>\u00a0 McCarthyism<\/a>: CBS<\/a> television broadcasts the See It Now<\/a><\/em> episode, “A Report on Senator Joseph McCarthy<\/a>“, produced by Fred Friendly<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1945<\/strong>\u00a0 World War II<\/a>: A coup d’\u00e9tat<\/a> by Japanese forces in French Indochina<\/a> removes the French from power.<\/p>\n

1945<\/strong>\u00a0 The Bombing of Tokyo<\/a> by the United States Army Air Forces<\/a> begin, one of the most destructive bombing raids in history.<\/p>\n

Visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.eyewitnesstohistory.com\/tokyo.htm<\/a>;_\u00a0\u00a0 and \/or_\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/flgrube1.tripod.com\/id13.html<\/a><\/p>\n

1944<\/strong>\u00a0 World War II: Soviet Army planes attack Tallinn<\/a>, Estonia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1944<\/strong>\u00a0 World War II<\/a>: Japanese troops counter-attack American forces on Hill 700<\/a> in Bougainville<\/a> in a battle that would last five days.<\/p>\n

1933<\/strong>\u00a0 Great Depression<\/a>: President Franklin D. Roosevelt<\/a> submits the Emergency Banking Act<\/a> to Congress, the first of his New Deal<\/a> policies.<\/p>\n

1925<\/strong>\u00a0 Pink’s War<\/a>: The first Royal Air Force<\/a> operation conducted independently of the British Army<\/a> or Royal Navy<\/a> begins.<\/p>\n

1916<\/strong>\u00a0 Mexican Revolution<\/a>: Pancho Villa<\/a> leads nearly 500 Mexican raiders in an attack<\/a> against the border town of Columbus, New Mexico<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1847<\/strong>\u00a0 Mexican\u2013American War<\/a>: The first large-scale amphibious assault<\/a> in U.S. history is launched in the Siege of Veracruz<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1811<\/strong>\u00a0 Paraguayan forces defeat Manuel Belgrano<\/a> at the Battle of Tacuar\u00ed<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\n

\n

MARCH10<\/strong><\/p>\n

1990<\/strong>\u00a0 In Haiti<\/a>, Prosper Avril<\/a> is ousted 18 months after seizing power in a coup<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1990<\/strong>\u00a0 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1987<\/strong>\u00a0 Vatican formal opposition to test-tube fertilization & embryo transfer.<\/p>\n

1982<\/strong>\u00a0 The United States places an embargo on Libyan petroleum imports because of their support of terrorist groups.<\/p>\n

1980<\/strong>\u00a0 Formation of the Irish Army Ranger Wing<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1975<\/strong>\u00a0 Vietnam War: Ho Chi Minh Campaign<\/a> – North Vietnamese<\/a> troops attack<\/a> Ban M\u00ea Thu\u1ed9t<\/a>, South Vietnam<\/a>, on their way to capturing Saigon<\/a> on the final push for victory over South Vietnam.<\/p>\n

1970<\/strong>\u00a0 Vietnam War: Captain Ernest Medina<\/a> is charged by the U.S. military with My Lai<\/a> war crimes.<\/p>\n

1969<\/strong>\u00a0 In Memphis, Tennessee<\/a>, James Earl Ray<\/a> pleads guilty to assassinating Martin Luther King Jr<\/a>. He later unsuccessfully attempts to retract his plea.<\/p>\n

1968<\/strong>\u00a0 Vietnam War<\/a>: Battle of Lima Site 85<\/a>, concluding the 11th with largest single ground combat loss of United States Air Force members (12) during that war.<\/p>\n

1966<\/strong>\u00a0 Military Prime Minister of South Vietnam<\/a> Nguy\u1ec5n Cao K\u1ef3<\/a> sacked rival General Nguy\u1ec5n Ch\u00e1nh Thi<\/a>, precipitating large-scale civil and military dissension<\/a> in parts of the nation.<\/p>\n

1960<\/strong>\u00a0 USSR agrees to stop nuclear testing.<\/p>\n

1959<\/strong>\u00a0 Tibetan uprising<\/a>: Fearing an abduction attempt by China, 300,000 Tibetans<\/a> surround the Dalai Lama<\/a>‘s palace to prevent his removal.<\/p>\n

– \u201cThe 1959 Tibetan Uprising<\/strong> or 1959 Tibetan Rebellion<\/strong> began on 10 March 1959, when a revolt erupted in Lhasa<\/a>, the capital of Tibet<\/a>, which had been under the effective control of the Communist Party of China<\/a> since the Seventeen Point Agreement<\/a> in 1951. Although the 14th Dalai Lama<\/a>‘s flight occurred in 1959, armed conflict between Tibetan rebels and the Chinese army started in 1956 in the Kham<\/a> and Amdo<\/a> regions, which were subjected to socialist<\/a> reform. The guerrilla warfare<\/a> later spread to other areas of Tibet and lasted through 1962.\u201d (Quoted from Wikipedia Tibetan uprising<\/em>.)<\/p>\n

– For human rights issues in Tibet before 1959 and other pertinent issues, visit, for instance, http:\/\/info-buddhism.com\/Human-Rights-in-Tibet-before-1959_Robert_Barnett.html<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/globalcommunitywebnet.com\/GIM\/gimTibetfacts.htm<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.china.org.cn\/english\/international\/41895.htm<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.chinahumanrights.org\/CSHRS\/Magazine\/Text\/t20090727_477608.htm<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.bjreview.com\/Tibet_in_50_Years\/2009-03\/09\/content_183853.htm<\/a> ;_ https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=DiLbAEQqrqY<\/a>;_ and\/or_ http:\/\/abuse.wikia.com\/wiki\/Human_rights_in_Tibet<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1952<\/strong>\u00a0 Fulgencio Batista<\/a> leads a successful coup<\/a> in Cuba<\/a> and appoints himself as the “provisional president”.<\/p>\n

1945<\/strong>\u00a0 The U.S. Army Air Force<\/a> firebombs Tokyo<\/a>, and the resulting conflagration<\/a> kills more than 100,000 people, mostly civilians.<\/p>\n

1944<\/strong>\u00a0 Greek Civil War<\/a>: The Political Committee of National Liberation<\/a> is established in Greece by the National Liberation Front<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1922<\/strong>\u00a0 Mahatma Gandhi<\/a> is arrested in India, tried for sedition<\/a>, and sentenced to six years in prison, only to be released after nearly two years for an appendicitis<\/a> operation.<\/p>\n

1909<\/strong>\u00a0 By signing the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909<\/a>, Thailand<\/a> relinquishes its sovereignty<\/a> over the Malay states<\/a> of Kedah<\/a>, Kelantan<\/a>, Perlis<\/a> and Terengganu<\/a>, which become British protectorates<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1861<\/strong>\u00a0 El Hadj Umar Tall<\/a> seizes the city of S\u00e9gou<\/a>, destroying the Bambara Empire<\/a> of Mali<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1841<\/strong>\u00a0 The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo<\/a> is ratified by the United States Senate<\/a>, ending the Mexican\u2013American War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1831<\/strong>\u00a0 The French Foreign Legion<\/a> is established by King Louis Philippe<\/a> to support his war in Algeria<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1830<\/strong>\u00a0 The Royal Netherlands East Indies Army<\/a> is created.<\/p>\n

1816<\/strong>\u00a0 Crossing of the Andes<\/a>: A group of royalist scouts is captured during the Action of Juncalito<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1814<\/strong>\u00a0 Napoleon I of France<\/a> is defeated at the Battle of Laon<\/a> in France.<\/p>\n

\n

\n

MARCH 11 <\/strong><\/p>\n

2014<\/strong>\u00a0 The Republic of Crimea<\/a> declares its independence<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2012<\/strong>\u00a0 A U.S. soldier kills 16 civilians<\/a> in the Panjwayi District<\/a> of Afghanistan<\/a> near Kandahar<\/a>.<\/p>\n

For relevant issues on massacres by NATO\/US in Afghanistan, visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_massacres_in_Afghanistan#War_in_Afghanistan_.282001_-_present.29<\/a>;_http:\/\/otherwords.org\/massacres_expose\/<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.wsws.org\/en\/articles\/2007\/05\/afgh-m05.html<\/a>;_\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/workers.org\/2007\/world\/afghanistan-1213\/<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.moscowtopnews.com\/?area=postView&id=1987<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/www.wsws.org\/en\/articles\/2008\/08\/afgh-a26.html<\/a>;_and\/or_ \u00a0http:\/\/turklar.com\/english\/?p=196<\/a><\/p>\n

2011<\/strong>\u00a0 An earthquake<\/a> measuring 9.0 in magnitude strikes 130\u00a0km (81\u00a0mi) east of Sendai<\/a>, Japan, triggering a tsunami<\/a> killing thousands of people. This event also triggered the second largest nuclear accident<\/a> in history, and one of only two events to be classified as a Level 7 on the International Nuclear Event Scale<\/a>. Also visit the section of March 11, 2011<\/em> of this website of Nuclear Age Peace Foundation: http:\/\/www.wagingpeace.org\/march-this-month-in-nuclear-threat-history\/<\/a><\/p>\n

For earthquakes and tsunamis, visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami<\/a>;_\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami<\/a>;_\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/walrus.wr.usgs.gov\/tsunami\/basics.html<\/a> ;_http:\/\/www.amnh.org\/exhibitions\/current-exhibitions\/nature-s-fury-the-science-of-natural-disasters\/earthquakes-and-tsunamis<\/a>;_http:\/\/www.livescience.com\/21486-earthquakes-causes.html<\/a>;_and\/or _ http:\/\/seps.mgd-colo.peak.org\/earthquakes_and_tsunamis.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n

For relevant nuclear issues and safety, visit, for instance, https:\/\/www.iaea.org\/newscenter\/news\/earthquake-lessons-nuclear-safety<\/a>;_ http:\/\/www.nrc.gov\/reading-rm\/doc-collections\/fact-sheets\/fs-seismic-issues.pdf<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/www.world-nuclear.org\/info\/Safety-and-Security\/Safety-of-Plants\/Nuclear-Power-Plants-and-Earthquakes\/<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/nuclear-plant-earthquake-safety-panel-focuses-on-diablo-canyon\/<\/a>;_ http:\/\/world-nuclear.org\/info\/Safety-and-Security\/Safety-of-Plants\/Safety-of-Nuclear-Power-Reactors\/<\/a>;_ http:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/Blotter\/nuclear-safety-official-warned-quakes-problem-wikileaks\/story?id=13151224<\/a> ;_http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuclear_safety_and_security<\/a><\/p>\n

2010\u00a0 <\/strong>Economist and businessman Sebasti\u00e1n Pi\u00f1era<\/a> is sworn in as President of Chile<\/a>, while three earthquakes<\/a>, the strongest measuring magnitude 6.9 and all centered next to Pichilemu<\/a>, capital of Cardenal Caro Province<\/a>, hit central Chile during the ceremony.<\/p>\n

2007<\/strong>\u00a0 Georgia<\/a> claims Russian<\/a> helicopters attacked<\/a> the Kodori Valley<\/a> in Abkhazia<\/a>, an accusation that Russia categorically denies later.<\/p>\n

2004<\/strong>\u00a0 Madrid train bombings<\/a>: Simultaneous explosions on rush hour trains in Madrid<\/a>, Spain<\/a>, kill 191 people.<\/p>\n

1990<\/strong>\u00a0 Patricio Aylwin<\/a> is sworn in as the first democratically elected President of Chile<\/a> since 1970.<\/p>\n

1990<\/strong>\u00a0 Lithuania<\/a> declares itself independent<\/a> from the Soviet Union.<\/p>\n

1983<\/strong>\u00a0 Pakistan<\/a> successfully conducts<\/a> a cold test<\/a> of a nuclear weapon<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1978<\/strong>\u00a0 Coastal Road massacre<\/a>: At least 37 are killed and more than 70 are wounded when Al Fatah<\/a> hijack an Israeli<\/a> bus, prompting Israel’s Operation Litani<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1977<\/strong>\u00a0 The 1977 Hanafi Muslim Siege<\/a>: more than 130 hostages held in Washington, D.C.<\/a>, by Hanafi<\/a> Muslims are set free after ambassadors from three Islamic<\/a> nations join negotiations.<\/p>\n

1975<\/strong>\u00a0 Vietnam War<\/a>: North Vietnamese<\/a> and Viet Cong<\/a> guerrilla forces establish control<\/a> over Ban Me Thuot<\/a> commune from the South Vietnamese army<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1975<\/strong>\u00a0 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh\/Semipalitinsk USSR.<\/p>\n

1954<\/strong>\u00a0 US Army charges Senator Joseph McCarthy<\/a> used undue pressure tactics.<\/p>\n

1946<\/strong>\u00a0 Rudolf H\u00f6ss<\/a>, the first commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp<\/a>, is captured by British troops.<\/p>\n

1945<\/strong>\u00a0 World War II: The Empire of Vietnam<\/a>, a short-lived Japanese puppet state<\/a>, is established with B\u1ea3o \u0110\u1ea1i<\/a> as its ruler.<\/p>\n

1945<\/strong>\u00a0 World War II: The Imperial Japanese Navy<\/a> attempts a large-scale kamikaze<\/a> attack on the U.S. Pacific Fleet<\/a> anchored at Ulithi<\/a> atoll in Operation Tan No. 2<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1943<\/strong>\u00a0 Nazi Militia forms in Netherlands.<\/p>\n

For Netherlands under Nazi during World War II, visit, for instance, http:\/\/www2.webster.edu\/~woolflm\/netherlands.html<\/a>;_and\/or _ http:\/\/military.wikia.com\/wiki\/Netherlands_in_World_War_II<\/a><\/p>\n

1942<\/strong>\u00a0 World War II: General<\/a> Douglas MacArthur<\/a> flees Corregidor<\/a>. World War II: General<\/a> Douglas MacArthur<\/a> flees Corregidor<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1941<\/strong>\u00a0 World War II<\/a>: President<\/a> Franklin D. Roosevelt<\/a> signs the Lend-Lease<\/a> Act into law, allowing American-built war supplies to be shipped to the Allies<\/a> on loan.<\/p>\n

1931<\/strong>\u00a0 Ready for Labour and Defence of the USSR<\/a><\/em>, abbreviated as GTO<\/em>, is introduced in the Soviet Union<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1931<\/strong>\u00a0 World War I<\/a>:Mesopotamian Campaign<\/a> \u2014 Baghdad<\/a> falls<\/a> to Anglo-Indian<\/a> forces commanded by General<\/a> Stanley Maude<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1888<\/strong>\u00a0 The Great Blizzard of 1888<\/a> begins along the eastern seaboard of the United States, shutting down commerce and killing more than 400.<\/p>\n

1879<\/strong>\u00a0 Sh\u014d Tai<\/a> formally abdicated his position of King of Ry\u016bky\u016b, under orders from Tokyo<\/a>, ending the Ryukyu Kingdom<\/a><\/p>\n

For history of Ryukyu or Okinawa (= Ryukyu\u2019s modern name), visit, for instance,_ http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ryukyu_Kingdom<\/a>;_ http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ryukyu_Islands<\/a>;_\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands<\/a>;_\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/www.uchinanchu.org\/uchinanchu\/history_early.htm<\/a>;_\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/wn.com\/history_of_the_ryukyu_islands<\/a>;_ http:\/\/www.oki-islandguide.com\/history<\/a>;_\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Okinawa<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/japanfocus.org\/-Yoshida-Kensei\/2857<\/a>;_ and\/or _ \u00a0http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kadena_Air_Base<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1861<\/strong>\u00a0 American Civil War<\/a>: The Constitution of the Confederate States of America<\/a> is adopted.<\/p>\n

1845<\/strong>\u00a0 The Flagstaff War<\/a>: Unhappy with translational differences regarding the Treaty of Waitangi<\/a>, chiefs Hone Heke<\/a>, Kawiti<\/a> and M\u0101ori<\/a> tribe members chop down the British flagpole for a fourth time and drive settlers out of Kororareka<\/a>, New Zealand<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1824<\/strong>\u00a0 The United States Department of War<\/a> creates the Bureau of Indian Affairs<\/a>.<\/p>\n

For native Americans (aka American Indians) and their history, visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States<\/a>;_\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/www.thewildwest.org\/nativeamericans\/nativeamericansociety\/353-theamericanindiantraged.html<\/a>;_ http:\/\/indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com\/2013\/09\/29\/tragic-history-african-slaves-and-indians<\/a>;_ http:\/\/theactivistwriter.com\/2010\/11\/22\/the-canary-effect-native-americas-tragic-history\/<\/a>;_\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/www.allabouthistory.org\/native-american-history.htm<\/a> ;_and\/or_ http:\/\/www.indians.org\/articles\/native-american.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1811<\/strong>\u00a0 During Andr\u00e9 Mass\u00e9na<\/a>‘s retreat from the Lines of Torres Vedras<\/a>, a division led by French Marshal<\/a> Michel Ney<\/a> fights off<\/a> a combined Anglo-Portuguese force to give Mass\u00e9na time to escape.<\/p>\n

1784<\/strong>\u00a0 The signing of the Treaty of Mangalore<\/a> brings the Second Anglo-Mysore War<\/a> to an end.<\/p>\n

\n

\n

MARCH 12<\/strong><\/p>\n

2013<\/strong>\u00a0 Google agrees to settle a privacy lawsuit, paying a $7 million fine over its handling of wireless data from early 2008 until the spring of 2010.\u00a0\u00a0 For this issue, visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Criticism_of_Google<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2011<\/strong>\u00a0 A reactor at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant<\/a> melts and explodes and releases radioactivity into the atmosphere a day after Japan’s earthquake<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, http:\/\/fukushimaupdate.com\/<\/a>; and\/or_ http:\/\/www.world-nuclear.org\/info\/Safety-and-Security\/Safety-of-Plants\/Fukushima-Accident\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– Also see http:\/\/starlee-funnyworld.blogspot.com\/2011_05_01_archive.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2009<\/strong>\u00a0 Financier Bernard Madoff<\/a> pleads guilty in New York to scamming $18 billion, the largest in Wall Street history.<\/p>\n

2003<\/strong>\u00a0 Zoran \u0110in\u0111i\u0107<\/a>, Prime Minister<\/a> of Serbia<\/a>, is assassinated<\/a> in Belgrade<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1999<\/strong>\u00a0 Former Warsaw Pact<\/a> members the Czech Republic<\/a>, Hungary<\/a> and Poland<\/a> join NATO<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1993<\/strong>\u00a0 Janet Reno<\/a> is sworn in as the United States<\/a>‘ first female attorney general.<\/p>\n

1993\u00a0 <\/strong>North Korea nuclear weapons program<\/a>: North Korea<\/a> says that it plans to withdraw from the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty<\/a> and refuses to allow inspectors access to its nuclear sites.<\/p>\n

1993<\/strong>\u00a0 Several bombs explode<\/a> in Bombay<\/a> (Mumbai), India<\/a>, killing about 300 and injuring hundreds more.<\/p>\n

1992<\/strong>\u00a0 Mauritius<\/a> becomes a republic<\/a> while remaining a member of the Commonwealth of Nations<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1987<\/strong>\u00a0 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh\/Semipalitinsk USSR.<\/p>\n

1971<\/strong>\u00a0 The March 12 Memorandum<\/a> is sent to the Demirel<\/a> government of Turkey and the government resigns.<\/p>\n

1968<\/strong>\u00a0 Mauritius<\/a> achieves independence from the United Kingdom.<\/p>\n

1967<\/strong>\u00a0 Suharto<\/a> takes over from Sukarno<\/a> to become Acting President<\/a> of Indonesia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1966<\/strong>\u00a0 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1947<\/strong>\u00a0 The Truman Doctrine<\/a> is proclaimed to help stem the spread of Communism<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1945<\/strong>\u00a0 USSR returns Transylvania to Romania.<\/p>\n

1942<\/strong>\u00a0 Pacific War<\/a>: The Battle of Java<\/a> ends with an Allied<\/a> surrender to the Japanese Empire<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1940<\/strong>\u00a0 Winter War<\/a>: Finland<\/a> signs the Moscow Peace Treaty<\/a> with the Soviet Union<\/a>, ceding almost all of Finnish Karelia<\/a>. Finnish troops and the remaining population are immediately evacuated.<\/p>\n

1938<\/strong>\u00a0 Anschluss<\/a>:<\/em> German<\/a> troops occupy and absorb Austria<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/hitler-announces-an-anschluss-with-austria<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Austrian_Anschluss_referendum,_1938<\/a>;_ http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/EBchecked\/topic\/26730\/Anschluss<\/a> ;_ and\/or _ http:\/\/www.ushmm.org\/research\/research-in-collections\/search-the-collections\/bibliography\/anschluss<\/a>.<\/p>\n

As to the Constitution of Austria, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constitution_of_Austria<\/a> ;_ and\/or _ http:\/\/usa5.org\/c\/constitution-of-austria<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1934<\/strong>\u00a0 Konstantin P\u00e4ts<\/a> and General Johan Laidoner<\/a> stage a coup in Estonia<\/a>, and ban all political parties.<\/p>\n

1933<\/strong>\u00a0 Great Depression<\/a>: Franklin D. Roosevelt<\/a> addresses the nation for the first time as President of the United States<\/a>. This is also the first of his “fireside chats<\/a>“.<\/p>\n

1930<\/strong>\u00a0 Mahatma Gandhi<\/a> leads a 200-mile march, known as the Salt March<\/a><\/em>, to the sea in defiance of British<\/a> opposition, to protest the British<\/a> monopoly on salt.<\/p>\n

1922\u00a0 <\/strong>Armenia<\/a>, Georgia<\/a> and Azerbaijan<\/a> form The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1921<\/strong>\u00a0 \u0130stiklal Mar\u015f\u0131<\/a> is adopted in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1920<\/strong> The Kapp Putsch<\/a> begins when the Marinebrigade Ehrhardt<\/a> is ordered to march on Berlin<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1918<\/strong>\u00a0 Moscow<\/a> becomes the capital of Russia<\/a> again after Saint Petersburg<\/a> held this status for 215 years.<\/p>\n

1885<\/strong>\u00a0 Tonkin Campaign<\/a>: France<\/a> captures<\/a> the citadel of B\u1eafc Ninh<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1881<\/strong>\u00a0 Andrew Watson<\/a> makes his Scotland<\/a> debut as the world’s first black<\/a> international football<\/a> player and captain<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1811<\/strong>\u00a0 Peninsular War<\/a>: A day after a successful rear guard<\/a> action, French Marshal<\/a> Michel Ney<\/a> once again successfully delayed the pursuing Anglo-Portuguese force at the Battle of Redinha<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1689<\/strong>\u00a0 The Williamite War in Ireland<\/a> begins.<\/p>\n

\n

\n

MARCH 13<\/strong><\/p>\n

2014<\/strong>\u00a0 After protests earlier this month, the Israeli parliament votes 65 to 1 for legislation that ends exemptions from military service for ultra-Orthodox Jewish seminary students.<\/p>\n

2013<\/strong>\u00a0 Pope Francis<\/a> is elected, in the papal conclave<\/a>, as the 266th<\/a> Pope<\/a> of the Catholic Church<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.opednews.com\/articles\/Pope-Francis-and-Change-in-by-Steven-Jonas-Abortion_Abortion_CHANGE_Capitalism-140106-607.html<\/a> ;_ and\/or_ http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/2014\/01\/22\/pope-francis-reforms_n_4604608.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1996<\/strong>\u00a0 Dunblane massacre<\/a>: in Dunblane<\/a>, Scotland<\/a>, 16 primary school children and one teacher are shot dead by spree killer<\/a> Thomas Watt Hamilton<\/a> who then commits suicide.<\/p>\n

1992<\/strong>\u00a0 An earthquake<\/a> registering 6.8 on the Richter scale<\/a> kills over 500 in Erzincan<\/a>, eastern Turkey<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1979<\/strong>\u00a0 The New Jewel Movement<\/a>, headed by Maurice Bishop<\/a>, ousts Prime Minister<\/a> Eric Gairy<\/a> in a nearly bloodless coup d’etat<\/a> in Grenada<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1962<\/strong>\u00a0 Lyman Lemnitzer<\/a>, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff<\/a>, delivers a proposal, called Operation Northwoods<\/a>, regarding performing terrorist attacks<\/a> upon Guant\u00e1namo Bay Naval Base<\/a>, to Secretary of Defense<\/a> Robert McNamara<\/a>. The proposal is scrapped and President John F. Kennedy<\/a> removes Lemnitzer from his position.<\/p>\n

1962<\/strong>\u00a0 Yugoslavia grants 1,000 prisoners amnesty.<\/p>\n

1957<\/strong>\u00a0 Cuban<\/a> student revolutionaries storm the presidential palace<\/a> in Havana<\/a> in a failed attempt on the life of President<\/a> Fulgencio Batista<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1951<\/strong>\u00a0 Israel demands DM 6.2 billion compensation from Germany.<\/p>\n

Visit https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/VFWPost2819\/posts\/557911380895912<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1944<\/strong>\u00a0 USSR recognizes Italian Badoglio government.<\/p>\n

1943<\/strong>\u00a0 The Holocaust<\/a>: German<\/a> forces liquidate the Jewish ghetto in Krak\u00f3w<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1940<\/strong>\u00a0 The Russo-Finnish Winter War<\/a> ends.<\/p>\n

1933<\/strong>\u00a0 Great Depression<\/a>: Banks in the U.S. begin to re-open after President<\/a> Franklin D. Roosevelt<\/a> mandates a “bank holiday<\/a>“.<\/p>\n

1921<\/strong>\u00a0 Mongolia<\/a> is proclaimed an independent monarchy, ruled by Russian military officer Roman von Ungern-Sternberg<\/a> as a dictator.<\/p>\n

1920<\/strong>\u00a0 The Kapp Putsch<\/a> briefly ousts the Weimar Republic<\/a> government from Berlin<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1900<\/strong>\u00a0 Second Boer War<\/a>: British<\/a> forces occupy Bloemfontein<\/a>, Orange Free State<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1884<\/strong>\u00a0 The Siege of Khartoum<\/a>, Sudan<\/a> begins, ending on January 26, 1885.<\/p>\n

1881<\/strong>\u00a0 Alexander II of Russia<\/a> is killed near his palace when a bomb is thrown at him. (Gregorian date: it was March 1 in the Julian calendar<\/a> then in use in Russia<\/a>.)<\/p>\n

1865<\/strong>\u00a0 American Civil War: The Confederate States of America<\/a> agree to the use of African American<\/a> troops.<\/p>\n

1862<\/strong>\u00a0 American Civil War<\/a>: The U.S.<\/a> federal government<\/a> forbids all Union<\/a> army officers from returning fugitive slaves, thus effectively annulling the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850<\/a> and setting the stage for the Emancipation Proclamation<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1809<\/strong>\u00a0 Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden<\/a> is deposed in a coup d’\u00e9tat<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1781<\/strong>\u00a0 William Herschel<\/a> discovers Uranus<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1697<\/strong>\u00a0 Nojpet\u00e9n<\/a>, capital of the Itza Maya<\/a> kingdom, fell to Spanish conquistadors<\/a>, the final step in the Spanish conquest of Guatemala<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\n

\n

MARCH 14<\/strong><\/p>\n

2008<\/strong>\u00a0 A series of riots, protests, and demonstrations<\/a> erupt in Lhasa<\/a> and elsewhere in Tibet<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2007<\/strong>\u00a0 The Left Front<\/a> government of West Bengal<\/a> sends at least 3,000 police to Nandigram<\/a> in an attempt to break Bhumi Uchhed Pratirodh Committee<\/a> resistance there; the resulting clash<\/a> leaves 14 dead.<\/p>\n

2006<\/strong>\u00a0 Members of the Chadian<\/a> military fail in an attempted coup d’\u00e9tat<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1988<\/strong>\u00a0 Johnson South Reef Skirmish<\/a>: Chinese forces defeat Vietnamese forces in Johnson South Reef, disputed Spratly Islands<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1984<\/strong>\u00a0 Gerry Adams<\/a>, head of Sinn F\u00e9in<\/a>, is seriously wounded in an assassination attempt in central Belfast<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1978<\/strong>\u00a0 The Israeli Defense Force<\/a> invades and occupies southern Lebanon<\/a>, in Operation Litani<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1964<\/strong>\u00a0 A jury in Dallas<\/a> finds Jack Ruby<\/a> guilty of killing Lee Harvey Oswald<\/a>, the assumed assassin of John F. Kennedy<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1951<\/strong>\u00a0 Korean War<\/a>: For the second time, United Nations<\/a> troops recapture Seoul<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1943<\/strong>\u00a0 World War II<\/a>: The Krak\u00f3w Ghetto<\/a> is “liquidated”.<\/p>\n

1942<\/strong>\u00a0 Orvan Hess<\/a> and John Bumstead became the first in the United States successfully to treat a patient, Anne Miller, using penicillin<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1939<\/strong>\u00a0 Slovakia<\/a> declares independence under German<\/a> pressure.<\/p>\n

– For this event, visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.historyplace.com\/worldwar2\/triumph\/tr-czech.htm<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Czech_resistance_to_Nazi_occupation<\/a> ;_ and\/or_\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/thirdreichruins.com\/czech.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1915<\/strong>\u00a0 World War I<\/a>: Cornered off the coast of Chile<\/a> by the Royal Navy<\/a> after fleeing the Battle of the Falkland Islands<\/a>, the German light cruiser SMS\u00a0Dresden<\/em><\/a> is abandoned and scuttled by her crew.<\/p>\n

1903<\/strong>\u00a0 The Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge<\/a> is established by US President Theodore Roosevelt<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.fws.gov\/Refuges\/profiles\/index.cfm?id=41572<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/firstrefuge.org\/<\/a> ;_ and\/or _ http:\/\/www.tidewater-florida.com\/wildlife-refuges\/pelican-island-nwr.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– For conservation of nature\/natural resources, visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.nature.org\/<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.keepbanderabeautiful.org\/natureconservation.html<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.iucn.org\/about\/<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conservation_%28ethic%29<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.infoplease.com\/encyclopedia\/science\/conservation-natural-resources.html<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.pensoft.net\/journals\/natureconservation<\/a> ;_ and\/or _ http:\/\/www.globalissues.org\/article\/177\/nature-and-animal-conservation<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1903<\/strong>\u00a0 The Hay\u2013Herr\u00e1n Treaty<\/a>, granting the United States the right to build the Panama Canal<\/a>, is ratified by the United States Senate<\/a>. The Colombian<\/a> Senate would later reject the treaty.<\/p>\n

1900<\/strong>\u00a0 The Gold Standard Act<\/a> is ratified, placing United States currency<\/a> on the gold standard<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1782<\/strong>\u00a0 Battle of Wuchale: Emperor Tekle Giyorgis<\/a> pacifies a group of Oromo<\/a> near Wuchale<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1780<\/strong>\u00a0 American Revolutionary War<\/a>: Spanish<\/a> forces capture<\/a> Fort Charlotte<\/a> in Mobile, Alabama<\/a>, the last British<\/a> frontier post capable of threatening New Orleans<\/a> in Spanish Louisiana<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1647<\/strong>\u00a0 Thirty Years’ War<\/a>: Bavaria<\/a>, Cologne<\/a>, France and Sweden sign the Truce of Ulm<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\n

\n

MARCH 15<\/strong><\/p>\n

2006<\/strong>\u00a0 UN General Assembly decides to create Human Rights Council<\/em>.<\/p>\n

– Visit UN General Assembly Resolution 60\/251 (2006): http:\/\/www.un-documents.net\/a60r251.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– The website of the Human Rights Council:_ http:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/EN\/HRBodies\/HRC\/Pages\/HRCIndex.aspx<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1991<\/strong>\u00a0 The Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany<\/a> comes into effect, granting full sovereignty to the Federal Republic of Germany<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1990\u00a0 <\/strong>Mikhail Gorbachev<\/a> is elected as the first President of the Soviet Union<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1985<\/strong>\u00a0 Brazilian military dictatorship<\/a> ends.<\/p>\n

1985<\/strong>\u00a0 The first Internet<\/a> domain name<\/a> is registered (symbolics<\/a>.com).<\/p>\n

1985<\/strong>\u00a0 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1978<\/strong>\u00a0 China performs nuclear test at Lop Nor, PRC.<\/p>\n

1978\u00a0 <\/strong>Somalia<\/a> and Ethiopia<\/a> signed a truce to end the Ethiopian-Somali War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1965<\/strong>\u00a0 President Lyndon B. Johnson<\/a>, responding to the Selma<\/a> crisis, tells U.S. Congress<\/a> “We shall overcome” while advocating the Voting Rights Act<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1964<\/strong>\u00a0 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh\/Semipalitinsk USSR.<\/p>\n

1961<\/strong>\u00a0 South Africa<\/a> withdraws from the Commonwealth of Nations<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1945<\/strong>\u00a0 World War II: Soviet forces begin an offensive<\/a> to push Germans from Upper Silesia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1943<\/strong>\u00a0 World War II: Third Battle of Kharkov<\/a> \u2013 the Germans retake the city of Kharkov<\/a> from the Soviet<\/a> armies in bitter street fighting.<\/p>\n

1939<\/strong>\u00a0 Carpatho-Ukraine<\/a> declares itself an independent republic, but is annexed by Hungary<\/a> the next day.<\/p>\n

1939<\/strong>\u00a0 World War II<\/a>: German<\/a> troops occupy the remaining part of Bohemia<\/a> and Moravia<\/a>; Czechoslovakia<\/a> ceases to exist.<\/p>\n

1933<\/strong>\u00a0 Austrian<\/a> Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss<\/a> keeps members of the National Council<\/a> from convening, starting the austrofascist<\/a> dictatorship.<\/p>\n

1926<\/strong>\u00a0 The dictator Theodoros Pangalos<\/a> is elected President of Greece without opposition.<\/p>\n

1922<\/strong>\u00a0 After Egypt<\/a> gains nominal independence from the United Kingdom, Fuad I<\/a> becomes King of Egypt<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1917<\/strong>\u00a0 Tsar<\/a> Nicholas II of Russia<\/a> abdicates the Russian<\/a> throne and his brother the Grand Duke becomes Tsar.<\/p>\n

1916<\/strong>\u00a0 President<\/a> Woodrow Wilson<\/a> sends 4,800 United States troops over the U.S.-Mexico border<\/a> to pursue<\/a> Pancho Villa<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1906<\/strong>\u00a0 Rolls-Royce Limited<\/a> is incorporated.<\/p>\n

1888<\/strong>\u00a0 Start of the Anglo-Tibetan War of 1888<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1874<\/strong>\u00a0 France<\/a> and Viet Nam<\/a> sign the Second Treaty of Saigon<\/a>, further recognizing the full sovereignty of France over Cochinchina<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1843<\/strong>\u00a0 A revolution breaks out in Hungary<\/a>. The Habsburg<\/a> rulers are compelled to meet the demands of the Reform party.<\/p>\n

________________________________<\/p>\n

Satoshi Ashikaga is a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment originally from Japan.<\/em><\/p>\n

(Sources and references: http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/March_9<\/a> to 15;\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/www.brainyhistory.com\/days\/march_9.html<\/a> to 15;\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/www.historyorb.com\/events\/march\/09<\/a> to 15; and other relevant websites and documents, mentioned above.)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

March 9-15 – Quote of the Week: \u201cNever doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has.\u201d — Margaret Mead<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[148],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-54661","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/54661","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=54661"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/54661\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=54661"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=54661"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=54661"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}