{"id":55238,"date":"2015-03-16T12:00:11","date_gmt":"2015-03-16T12:00:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=55238"},"modified":"2015-05-05T21:25:58","modified_gmt":"2015-05-05T20:25:58","slug":"this-week-in-history-15","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2015\/03\/this-week-in-history-15\/","title":{"rendered":"This Week in History"},"content":{"rendered":"

March 16\u201322 <\/em><\/p>\n

Quote of the Week:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cDon\u2019t be afraid to stand for what you believe in, even if that means standing alone<\/a>.<\/em>\u201d – Unknown<\/p>\n

MARCH 16 <\/strong><\/p>\n

2014<\/strong>\u00a0 Crimea<\/a> votes in a controversial referendum<\/a> to secede from Ukraine<\/a> to join Russia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2005<\/strong>\u00a0 Israel<\/a> officially hands over Jericho<\/a> to Palestinian control.<\/p>\n

2003<\/strong>\u00a0 Rachel Corrie<\/a>, a 23-year-old American woman involved with the International Solidarity Movement<\/a>, is killed trying to prevent a Palestinian home from being destroyed by a bulldozer in Rafah<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1989<\/strong>\u00a0 In Egypt<\/a>, a 4,400-year-old mummy<\/a> is found near the Pyramid of Cheops<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1988<\/strong>\u00a0 The Troubles<\/a>: Ulster loyalist<\/a> militant Michael Stone<\/a> attacks<\/a> a Provisional IRA<\/a> funeral in Belfast<\/a> with pistols and grenades. Three people are killed and more than 60 wounded. The attack was filmed by news crews.<\/p>\n

1988<\/strong>\u00a0 Halabja poison gas attack<\/a>: The Kurdish<\/a> town of Halabjah<\/a> in Iraq<\/a> is attacked with a mix of poison gas<\/a> and nerve agents<\/a> on the orders of Saddam Hussein, killing 5000 people and injuring about 10000 people.<\/p>\n

1988<\/strong>\u00a0 Iran-Contra Affair<\/a>: Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North<\/a> and Vice Admiral John Poindexter<\/a> are indicted on charges of conspiracy<\/a> to defraud the United States.<\/p>\n

1988<\/strong>\u00a0 US sends 3,000 soldiers to Nicaragua’s neighbor Honduras.<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.politico.com\/news\/stories\/0310\/34462.html<\/a> ;_ and\/or _ http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1988\/03\/18\/world\/us-troops-arrive-at-honduras-base-to-show-support.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1984<\/strong>\u00a0 William Buckley<\/a>, the CIA<\/a> station chief in Beirut<\/a>, Lebanon<\/a>, is kidnapped by Islamic<\/a> fundamentalists and later died in captivity.<\/p>\n

1979<\/strong> Sino-Vietnamese War<\/a>: The People’s Liberation Army<\/a> crosses the border back into China, ends the war.<\/p>\n

1978<\/strong>\u00a0 Former Italian<\/a> Prime Minister Aldo Moro<\/a> is kidnapped and later killed by his captors.<\/p>\n

1977<\/strong>\u00a0 Assassination of Kamal Jumblatt<\/a>, the main leader of the anti-government forces in the Lebanese Civil War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1968<\/strong>\u00a0 Vietnam War<\/a>: In the My Lai massacre<\/a>, between 347 and 500 Vietnamese<\/a> villagers (men, women, and children) are killed by American troops.<\/p>\n

1950<\/strong>\u00a0 Communist Czechoslovakia<\/a>‘s ministry of foreign affairs asks nuncios of Vatican<\/a> to leave the country.<\/p>\n

1945<\/strong>\u00a0 Ninety percent of W\u00fcrzburg<\/a>, Germany is destroyed in only 20 minutes by British<\/a> bombers. 5,000 are killed.<\/p>\n

1945<\/strong>\u00a0 World War II<\/a>: The Battle of Iwo Jima<\/a> ended, but small pockets of Japanese<\/a> resistance persisted.<\/p>\n

1942<\/strong>\u00a0 The first V-2 rocket<\/a> test launch. It exploded at lift-off.<\/p>\n

1939<\/strong>\u00a0 From Prague Castle<\/a>, Hitler proclaims Bohemia and Moravia<\/a> a German protectorate<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1935<\/strong>\u00a0 Adolf Hitler<\/a> orders Germany<\/a> to rearm herself in violation of the Treaty of Versailles<\/a>. Conscription is reintroduced to form the Wehrmacht<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1924<\/strong>\u00a0 In accordance with the Treaty of Rome<\/a>, Fiume<\/a> becomes annexed as part of Italy<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1818<\/strong>\u00a0 In the Second Battle of Cancha Rayada<\/a>, Spanish<\/a> forces defeated Chileans<\/a> under Jos\u00e9 de San Mart\u00edn<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1815<\/strong>\u00a0 Prince Willem<\/a> proclaims himself King of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands<\/a>, the first constitutional monarch<\/a> in the Netherlands<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1812<\/strong>\u00a0 Battle of Badajoz<\/a> (March 16 \u2013 April 6) \u2013 British<\/a> and Portuguese<\/a> forces besieged and defeated French<\/a> garrison during Peninsular War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1802\u00a0 <\/strong>The Army Corps of Engineers<\/a> is established to found and operate the United States Military Academy at West Point<\/a>.<\/p>\n

MARCH 17<\/strong><\/p>\n

2004<\/strong>\u00a0 Unrest in Kosovo<\/a>: More than 22 are killed and 200 wounded. Thirty-five Serbian Orthodox<\/a> shrines in Kosovo<\/a> and two mosques<\/a> in Belgrade<\/a> and Ni\u0161<\/a> are destroyed.<\/p>\n

2003<\/strong>\u00a0 Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs<\/a> Robin Cook<\/a>, resigns from the British Cabinet<\/a> in disagreement with government plans for the 2003 invasion of Iraq<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2000<\/strong>\u00a0 530 members of the Ugandan<\/a> cult Movement for the Restoration of the Ten Commandments of God<\/a> die in a fire, considered to be a mass murder or suicide orchestrated by leaders of the cult. Elsewhere another 248 members are later found dead.<\/p>\n

1992<\/strong>\u00a0 A referendum to end apartheid<\/a> in South Africa is passed 68.7% to 31.2%.<\/p>\n

1988<\/strong>\u00a0 Eritrean War of Independence<\/a>: The Nadew Command, an Ethiopian<\/a> army corps in Eritrea<\/a>, is attacked on three sides by military units of the Eritrean People’s Liberation Front<\/a> in the opening action of the Battle of Afabet<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1973<\/strong>\u00a0 The Pulitzer Prize<\/a>-winning photograph Burst of Joy<\/a><\/em> is taken, depicting a former prisoner of war<\/a> being reunited with his family, which came to symbolize the end of United States involvement in the Vietnam War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– On the other hand, also see these photographs that depicts other facets of the same war: https:\/\/images.search.yahoo.com\/images\/view;_ylt=AwrB8pCmweBUEHEAmjqJzbkF;_ylu=X3oDMTIycnM2bHQ0BHNlYwNzcgRzbGsDaW1nBG9pZANiMDI0OWNmYTMzMzRjNTI4NzJjMTJlMmI3YzJhMjUwZgRncG9zAzEEaXQDYmluZw–?.origin=&back=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3DTragic%2BChildren%2BVietnam%2BWar%26fr%3Dyfp-t-315%26tab%3Dorganic%26ri%3D1&w=600&h=352&imgurl=www.photosfan.com%2Fimages%2Ffamous-war-photographs-child-in-vietnam1.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.photosfan.com%2F2010-11%2F&size=40.9KB&name=famous+%3Cb%3Ewar%3C%2Fb%3E+photographs.+%3Cb%3EChild%3C%2Fb%3E+in+%3Cb%3EVietnam%3C%2Fb%3E&p=Tragic+Children+Vietnam+War&oid=b0249cfa3334c52872c12e2b7c2a250f&fr2=&fr=yfp-t-315&tt=famous+%3Cb%3Ewar%3C%2Fb%3E+photographs.+%3Cb%3EChild%3C%2Fb%3E+in+%3Cb%3EVietnam%3C%2Fb%3E&b=0&ni=128&no=1&ts=&tab=organic&sigr=111db5ie9&sigb=1393hfcj2&sigi=125i8nppp&sigt=11tnc5fkd&sign=11tnc5fkd&.crumb=eLWvdbFUYg5&fr=yfp-t-315<\/a>;_and\/or_ http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2014\/06\/19\/world\/gallery\/iconic-vietnam-war-photos\/index.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1970<\/strong>\u00a0 My Lai Massacre<\/a>: The United States Army<\/a> charges 14 officers with suppressing information related to the incident.<\/p>\n

1969<\/strong>\u00a0 Golda Meir<\/a> becomes the first female Prime Minister of Israel<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1966<\/strong>\u00a0 Off the coast of Spain in the Mediterranean, the DSV\u00a0Alvin<\/em><\/a> submarine<\/a> finds a missing American hydrogen bomb<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1960<\/strong>\u00a0 U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower<\/a> signs the National Security Council<\/a> directive on the anti-Cuban<\/a> covert action program that will ultimately lead to the Bay of Pigs Invasion<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1959<\/strong>\u00a0 Australia & USSR restore diplomatic relations.<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, https:\/\/readtiger.com\/wkp\/en\/Australia%E2%80%93Russia_relations<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australia%E2%80%93Russia_relations<\/a> ;_and\/or _\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/gevans.org\/speeches\/old\/1989\/240589_fm_relationswithussr.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1959<\/strong>\u00a0 Tenzin Gyatso<\/a>, the 14th Dalai Lama<\/a>, flees Tibet<\/a> for India.<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.friendsoftibet.org\/main\/intervw.html<\/a>;_\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/www.tibetsun.com\/news\/2014\/07\/29\/china-continues-to-suppress-religious-rights-of-tibetans-us<\/a>;_ http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-asia-pacific-16689779<\/a>;_ and\/or _ http:\/\/www.netplaces.com\/buddhism\/tibetan-buddhism\/exile-and-diaspora.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1953<\/strong>\u00a0 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

– Visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australia%E2%80%93Russia_relations<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/gevans.org\/speeches\/old\/1989\/240589_fm_relationswithussr.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1950<\/strong>\u00a0 Researchers at the University of California, Berkeley<\/a> announce the creation of element 98, which they name “californium<\/a>“.<\/p>\n

1948<\/strong>\u00a0 The Benelux<\/a>, France, and the United Kingdom sign the Treaty of Brussels<\/a>, a precursor to the North Atlantic Treaty<\/a> establishing NATO<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1947<\/strong>\u00a0 First flight of the B-45 Tornado<\/a> strategic bomber<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1942<\/strong>\u00a0 Holocaust<\/a>: The first Jews from the Lvov Ghetto<\/a> are gassed at the Belzec<\/a> death camp in what is today eastern Poland.<\/p>\n

1939<\/strong>\u00a0 Second Sino-Japanese War<\/a>: Battle of Nanchang<\/a> between the Kuomintang<\/a> and Japan<\/a> begins,<\/p>\n

1927<\/strong>\u00a0 US government doesn’t sign League of Nations disarmament treaty.<\/p>\n

-Visit, for instance, \u00a0http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Washington_Naval_Conference<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/ww.johndclare.net\/league_of_nations4_disarmament.htm<\/a>;_ http:\/\/www.infoplease.com\/encyclopedia\/history\/disarmament-conference.html<\/a>;_ and\/or_ http:\/\/history.state.gov\/milestones\/1921-1936\/naval-conference<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1921<\/strong>\u00a0 The Second Republic of Poland<\/a> adopts the March Constitution<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1921<\/strong>\u00a0 Lenin<\/a> proclaims New Economic Politics.<\/p>\n

1861<\/strong>\u00a0 The Kingdom of Italy<\/a> is proclaimed.<\/p>\n

1860<\/strong>\u00a0 The First Taranaki War<\/a> begins in Taranaki<\/a>, New Zealand, a major phase of the New Zealand land wars<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1842<\/strong>\u00a0 The Relief Society<\/a> of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints<\/a> is formed.<\/p>\n

– For Mormon\u2019s humanitarian assistance, visit http:\/\/mormonreligion.org\/mormons\/mormon-humanitarian-aid<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– For religion and humanitarian assistance, visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.academia.edu\/3537854\/The_Role_of_Religion_in_Humanitarian_Action<\/a>;_http:\/\/sites.tufts.edu\/jha\/archives\/tag\/religion<\/a>;_ http:\/\/religionfactor.net\/2013\/12\/13\/humanity-in-action-religion-human-rights-and-the-question-of-neutrality\/<\/a>;_http:\/\/www.rsc.ox.ac.uk\/publications\/religion-and-humanitarianism<\/a> ;_and\/or _ http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Humanitarianism#An_increasing_role_of_Regional_organisations<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1805<\/strong>\u00a0 The Italian Republic<\/a>, with Napoleon<\/a> as president, becomes the Kingdom of Italy<\/a>, with Napoleon as King.<\/p>\n

MARCH 18 <\/strong><\/p>\n

2014<\/strong>\u00a0 The parliaments of Russia<\/a> and Crimea<\/a> sign an accession treaty<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1994<\/strong>\u00a0 Bosnia<\/a>‘s Bosniaks<\/a> and Croats<\/a> sign the Washington Agreement<\/a>, ending war between the Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia<\/a> and the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina<\/a>, and establishing the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1990<\/strong>\u00a0 Germans in the German Democratic Republic<\/a> vote in the first democratic elections<\/a> in the former communist dictatorship.<\/p>\n

1987<\/strong>\u00a0 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1977<\/strong>\u00a0 US restricts citizens from visiting Cuba, Vietnam, North Korea & Cambodia.<\/p>\n

1974<\/strong>\u00a0 Oil embargo crisis<\/a>: Most OPEC<\/a> nations end a five-month oil embargo<\/a> against the United States, Europe and Japan.<\/p>\n

1972<\/strong>\u00a0 China performs nuclear test at Lop Nor, PRC.<\/p>\n

1970<\/strong>\u00a0 Lon Nol<\/a> ousts Prince Norodom Sihanouk<\/a> of Cambodia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1969<\/strong>\u00a0 The United States begins secretly bombing<\/a> the Sihanouk Trail<\/a> in Cambodia<\/a>, used by communist forces<\/a> to infiltrate South Vietnam<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1962<\/strong>\u00a0 The Evian Accords<\/a> end the Algerian War of Independence<\/a>, which had begun in 1954.<\/p>\n

1959<\/strong>\u00a0 President<\/a> Dwight D. Eisenhower<\/a> signs a bill into law allowing for Hawaiian statehood, which would become official on August 21<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1948<\/strong>\u00a0 Soviet consultants leave Yugoslavia in the first sign of the Tito-Stalin split<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– For this issue, visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.digplanet.com\/wiki\/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split<\/a>;_ http:\/\/www.academia.edu\/2972298\/The_Soviet_Orgins_of_Titos_Yugoslavia_1937-1948<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/schoolworkhelper.net\/tito-stalin-dispute-1948-timeline-analysis-significance\/<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.titomanija.com.ba\/e-knjige\/TitoStalin.pdf<\/a>;_ http:\/\/repository.lib.ncsu.edu\/ir\/bitstream\/1840.16\/1006\/1\/etd.pdf<\/a> ;_and\/or_ http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Josip_Broz_Tito#Tito.E2.80.93Stalin_split<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1946<\/strong>\u00a0 Diplomatic relations<\/a> between Switzerland<\/a> and the Soviet Union<\/a> are established.<\/p>\n

1945<\/strong>\u00a0 World War II: 1,250 American bombers attack Berlin.<\/p>\n

1942<\/strong>\u00a0 The War Relocation Authority<\/a> is established in the United States to take Japanese Americans into custody.<\/p>\n

For this issue, visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/world-war-ii\/japanese-american-relocation<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.archives.gov\/education\/lessons\/japanese-relocation\/<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.ushistory.org\/us\/51e.asp<\/a> ;_ and\/or_ http:\/\/www.japaneserelocation.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n

1940<\/strong>\u00a0 World War II<\/a>: Axis Powers<\/a> \u2013 Adolf Hitler<\/a> and Benito Mussolini<\/a> meet at the Brenner Pass<\/a> in the Alps<\/a> and agree to form an alliance against France and the United Kingdom.<\/p>\n

1938<\/strong>\u00a0 Mexico nationalizes all foreign-owned oil<\/a> properties within its borders.<\/p>\n

1937<\/strong>\u00a0 Spanish Civil War<\/a>: Spanish Republican forces defeat the Italians<\/a> at the Battle of Guadalajara<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1922<\/strong>\u00a0 In India, Mohandas Gandhi<\/a> is sentenced to six years in prison<\/a> for civil disobedience<\/a>. He serves only 2 years.<\/p>\n

1921<\/strong>\u00a0 The second Peace of Riga<\/a> is signed between Poland and the Soviet Union<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1915<\/strong>\u00a0 World War I<\/a>: During the Battle of Gallipoli<\/a>, three battleships<\/a> are sunk during a failed British and French naval attack on the Dardanelles<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1913<\/strong>\u00a0 King George I of Greece<\/a> is assassinated<\/a> in the recently liberated city of Thessaloniki<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1874<\/strong>\u00a0 Hawaii signs a treaty with the United States granting exclusive trade<\/a> rights.<\/p>\n

1871<\/strong>\u00a0 Declaration of the Paris Commune<\/a>; President of the French Republic, Adolphe Thiers<\/a>, orders the evacuation of Paris.<\/p>\n

1848<\/strong>\u00a0 March Revolution<\/a>: in Berlin there is a struggle between citizens and military, costing about 300 lives.<\/p>\n

1793<\/strong>\u00a0 The first republic<\/a> in Germany, the Republic of Mainz<\/a>, is declared by Andreas Joseph Hofmann<\/a>.<\/p>\n

MARCH 19 <\/strong><\/p>\n

2011\u00a0 <\/strong>Libyan Civil War<\/a>: After the failure of Muammar Gaddafi<\/a>‘s forces to take Benghazi<\/a>, French Air Force<\/a> launches Op\u00e9ration Harmattan<\/a>, beginning foreign military intervention in Libya<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2004\u00a0 <\/strong>A Swedish DC-3<\/a> shot down by a Russian MiG-15<\/a> in 1952 over the Baltic Sea<\/a> is finally recovered after years of work. The remains of the three crewmen are left in place, pending further investigations.<\/p>\n

2002\u00a0 <\/strong>Zimbabwe<\/a> is suspended<\/a> from the Commonwealth<\/a> on charges of human rights<\/a> abuses and of electoral fraud<\/a>, following a turbulent presidential election.<\/p>\n

1990\u00a0 <\/strong>The ethnic clashes of T\u00e2rgu Mure\u015f<\/a> begin four days after the anniversary of the Revolutions of 1848 in the Habsburg areas<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1989\u00a0 <\/strong>The Egyptian<\/a> Flag is raised on Taba, Egypt<\/a> announcing the end of the Israeli occupation after the Yom Kippur War<\/a> in 1973<\/a> and the peace negotiations in 1979<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1982\u00a0 <\/strong>Falklands War<\/a>: Argentinian<\/a> forces land on South Georgia<\/a> Island, precipitating war with the United Kingdom<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1972\u00a0 <\/strong>India & Bangladesh sign friendship treaty.<\/p>\n

– Visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indo-Bangladeshi_Treaty_of_Friendship,_Cooperation_and_Peace<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1962\u00a0 <\/strong>The Algerian War of Independence<\/a> against the French ends.<\/p>\n

1946\u00a0 <\/strong>French Guiana<\/a>, Guadeloupe<\/a>, Martinique<\/a> and R\u00e9union<\/a> become overseas d\u00e9partements<\/em><\/a> of France<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: Adolf Hitler<\/a> issues his “Nero Decree<\/a>” ordering all industries, military installations, shops, transportation facilities and communications facilities in Germany<\/a> to be destroyed.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: Off the coast of Japan<\/a>, a dive bomber<\/a> hits the aircraft carrier<\/a> USS\u00a0Franklin<\/em><\/a>, killing 724 of her crew. Badly damaged, the ship is able to return to the U.S. under her own power.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: Nazi<\/a> forces occupy Hungary<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Margarethe<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hungary_in_World_War_II<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.theholocaustexplained.org\/ks3\/life-in-nazi-occupied-europe\/jews-in-occupied-countries\/hungary\/#.VODn6C4qLX4<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.scrapbookpages.com\/AuschwitzScrapbook\/History\/Articles\/HungarianJews.html<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.ushmm.org\/wlc\/en\/article.php?ModuleId=10005458<\/a> ;_ and\/or _ http:\/\/www.degob.org\/index.php?showarticle=2031<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II<\/a>: The 99th Pursuit Squadron also known as the Tuskegee Airmen<\/a>, the first all-black unit of the US Army Air Corps<\/a>, is activated.<\/p>\n

1921\u00a0 <\/strong>Irish War of Independence<\/a>: One of the biggest engagements<\/a> of the war takes place at Crossbarry<\/a>, County Cork<\/a>. About 100 Irish Republican Army<\/a> (IRA) volunteers escape an attempt by over 1,300 British forces to encircle them.<\/p>\n

1920\u00a0 <\/strong>The United States Senate<\/a> rejects the Treaty of Versailles<\/a> for the second time (the first time was on November 19, 1919).<\/p>\n

– For this issue, visit, for instance, http:\/\/answerparty.com\/question\/answer\/why-didnt-the-united-states-ratify-the-treaty-of-versailles<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/learning.blogs.nytimes.com\/2012\/03\/19\/march-19-1920-senate-rejects-treaty-of-versailles-for-second-and-final-time\/comment-page-1\/?_r=0<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.politico.com\/news\/stories\/1107\/6961.html<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.panzertruppen.org\/guderian\/versalles.html<\/a> ;_ and\/or _ http:\/\/www.presidentprofiles.com\/Grant-Eisenhower\/Woodrow-Wilson-The-treaty-fight-in-the-united-states-1919-1920.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1918\u00a0 <\/strong>The U.S. Congress<\/a> establishes time zones<\/a> and approves daylight saving time<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1861<\/strong>\u00a0 The First Taranaki War<\/a> ends in New Zealand<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1853\u00a0 <\/strong>The Taiping reform movement<\/a> occupies and makes Nanjing<\/a> its capital until 1864<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

MARCH 20<\/strong><\/p>\n

2012\u00a0 <\/strong>At least 52 people are killed and more than 250 injured in a wave of terror attacks<\/a> across 10 cities in Iraq<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2006\u00a0 <\/strong>Over 150 Chadian soldiers<\/a> are killed in eastern Chad<\/a> by members of the rebel UFDC<\/a>. The rebel movement sought to overthrow Chadian president<\/a> Idriss Deby<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2003\u00a0 <\/strong>2003 invasion of Iraq<\/a>: In the early hours of the morning, the United States<\/a> and three other countries (the UK, Australia and Poland) begin military operations in Iraq<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1993\u00a0 <\/strong>The Troubles<\/a>: A Provisional IRA bomb kills two children<\/a> in Warrington<\/a>, England. It leads to mass protests in both Britain and Ireland.<\/p>\n

1990\u00a0 <\/strong>Ferdinand Marcos<\/a>‘s widow, Imelda Marcos<\/a>, goes on trial for bribery<\/a>, embezzlement<\/a>, and racketeering<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1988\u00a0 <\/strong>Eritrean War of Independence<\/a>: Having defeated the Nadew Command, the Eritrean People’s Liberation Front<\/a> enters the town of Afabet<\/a>, victoriously concluding the Battle of Afabet<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1980\u00a0 <\/strong>US appeals to International Court on hostages in Iran.<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iran_hostage_crisis<\/a>;_and _ http:\/\/www.icj-cij.org\/docket\/index.php?sum=334&p1=3&p2=3&case=64&p3=5<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1972\u00a0 <\/strong>The Troubles<\/a>: A Provisional IRA<\/a> car bomb kills seven and injures 148 in Belfast<\/a>, Northern Ireland<\/a>. It was the first of many car bomb attacks by the group.<\/p>\n

1968<\/strong>\u00a0 LBJ<\/a> signs a bill removing gold backing from US paper money.<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gold_standard<\/a> ;_http:\/\/www.cmi-gold-silver.com\/article\/gold-standard-inflation-fiat-money\/<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/fas.org\/sgp\/crs\/misc\/R41887.pdf<\/a>;_ http:\/\/gold-standard.procon.org\/<\/a> ;_and\/or_\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_United_States_dollar<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1956\u00a0 <\/strong>Tunisia<\/a> gains independence from France<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1952\u00a0 <\/strong>The United States Senate<\/a> ratifies a peace treaty<\/a> with Japan.<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_San_Francisco<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.cfr.org\/japan\/treaty-san-francisco-1951\/p30267<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.china.usc.edu\/%28S%28hvmzvbinmivm4055yhpumv45%29X%281%29A%28eYsVIm-A0AEkAAAAZTcwYzU2YzEtMmM1MC00MDMzLTlhOWItZDJiYzYwZWIwMGI2AZ8yha4RSirkpkEp3Bd9SiO9pso1%29%29\/ShowArticle.aspx?articleID=427&AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1<\/a> ;_ and\/or_ http:\/\/digital.law.washington.edu\/dspace-law\/bitstream\/handle\/1773.1\/748\/11PacRimLPolyJ063.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II<\/a>: General<\/a> Douglas MacArthur<\/a>, at Terowie<\/a>, South Australia<\/a>, makes his famous speech regarding the fall of the Philippines<\/a>, in which he says: “I came out of Bataan<\/a> and I shall return.”<\/p>\n

– Visit https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=NEbwuehH35I<\/a> ;_and\/or _ http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/amex\/macarthur\/filmmore\/reference\/primary\/index.html#pinky<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1916\u00a0 <\/strong>Albert Einstein<\/a> publishes his general theory of relativity<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, http:\/\/content.time.com\/time\/magazine\/article\/0,9171,993017,00.html<\/a> ;_http:\/\/www.openculture.com\/2012\/02\/bertrand_russells_iabc_of_relativityi_the_classic_introduction_to_einstein_available_in_free_audio.html<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.space.com\/17661-theory-general-relativity.html<\/a> ;_ and\/or _ http:\/\/physics.about.com\/od\/relativisticmechanics\/a\/relativity.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1883\u00a0 <\/strong>The Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property<\/a> is signed.<\/p>\n

1852\u00a0 <\/strong>Harriet Beecher Stowe<\/a>‘s Uncle Tom’s Cabin<\/a><\/em> is published.<\/p>\n

1815\u00a0 <\/strong>After escaping from Elba<\/a>, Napoleon<\/a> enters Paris<\/a> with a regular army of 140,000 and a volunteer force of around 200,000, beginning his “Hundred Days<\/a>” rule.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

MARCH 21 <\/strong><\/p>\n

1990\u00a0 <\/strong>Namibia<\/a> becomes independent after 75 years of South African<\/a> rule.<\/p>\n

1986<\/strong>\u00a0 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations<\/em> is adopted.<\/p>\n

– Visit: http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vienna_Convention_on_the_Law_of_Treaties_between_States_and_International_Organizations_or_between_International_Organizations<\/a> ; _and\/or _ http:\/\/legal.un.org\/avl\/ha\/vcltsio\/vcltsio.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Text: http:\/\/legal.un.org\/ilc\/texts\/instruments\/english\/conventions\/1_2_1986.pdf<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1980\u00a0 <\/strong>US President<\/a> Jimmy Carter<\/a> announces a United States<\/a> boycott<\/a> of the 1980 Summer Olympics<\/a> in Moscow<\/a> to protest<\/a> the Soviet war in Afghanistan<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1970\u00a0 <\/strong>The first Earth Day<\/a> proclamation is issued by Mayor of San Francisco<\/a> Joseph Alioto<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.earthsite.org\/<\/a><\/p>\n

1968\u00a0 <\/strong>Battle of Karameh<\/a> in Jordan<\/a> between Israeli Defense Forces<\/a> and Fatah<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1965\u00a0 <\/strong>Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.<\/a> leads 3,200 people on the start of the third and finally successful civil rights<\/a> march from Selma<\/a> to Montgomery, Alabama<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1960\u00a0 <\/strong>Apartheid in South Africa<\/a>: Massacre in Sharpeville<\/a>, South Africa<\/a>: Police open fire on a group of unarmed black South African<\/a> demonstrators, killing 69 and wounding 180.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: Bulgaria<\/a> and the Soviet Union<\/a> successfully complete their defense of the north bank of the Drava<\/a> River as the Battle of the Transdanubian Hills<\/a> concludes.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: Operation Carthage<\/a>: Royal Air Force<\/a> planes bomb Gestapo<\/a> headquarters in Copenhagen<\/a>, Denmark<\/a>. They also hit a school and 125 civilians are killed.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II<\/a>: British<\/a> troops liberate Mandalay<\/a>, Burma<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1937\u00a0 <\/strong>Ponce Massacre<\/a>: Nineteen people in Ponce<\/a>, Puerto Rico<\/a>, are gunned down by a police squad acting under orders of US-appointed Governor, Blanton C. Winship<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1935\u00a0 <\/strong>Shah of Iran<\/a> Reza Shah Pahlavi<\/a> formally asks the international community to call Persia by its native name, Iran<\/a>, meaning “Land of the Aryans<\/a>“.<\/p>\n

1933\u00a0 <\/strong>Construction of Dachau<\/a>, the first Nazi<\/a> concentration camp<\/a>, is completed.<\/p>\n

1928\u00a0 <\/strong>Charles Lindbergh<\/a> is presented with the Medal of Honor<\/a> for the first solo trans-Atlantic<\/a> flight.<\/p>\n

1925\u00a0 <\/strong>The Butler Act<\/a> prohibits the teaching of human evolution<\/a> in Tennessee<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1921\u00a0 <\/strong>The New Economic Policy<\/a> is implemented by the Bolshevik<\/a> Party in response to the economic failure as a result of War Communism<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1919\u00a0 <\/strong>The Hungarian Soviet Republic<\/a> is established becoming the first Communist<\/a> government to be formed in Europe after the October Revolution<\/a> in Russia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1918\u00a0 <\/strong>World War I<\/a>: The first phase of the German Spring Offensive, Operation Michael<\/a>, begins.<\/p>\n

1871\u00a0 <\/strong>Otto von Bismarck<\/a> is appointed Chancellor of the German Empire<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1844\u00a0 <\/strong>The Bah\u00e1’\u00ed calendar<\/a> begins. This is the first day of the first year of the Bah\u00e1’\u00ed calendar. It is annually celebrated by members of the Bah\u00e1’\u00ed Faith<\/a> as the Bah\u00e1’\u00ed New Year or N\u00e1w-R\u00faz<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1821\u00a0 <\/strong>Greek War of Independence<\/a>: First revolutionary act in the monastery of Agia Lavra<\/a>, Kalavryta<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1814\u00a0 <\/strong>Napoleonic Wars<\/a>: Austrian<\/a> forces repel French<\/a> troops in the Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1804\u00a0 <\/strong>Code Napol\u00e9on<\/a> is adopted as French<\/a> civil law<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1801\u00a0 <\/strong>The Battle of Alexandria<\/a> is fought between British<\/a> and French<\/a> forces near the ruins of Nicopolis<\/a> in Egypt<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

MARCH 22 <\/strong><\/p>\n

2012\u00a0 <\/strong>Massive fire devours thousands of hectares of ancient forests and threatens wildlife on Mount Kenya.\u00a0\u00a0 (Note that this date, \u201cMarch 22\u201d, is an approximate date because the exact date this fire began is debatable.)<\/p>\n

– For this incident, visit http:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/news\/africa\/2012\/03\/20123229592167488.html<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/mwcnews.net\/news\/africa\/17688-ancient-forests.html<\/a>;_ and\/or_ http:\/\/newspoststz.blogspot.com\/2012\/03\/fire-devours-kenyas-ancient-forests.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– For Mount Kenya, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mount_Kenya<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2006\u00a0 <\/strong>Three Christian Peacemaker Team<\/a> hostages are freed by British forces in Baghdad<\/a> after 118 days of captivity and the murder of their colleague, American Tom Fox<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2004\u00a0 <\/strong>Ahmed Yassin<\/a>, co-founder and leader of the Palestinian<\/a> Sunni<\/a> Islamist group Hamas<\/a>, two bodyguards, and nine civilian bystanders are killed in the Gaza Strip<\/a> when hit by Israeli Air Force<\/a> AH-64 Apache<\/a> fired Hellfire missiles<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1992\u00a0 <\/strong>Fall of communism in Albania<\/a>: The Democratic Party of Albania<\/a> wins a decisive majority in the parliamentary election<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1975\u00a0 <\/strong>A fire at the Browns Ferry Nuclear Power Plant<\/a> in Decatur, Alabama<\/a> causes a dangerous reduction in cooling water levels.<\/p>\n

– For Brown\u2019s Ferry Nuclear Power Plant accident, visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.ccnr.org\/browns_ferry.html<\/a> ;_ and_ http:\/\/www.tuscaloosanews.com\/article\/20110320\/NEWS\/110319577<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– For nuclear power plants accidents general, visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuclear_and_radiation_accidents_and_incidents<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/datablog\/2011\/mar\/14\/nuclear-power-plant-accidents-list-rank<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_nuclear_power_accidents_by_country<\/a>;_ and\/or_ http:\/\/www-personal.umich.edu\/~jmoilane\/nuclear\/Accidents.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1963<\/strong>\u00a0 \u201cAt a broadcast press conference, President John F. Kennedy speaks about the possibility that by the 1970s \u201c\u2026of the U.S. having to face a world in which 15 or 20 or 25 nations may have these [nuclear] weapons\u2026I regard that as the greatest possible danger and hazard.\u201d\u00a0 While those fears were not quite realized, it is nevertheless true that nuclear proliferation in Iran, North Korea, and elsewhere remains a deadly serious problem in the 21st century.\u00a0 Some experts believe that only by phasing out nuclear power in the next few decades, can the world head off the actualization of our 35th President\u2019s worst fears.
\n(Source:\u00a0 Oliver Stone and Peter Kuznick.\u00a0 \u201cThe Untold History of the United States.\u201d\u00a0 New York:\u00a0 Gallery Books, 2012.)\u201d Quoted from http:\/\/www.wagingpeace.org\/march-this-month-in-nuclear-threat-history\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1954\u00a0 <\/strong>Closed since 1939<\/a>, the London bullion market<\/a> reopens.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 <\/strong>The Arab League<\/a> is founded when a charter is adopted in Cairo<\/a>, Egypt<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1943\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: the entire population of Khatyn<\/a> in Belarus<\/a> is burnt alive by German<\/a> occupation forces.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: In the Mediterranean Sea<\/a>, the Royal Navy<\/a> confronts Italy’s Regia Marina<\/a> in the Second Battle of Sirte<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1939\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II<\/a>: Germany<\/a> takes Memel<\/a> from Lithuania<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1920\u00a0 <\/strong>Azeri and Turkish army soldiers with participation of Kurdish gangs attacked<\/a> the Armenian inhabitants of Shushi (Nagorno Karabakh).<\/p>\n

1916\u00a0 <\/strong>The last Emperor of China<\/a>, Yuan Shikai<\/a>, abdicates the throne and the Republic of China<\/a> is restored.<\/p>\n

1873\u00a0 <\/strong>A law is approved by the Spanish National Assembly in Puerto Rico<\/a> to abolish slavery<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1849\u00a0 <\/strong>The Austrians<\/a> defeat the Piedmontese<\/a> at the Battle of Novara<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1829\u00a0 <\/strong>In the London Protocol<\/a>, the three protecting powers (United Kingdom<\/a>, France<\/a> and Russia<\/a>) establish the borders of Greece<\/a>.<\/p>\n

______________________________<\/p>\n

Satoshi Ashikaga is a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment originally from Japan.<\/em><\/p>\n

(Sources and references: http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/March_16<\/a> to 22;\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/www.brainyhistory.com\/days\/march_16.html<\/a> to 22.html;\u00a0\u00a0 http:\/\/www.historyorb.com\/events\/march\/16<\/a> to 22;\u00a0\u00a0 and other relevant websites and documents, mentioned above.)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

March 16\u201322 – Quote of the Week: \u201cDon\u2019t be afraid to stand for what you believe in, even if that means standing alone.\u201d – Unknown<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[148],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-55238","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/55238","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=55238"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/55238\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=55238"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=55238"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=55238"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}