{"id":55242,"date":"2015-03-23T12:00:45","date_gmt":"2015-03-23T12:00:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=55242"},"modified":"2015-05-05T21:25:55","modified_gmt":"2015-05-05T20:25:55","slug":"this-week-in-history-16","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2015\/03\/this-week-in-history-16\/","title":{"rendered":"This Week in History"},"content":{"rendered":"

March 23\u201329 <\/em><\/p>\n

Quote of the Week:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cPeace is not the product of terror or fear. Peace is not the silence of cemeteries. Peace is not the silent result of violent repression. Peace is the generous, tranquil contribution of all to the good of all. Peace is dynamism. Peace is generosity. It is right and it is duty<\/a>.<\/em>\u201d – \u00d3scar Romero<\/p>\n

\u00a0MARCH 23 <\/strong><\/p>\n

2003\u00a0 <\/strong>Battle of Nasiriyah<\/a>, first major conflict during the invasion of Iraq<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1996\u00a0 <\/strong>Taiwan<\/a> holds its first direct elections<\/a> and chooses Lee Teng-hui<\/a> as President<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 <\/strong>The Revolutionary United Front<\/a>, with support from the special forces of Charles Taylor<\/a>‘s National Patriotic Front of Liberia<\/a>, invades Sierra Leone<\/a> in an attempt to overthrow Joseph Saidu Momoh<\/a>, sparking a gruesome 11-year Sierra Leone Civil War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1989\u00a0 <\/strong>Stanley Pons<\/a> and Martin Fleischmann<\/a> announce their discovery of cold fusion<\/a> at the University of Utah<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1985\u00a0 <\/strong>US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1983<\/strong>\u00a0 Strategic Defense Initiative<\/a>: President Ronald Reagan<\/a> makes his initial proposal to develop technology to intercept enemy missiles.<\/p>\n

\u201cIn a nationally televised speech, President Ronald Reagan expressed the desire to \u201cmake nuclear weapons impotent and obsolete\u201d by committing the U.S. to develop a national missile defense system based on the ground and in outer space.\u00a0\u00a0 Media critics derisively referred to the plan as \u201cStar Wars\u201d and hundreds of billions of dollars were spent on attempts to deploy modest theater and national missile defenses in the coming decades.\u00a0 In 2001, President George W. Bush withdrew from the 1972 ABM Treaty with Moscow signaling a new destabilizing, uncertain strategic defensive arms race that continues today.\u00a0 (Source:\u00a0 Bradley Graham.\u00a0 \u201cHit to Kill:\u00a0 The New Battle Over Shielding America From Missile Attack.\u201d\u00a0 New York:\u00a0 Public Affairs, 2001.)\u201d Quoted from http:\/\/www.wagingpeace.org\/march-this-month-in-nuclear-threat-history\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1982\u00a0 <\/strong>Guatemala<\/a>‘s government, headed by Fernando Romeo Lucas Garc\u00eda<\/a> is overthrown in a military coup by right-wing General Efra\u00edn R\u00edos Montt<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1980\u00a0 <\/strong>France performs nuclear test.<\/p>\n

1980\u00a0 <\/strong>Archbishop \u00d3scar Romero<\/a> of El Salvador<\/a> gives his famous speech appealing to men of the El Salvadoran armed forces to stop killing the Salvadorans. The next day, on 24 March 1980, he was shot to death.<\/p>\n

1978\u00a0 <\/strong>The first UNIFIL<\/a> troops arrived in Lebanon<\/a> for peacekeeping mission<\/a> along the Blue Line<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1977\u00a0 <\/strong>All 12 of the Nixon Interviews<\/a> are recorded with British journalist David Frost<\/a> interviewing former President of the United States<\/a> Richard Nixon<\/a> about the Watergate scandal<\/a> and the Nixon tapes<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1971\u00a0 <\/strong>USSR performs underground nuclear test.<\/p>\n

1970\u00a0 <\/strong>US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1965\u00a0 <\/strong>The first issue of The Vigilant<\/a><\/em>, an English newspaper, is published from Khartoum<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1964<\/strong>\u00a0 UNCTAD 1 world conference opens in Geneva.<\/p>\n

– For history of UNCTAD, visit http:\/\/unctad.org\/en\/Pages\/About%20UNCTAD\/A-Brief-History-of-UNCTAD.aspx<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– For UNCTAD in general, visit, for instance, http:\/\/unctad.org\/en\/Pages\/Home.aspx;_and_http:\/\/www.unctadxi.org\/templates\/Page____470.aspx<\/a>; _and\/or_http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_Conference_on_Trade_and_Development<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1956\u00a0 <\/strong>Pakistan<\/a> becomes the first Islamic republic<\/a> in the world. (Republic Day<\/a> in Pakistan)<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II<\/a>: In the Indian Ocean<\/a>, Japanese<\/a> forces capture the Andaman Islands<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1940\u00a0 <\/strong>The Lahore Resolution<\/a> (Qarardad-e-Pakistan<\/a> or the then Qarardad-e-Lahore<\/a>) is put forward at the Annual General Convention of the All India Muslim League<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1939\u00a0 <\/strong>The Hungarian<\/a> air force attacks the headquarters of Slovak air force<\/a> in the city of Spi\u0161sk\u00e1 Nov\u00e1 Ves<\/a>, kills 13 people and began the Slovak\u2013Hungarian War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1935\u00a0 <\/strong>Signing of the Constitution<\/a> of the Commonwealth of the Philippines<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– For the Commonwealth of the Philippines, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commonwealth_of_the_Philippines<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1933\u00a0 <\/strong>The Reichstag<\/a><\/em> passes the Enabling Act of 1933<\/a>, making Adolf Hitler<\/a> dictator<\/a> of Germany<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– For lessons from Reichstag, in particular in the contemporary world, visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.toponline.org\/lessons\/middle\/edwards_web_lesson.pdf<\/a> .<\/p>\n

1931\u00a0 <\/strong>Bhagat Singh<\/a>, Shivaram Rajguru<\/a> and Sukhdev Thapar<\/a> are hanged for murder during the Indian<\/a> struggle for independence.<\/p>\n

1919\u00a0 <\/strong>In Milan<\/a>, Italy<\/a>, Benito Mussolini<\/a> founds his Fascist<\/a> political movement.<\/p>\n

1918\u00a0 <\/strong>First World War<\/a>: On the third day of the German Spring Offensive<\/a>, the 10th Battalion of the Royal West Kent Regiment<\/a> is annihilated with many of the men becoming Prisoners of war<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1908\u00a0 <\/strong>American diplomat Durham Stevens<\/a> is attacked by Korean<\/a> assassins Jeon Myeong-un<\/a> and Jang In-hwan<\/a>, leading to his death in a hospital two days later.<\/p>\n

1905\u00a0 <\/strong>Eleftherios Venizelos<\/a> calls for Crete<\/a>‘s union with Greece<\/a>, and begins what is to be known as the Theriso revolt<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1901\u00a0 <\/strong>Emilio Aguinaldo<\/a>, only President of the First Philippine Republic<\/a>, was captured at Palanan, Isabela<\/a> by forces of General Frederick Funston<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1889\u00a0 <\/strong>The Ahmadiyya<\/a> Muslim Community is established by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad<\/a> in Qadian<\/a>, India<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1885\u00a0 <\/strong>Sino-French War<\/a>: Chinese victory in the Battle of Phu Lam Tao<\/a> near Hung Hoa, northern Vietnam<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1879\u00a0 <\/strong>War of the Pacific<\/a>: The Battle of Top\u00e1ter<\/a>, the first battle of the war is fought between Chile<\/a> and the joint forces of Bolivia<\/a> and Peru<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1862\u00a0 <\/strong>The First Battle of Kernstown<\/a>, Virginia, marks the start of Stonewall Jackson’s Valley Campaign. Though a Confederate defeat, the engagement distracts Federal efforts to capture Richmond.<\/p>\n

1848\u00a0 <\/strong>The ship John Wickliffe<\/a><\/em> arrives at Port Chalmers<\/a> carrying the first Scottish<\/a> settlers for Dunedin<\/a>, New Zealand<\/a>. Otago<\/a> province is founded.<\/p>\n

1841\u00a0 <\/strong>The ship John Wickliffe<\/a><\/em> arrives at Port Chalmers<\/a> carrying the first Scottish<\/a> settlers for Dunedin<\/a>, New Zealand<\/a>. Otago<\/a> province is founded.<\/p>\n

1821\u00a0 <\/strong>Greek War of Independence<\/a>: Battle and fall of city of Kalamata<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

MARCH 24<\/strong><\/p>\n

2008\u00a0 <\/strong>Bhutan<\/a> officially becomes a democracy<\/a>, with its first ever general election<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– For Bhutanese democracy, visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bhutanese_democracy<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.ipcs.org\/pdf_file\/issue\/RP24-Marian-Bhutan.pdf<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/theviewspaper.net\/democracy-in-bhutan\/<\/a> ;_and\/or_ http:\/\/www.theglobalist.com\/bhutan-the-worlds-youngest-democracy\/<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2003\u00a0 <\/strong>The Arab League<\/a> votes 21\u20131 in favor of a resolution demanding the immediate and unconditional removal of U.S. and British soldiers from Iraq<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1999\u00a0 <\/strong>Kosovo War<\/a>: NATO<\/a> commences aerial bombardment<\/a> against Yugoslavia<\/a>, marking the first time NATO has attacked a sovereign country.<\/p>\n

– Visit http:\/\/lamar.colostate.edu\/~grjan\/kosovohistory.html<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.historytoday.com\/robert-bideleux\/kosovos-conflict<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/pages\/frontline\/shows\/kosovo\/etc\/cron.html<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serbia_in_the_Yugoslav_Wars#War_crimes<\/a> ;_and\/or_ http:\/\/www.chomsky.info\/articles\/200005–.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1998 <\/strong>Jonesboro massacre<\/a>: Mitchell Johnson and Andrew Golden<\/a>, aged 11 and 13 respectively, fire upon teachers and students at Westside Middle School in Jonesboro, Arkansas<\/a>; five people are killed and ten are wounded.<\/p>\n

1989\u00a0 <\/strong>Exxon Valdez oil spill<\/a>: In Prince William Sound<\/a> in Alaska, the Exxon Valdez<\/a><\/em> spills 240,000 barrels (38,000\u00a0m3<\/sup>) of petroleum<\/a> after running aground.<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.eoearth.org\/view\/article\/152720\/<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www2.epa.gov\/emergency-response\/exxon-valdez-spill-profile<\/a> ;_ and\/or _ http:\/\/archive.orr.noaa.gov\/topic_subtopic_entry.php?RECORD_KEY%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=entry_id,subtopic_id,topic_id&entry_id%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=700&subtopic_id%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=2&topic_id%28entry_subtopic_topic%29=1<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1986\u00a0 <\/strong>The Loscoe<\/a> gas explosion<\/a> leads to new UK laws on landfill gas migration<\/a> and gas protection on landfill<\/a> sites.<\/p>\n

1980\u00a0 <\/strong>Archbishop<\/a> \u00d3scar Romero<\/a> is killed while celebrating Mass<\/a> in San Salvador<\/a>.\u00a0\u00a0 – Visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.thepeoplesvoice.org\/TPV3\/Voices.php\/2010\/03\/23\/the-death-and-life-of-oscar-romero<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.marxist.com\/el-salvador-assasination-of-archbishop-romero.htm<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/2015\/02\/04\/who-was-oscar-romero_n_6615816.html<\/a> ;_ and\/or _ http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/theguardian\/2000\/mar\/23\/features11.g21<\/a> . See the event on 23 March 1980, regarding Archbishop Romero<\/em>.<\/p>\n

1976\u00a0 <\/strong>In Argentina<\/a>, the armed forces overthrow the constitutional government of President Isabel Per\u00f3n<\/a> and start a 7-year dictatorial period self-styled the National Reorganization Process<\/a><\/em>. Since 2006, a public holiday known as Day of Remembrance for Truth and Justice<\/a> is held on this day.<\/p>\n

1972\u00a0 <\/strong>The United Kingdom imposes direct rule<\/a> over Northern Ireland<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ireland%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.infoplease.com\/spot\/northireland1.html<\/a> ;_ and_ http:\/\/topics.nytimes.com\/top\/news\/international\/countriesandterritories\/unitedkingdom\/northernireland\/index.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1959\u00a0 <\/strong>The Party of the African Federation<\/a> is launched by L\u00e9opold S\u00e9dar Senghor<\/a> and Modibo Ke\u00efta<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1953\u00a0 <\/strong>US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1946\u00a0 <\/strong>The British Cabinet Mission<\/a>, consisting of Lord Pethick-Lawrence<\/a>, Sir Stafford Cripps<\/a> and A. V. Alexander<\/a>, arrives in India to discuss and plan for the transfer of power from the British Raj<\/a> to Indian leadership.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II<\/a>: In an event later dramatized in the movie The Great Escape<\/a><\/em>, 76 Allied<\/a> prisoners of war begin breaking out of the German camp Stalag Luft III<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 <\/strong>Ardeatine massacre<\/a>: German<\/a> troops murder 335 Italian civilians in Rome.<\/p>\n

1934\u00a0 <\/strong>United States Congress<\/a> passes the Tydings\u2013McDuffie Act<\/a>, allowing the Philippines<\/a> to become a self-governing commonwealth<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1927\u00a0 <\/strong>Nanking Incident<\/a>: Foreign warships bombard Nanjing<\/a>, China, in defense of the foreign citizens within the city.<\/p>\n

1922\u00a0 <\/strong>Irish War of Independence<\/a>: In Belfast<\/a>, Northern Irish<\/a> policemen break into the home of a Catholic family and shoot all eight males inside<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1896\u00a0 <\/strong>A. S. Popov<\/a> makes the first radio signal transmission in history.<\/p>\n

1885\u00a0 <\/strong>Sino-French War<\/a>: Chinese victory in the Battle of Bang Bo<\/a> on the Tonkin<\/a>\u2013Guangxi<\/a> border.<\/p>\n

1882\u00a0 <\/strong>Robert Koch<\/a> announces the discovery of Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/a><\/em>, the bacterium<\/a> responsible for tuberculosis<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1869\u00a0 <\/strong>The last of Titokowaru<\/a>‘s forces surrendered to the New Zealand government, ending his uprising<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1832\u00a0 <\/strong>In Hiram, Ohio<\/a>, a group of men beat and tar and feather<\/a> Mormon<\/a> leader Joseph Smith<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

MARCH 25<\/strong><\/p>\n

2006\u00a0 <\/strong>Protesters demanding a new election in Belarus<\/a>, following the rigged Belarusian presidential election, 2006<\/a>, clash with riot police. Opposition leader Aleksander Kozulin<\/a> is among several protesters arrested.<\/p>\n

1996\u00a0 <\/strong>The European Union<\/a>‘s Veterinarian Committee bans the export of British<\/a> beef and its by-products as a result of mad cow disease (Bovine spongiform encephalopathy<\/a>).<\/p>\n

1993\u00a0 <\/strong>Warrington<\/a> Bomb victim Tim Parry dies five days after an IRA<\/a> bomb detonated in Warrington, Cheshire<\/a> on 20 March 1993 in the second of the Warrington bomb attacks<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1988\u00a0 <\/strong>The Candle demonstration in Bratislava<\/a> is the first mass demonstration of the 1980s against the communist regime in Czechoslovakia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1975\u00a0 <\/strong>Faisal of Saudi Arabia<\/a> is shot and killed by a mentally ill<\/a> nephew.<\/p>\n

1971\u00a0 <\/strong>The Army of the Republic of Vietnam<\/a> abandon an attempt<\/a> to cut off the Ho Chi Minh trail<\/a> in Laos<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1971\u00a0 <\/strong>Bangladesh Liberation War<\/a>: Beginning of Operation Searchlight<\/a> by the Pakistani Armed Forces<\/a> against East Pakistani<\/a> civilians.<\/p>\n

1967\u00a0 <\/strong>USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh\/Semipalitinsk USSR.<\/p>\n

1965\u00a0 <\/strong>Civil rights<\/a> activists led by Martin Luther King, Jr.<\/a> successfully complete their 4-day 50-mile march<\/a> from Selma<\/a> to the capitol in Montgomery, Alabama<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1957\u00a0 <\/strong>The European Economic Community<\/a> is established with West Germany<\/a>, France, Italy<\/a>, Belgium<\/a>, Netherlands<\/a> and Luxembourg<\/a> as the first members.<\/p>\n

1949\u00a0 <\/strong>The extensive deportation campaign known as March deportation<\/a> is conducted in Estonia<\/a>, Latvia<\/a> and Lithuania<\/a> to force collectivisation<\/a> by way of terror<\/a>. The Soviet<\/a> authorities deport more than 92,000 people from the Baltics<\/a> to remote areas of the Soviet Union<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1941 <\/strong>The Kingdom of Yugoslavia<\/a> joins the Axis powers<\/a> with the signing of the Tripartite Pact<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1924\u00a0 <\/strong>On the anniversary of Greek Independence<\/a>, Alexandros Papanastasiou<\/a> proclaims the Second Hellenic Republic<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1918\u00a0 <\/strong>The Belarusian People’s Republic<\/a> is established.<\/p>\n

1917\u00a0 <\/strong>The Georgian Orthodox Church<\/a> restores its autocephaly<\/a> abolished by Imperial Russia<\/a> in 1811.<\/p>\n

1821\u00a0 <\/strong>(Julian Calendar<\/a>) Traditional date of the start of the Greek War of Independence<\/a>. The war had actually begun on 23 February<\/a> 1821. The date was chosen in the early years of the Greek state so that it falls on the day of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary<\/a>, strengthening the ties between the Greek Orthodox Church and the newly founded state.<\/p>\n

1807\u00a0 <\/strong>The Slave Trade Act<\/a> becomes law, abolishing the slave trade<\/a> in the British Empire<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1802\u00a0 <\/strong>The Treaty of Amiens<\/a> is signed as a “Definitive Treaty of Peace” between France and the United Kingdom<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

MARCH 26<\/strong><\/p>\n

2005\u00a0 <\/strong>The Taiwanese<\/a> government calls on one million Taiwanese<\/a> to demonstrate in Taipei<\/a>, in opposition to the Anti-Secession Law of the People’s Republic of China<\/a>. Around 200,000 to 300,000 attend the demonstration.<\/p>\n

1998\u00a0 <\/strong>Oued Bouaicha massacre<\/a> in Algeria<\/a>: Fifty-two people are killed with axes and knives, 32 of them babies under the age of two.<\/p>\n

1995\u00a0 <\/strong>The Schengen Treaty<\/a> comes into effect.<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 <\/strong>Local self-government<\/a> is restored after three decades of centralized control in South Korea<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 <\/strong>Argentina<\/a>, Brazil<\/a>, Uruguay<\/a> and Paraguay<\/a> sign the Treaty of Asunci\u00f3n<\/a>, establishing Mercosur<\/a>, the South Common Market.<\/p>\n

1982\u00a0 <\/strong>A groundbreaking ceremony for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial<\/a> is held in Washington, D.C.<\/p>\n

1979\u00a0 <\/strong>Anwar al-Sadat<\/a>, Menachem Begin<\/a> and Jimmy Carter<\/a> sign the Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty<\/a> in Washington, D.C.<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1975\u00a0 <\/strong>The Biological Weapons Convention<\/a> comes into force. For full text, visit http:\/\/www.opbw.org\/convention\/conv.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1971\u00a0 <\/strong>East Pakistan<\/a> declares its independence from Pakistan<\/a> to form the People’s Republic of Bangladesh<\/a> and the Bangladesh Liberation War<\/a> begins.<\/p>\n

1967\u00a0 <\/strong>Ten thousand people gather for one of many Central Park be-ins<\/a> in New York City.<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Opposition_to_United_States_involvement_in_the_Vietnam_War<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.vvaw.org\/<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam_Veterans_Against_the_War<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/vietnam-war\/vietnam-war-protests<\/a> ;_ and\/or _ http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Protests_against_the_Vietnam_War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1958\u00a0 <\/strong>The African Regroupment Party<\/a> is launched at a meeting in Paris<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: The Battle of Iwo Jima<\/a> ends as the island is officially secured by American forces.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II<\/a>: The first female prisoners arrive at Auschwitz<\/a> concentration camp<\/a> in German-occupied Poland<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1939\u00a0 <\/strong>Spanish Civil War<\/a>: Nationalists<\/a> begin their final offensive<\/a> of the war.<\/p>\n

1934\u00a0 <\/strong>The driving test<\/a> is introduced in the United Kingdom<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1931\u00a0 <\/strong>Ho Chi Minh Communist Youth Union<\/a> is founded in Vietnam<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1931\u00a0 <\/strong>SwissAir<\/a> is founded as the national airline<\/a> of Switzerland.<\/p>\n

1922\u00a0 <\/strong>The German Social Democratic Party<\/a> is founded in Poland.<\/p>\n

1917\u00a0 <\/strong>World War I<\/a>: First Battle of Gaza<\/a> \u2013 British<\/a> troops are halted after 17,000 Turks<\/a> block their advance.<\/p>\n

1913\u00a0 <\/strong>Balkan War<\/a>: Bulgarian<\/a> forces capture<\/a> Adrianople<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1881\u00a0 <\/strong>Thessaly<\/a> is freed and becomes part of Greece<\/a> again.<\/p>\n

1830\u00a0 <\/strong>The Book of Mormon<\/a> is published in Palmyra, New York<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

MARCH 27<\/strong><\/p>\n

2014\u00a0 <\/strong>UN General Assembly condemns Russia’s annexation of Crimea.<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, https:\/\/varldsinbordeskriget.wordpress.com\/2014\/03\/28\/un-general-assembly-overwhelmingly-condemns-russian-annexation-of-ukraines-crimea\/<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/2014\/03\/27\/un-resolution-russia-crimea_n_5043126.html<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.kyivpost.com\/content\/ukraine\/un-general-assembly-overwhelmingly-condemns-russian-annexation-of-ukraines-crimea-341142.html<\/a> ;_ and\/or_ http:\/\/www.un.org\/press\/en\/2014\/ga11493.doc.htm<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2002\u00a0 <\/strong>Passover massacre<\/a>: A Palestinian<\/a> suicide bomber<\/a> kills 29 people partaking of the Passover meal<\/a> in Netanya<\/a>, Israel<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1993\u00a0 <\/strong>Italian former minister and Christian Democracy<\/a> leader Giulio Andreotti<\/a> is accused of mafia<\/a> allegiance by the tribunal of Palermo<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1993\u00a0 <\/strong>Jiang Zemin<\/a> is appointed President of the People’s Republic of China<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1981\u00a0 <\/strong>The Solidarity<\/a> movement in Poland stages a warning strike<\/a>, in which at least 12 million Poles walk off their jobs for four hours.<\/p>\n

1970\u00a0 <\/strong>USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh\/Semipalitinsk USSR.<\/p>\n

1958\u00a0 <\/strong>Nikita Khrushchev<\/a> becomes Premier of the Soviet Union<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1948\u00a0 <\/strong>The Second Congress of the Workers’ Party of Korea<\/a>, the founding and ruling political party of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea<\/a> (North Korea), is convened.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: Operation Starvation<\/a>, the aerial mining of Japan’s ports and waterways begins. Argentina declares war<\/a> on the Axis Powers.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 <\/strong>1,000 Jews leave Drancy, France, for Auschwitz concentration camp.<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Timeline_of_deportations_of_French_Jews_to_death_camps<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.ushmm.org\/wlc\/en\/article.php?ModuleId=10005215<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drancy_internment_camp<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.yadvashem.org\/yv\/en\/holocaust\/france\/vel_dhiv_roundup.asp<\/a> ;_ and\/or http:\/\/www.deathcamps.org\/reinhard\/deportfrance.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1943\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: Battle of the Komandorski Islands<\/a> \u2013 In the Aleutian Islands<\/a> the battle begins when United States Navy forces intercept Japanese attempting to reinforce a garrison<\/a> at Kiska<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II<\/a>: Yugoslavian<\/a> Air Force officers topple the pro-Axis<\/a> government in a bloodless coup<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1938\u00a0 <\/strong>Second Sino-Japanese War<\/a>: The Battle of Taierzhuang<\/a> begins, resulting several weeks later in the war’s first major Chinese victory over Japan.<\/p>\n

1918\u00a0 <\/strong>Bessarabia<\/a>, a historical region in Eastern Europe<\/a>, bounded by the Dniester<\/a> river on the east and the Prut<\/a> river on the west, is ceded to the Kingdom of Romania<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1886\u00a0 <\/strong>Famous Apache<\/a> warrior, Geronimo<\/a>, surrenders to the U.S. Army, ending the main phase of the Apache Wars<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1836\u00a0 <\/strong>Texas Revolution<\/a>: Goliad massacre<\/a> \u2013 On the orders of General Antonio L\u00f3pez de Santa Anna<\/a>, the Mexican army butchers<\/a> 342 Texas POWs at Goliad, Texas<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1814\u00a0 <\/strong>War of 1812<\/a>: In central Alabama<\/a>, U.S. forces under General Andrew Jackson<\/a> defeat the Creek<\/a> at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1809\u00a0 <\/strong>Peninsular War<\/a>: A combined Franco<\/a>–Polish<\/a> force defeats the Spanish in the Battle of Ciudad-Real<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1794\u00a0 <\/strong>Denmark and Sweden form a neutrality<\/a> compact.<\/p>\n

1794\u00a0 <\/strong>The United States Government<\/a> establishes a permanent navy<\/a> and authorizes the building of six frigates<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

MARCH 28<\/strong><\/p>\n

2014\u00a0 <\/strong>Russia increases the price of gas to the Ukraine by 80%.<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/2014\/03\/28\/ukraine-crisis-economy-idUSL5N0MP1VL20140328<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russia%E2%80%93Ukraine_gas_disputes<\/a> ;_ and _ http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2014\/03\/24\/world\/europe\/russia-steps-up-economic-pressure-on-kiev.html?_r=0<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2013\u00a0 <\/strong>Banks in Cyprus re-open after having been closed for two weeks; the government agrees a 10 billion euro bailout deal with the EU and IMF.<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2012%E2%80%9313_Cypriot_financial_crisis<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2013\/04\/01\/business\/global\/calculating-impact-of-cypruss-bank-bailout.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/blogs\/wonkblog\/wp\/2013\/03\/18\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-cyprus-bailout-in-one-faq-2\/<\/a> http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/blogs\/wonkblog\/wp\/2013\/03\/18\/everything-you-need-to-know-about-the-cyprus-bailout-in-one-faq-2\/<\/a> ; _ and\/or http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/2013\/03\/31\/bank-of-cyprus-big-depositors_n_2988648.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2006\u00a0 <\/strong>At least one million union members, students, and unemployed take to the streets in France<\/a> in protest at the government’s proposed First Employment Contract<\/a> law.<\/p>\n

2005\u00a0 <\/strong>The 2005 Sumatra earthquake<\/a> rocks Indonesia<\/a>, and at magnitude 8.7 is the fourth strongest earthquake since 1965<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1999\u00a0 <\/strong>Kosovo War<\/a>: Serb paramilitary<\/a> and military forces kill 146 Kosovo Albanians<\/a> in the Izbica massacre<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1994\u00a0 <\/strong>In South Africa, Zulus<\/a> and African National Congress<\/a> supporters battle in central Johannesburg<\/a>, resulting in 18 deaths.<\/p>\n

1979\u00a0 <\/strong>A coolant leak at the Three Mile Island<\/a>‘s Unit 2 nuclear reactor<\/a> outside Harrisburg, Pennsylvania<\/a> leads to the core overheating and a partial meltdown<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Three_Mile_Island_accident<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.nrc.gov\/reading-rm\/doc-collections\/fact-sheets\/3mile-isle.html<\/a> ;_ and http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2014\/04\/29\/us\/three-mile-island-and-nuclear-hopes-and-fears.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1972\u00a0 <\/strong>USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh\/Semipalitinsk USSR.<\/p>\n

1970\u00a0 <\/strong>Gediz earthquake<\/a>: A 7.2 magnitude<\/a> earthquake strikes western Turkey<\/a> at about 23:05 local time, killed 1,086 and injured 1,260.<\/p>\n

1969\u00a0 <\/strong>The McGill<\/a> fran\u00e7ais movement protest<\/a> occurs, the second largest protest in Montreal’s history with 10,000 trade unionists<\/a>, leftist activists, college<\/a> students, and some McGill students at McGill’s Roddick Gates<\/a>. The majority of the protesters are arrested.<\/p>\n

1962\u00a0 <\/strong>Military coup in Syria, President Nazim al-Kudsi flees. For President Nazim al-Kudsi, visit http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nazim_al-Kudsi<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– For the Military coup in Syria on 8 March 1963, visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1963_Syrian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1959\u00a0 <\/strong>The State Council of the People’s Republic of China<\/a> dissolves the Government of Tibet<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1951\u00a0 <\/strong>First Indochina War<\/a>: In the Battle of Mao Khe<\/a>, French Union<\/a> forces, led by World War II hero Jean de Lattre de Tassigny<\/a>, inflict a defeat on Vi\u1ec7t Minh<\/a> forces commanded by General V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1946\u00a0 <\/strong>Cold War<\/a>: The United States State Department<\/a> releases the Acheson\u2013Lilienthal Report<\/a>, outlining a plan for the international control of nuclear power<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: St Nazaire Raid<\/a>: In occupied France<\/a>, British<\/a> naval forces successfully raid<\/a> the German<\/a>-occupied port of St. Nazaire<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II<\/a>: Battle of Cape Matapan<\/a> \u2013 in the Mediterranean Sea<\/a>, British<\/a> Admiral<\/a> Andrew Browne Cunningham<\/a> leads the Royal Navy<\/a> in the destruction of three major Italian<\/a> heavy cruisers and two destroyers.<\/p>\n

1939\u00a0 <\/strong>Spanish Civil War<\/a>: Generalissimo<\/a> Francisco Franco<\/a> conquers Madrid<\/a> after a three-year siege<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1930\u00a0 <\/strong>Constantinople<\/a> and Angora<\/a> change their names to Istanbul<\/a> and Ankara<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1913\u00a0 <\/strong>Guatemala<\/a> becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1883\u00a0 <\/strong>Tonkin Campaign<\/a>: French victory in the Battle of Gia Cuc<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1871\u00a0 <\/strong>The Paris Commune<\/a> is formally established in Paris<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1860\u00a0 <\/strong>First Taranaki War<\/a>: The Battle of Waireka begins.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe First Taranaki War<\/strong> was an armed conflict over land ownership and sovereignty<\/a> that took place between M\u0101ori<\/a> and the New Zealand<\/a> Government in the Taranaki<\/a> district of New Zealand’s North Island<\/a> from March 1860 to March 1861.\u201d (Quoted from First Taranaki War<\/a>.)<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.nzhistory.net.nz\/keyword\/waireka<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/nzetc.victoria.ac.nz\/tm\/scholarly\/tei-Gov10_02Rail-t1-body-d5-d3.html<\/a> ;_ and\/or_ http:\/\/nzetc.victoria.ac.nz\/tm\/scholarly\/tei-Cow01NewZ-c19.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1854\u00a0 <\/strong>Crimean War<\/a>: France<\/a> and Britain<\/a> declare war on Russia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

MARCH 29<\/strong><\/p>\n

2014\u00a0 <\/strong>The first same-sex marriages<\/a> in England and Wales are performed.<\/p>\n

– For same sex marriages, visit, for instance, http:\/\/topics.nytimes.com\/top\/reference\/timestopics\/subjects\/s\/same_sex_marriage\/index.html<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/mark-baer\/the-same-sex-marriage-debate_b_5800482.html<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.debate.org\/gay-marriage\/<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.nas.org\/articles\/Debating_Same-Sex_Marriage<\/a> ;_ and _ http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2015\/02\/22\/us\/among-the-navajos-a-renewed-debate-about-gay-marriage.html?_r=0<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2010\u00a0 <\/strong>Two female suicide bombers hit the Moscow Metro system<\/a> at the peak of the morning rush hour, killing 40.<\/p>\n

2004\u00a0 <\/strong>The Republic of Ireland<\/a> becomes the first country in the world to ban smoking<\/a> in all work places, including bars and restaurants.<\/p>\n

2004\u00a0 <\/strong>Bulgaria<\/a>, Estonia<\/a>, Latvia<\/a>, Lithuania<\/a>, Romania<\/a>, Slovakia<\/a> and Slovenia<\/a> join NATO<\/a> as full members.<\/p>\n

– For NATO\u2019s role in the Post-Cold War Era, visit, for instance, https:\/\/www.mtholyoke.edu\/acad\/intrel\/natousis.htm<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.nato.int\/docu\/articles\/1998\/a980508a.htm<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.americanforeignrelations.com\/E-N\/North-Atlantic-Treaty-Organization-Nato-and-the-post-cold-war-world.html<\/a> ;_ and\/or _ http:\/\/getpapersnow.com\/essays\/NATO-IN-POST-COLD-WAR-ERA-.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– For NATO and military industrial complex or pertinent issues, visit, for instance, http:\/\/www.pana.ie\/articles\/nato_and-military-idustrial-complex-rae_street.html<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/stopmakingsense.org\/2015\/02\/07\/the-triumph-of-the-military-industrial-congressional-complex\/<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/againstbombing.org\/micomplex.htm<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/stanvanhoucke.blogspot.com\/2012\/07\/natos-military-industrial-complex.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2002\u00a0 <\/strong>In reaction to the Passover massacre<\/a> two days prior, Israel<\/a> launches Operation Defensive Shield<\/a> against Palestinian militants<\/a>, its largest military operation in the West Bank<\/a> since the 1967 Six-Day War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1993\u00a0 <\/strong>Catherine Callbeck<\/a> becomes premier<\/a> of Prince Edward Island<\/a> and the first woman to be elected in a general election as premier of a Canadian province.<\/p>\n

1984\u00a0 <\/strong>USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh\/Semipalitinsk USSR.<\/p>\n

1981\u00a0 <\/strong>USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh\/Semipalitinsk USSR.<\/p>\n

1973\u00a0 <\/strong>Operation Barrel Roll<\/a>, a covert US bombing campaign in Laos<\/a> to stop communist infiltration<\/a> of South Vietnam<\/a>, ends.<\/p>\n

1973\u00a0 <\/strong>Vietnam War<\/a>: The last United States combat soldiers leave South Vietnam<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1973_in_the_Vietnam_War<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/www.history.army.mil\/books\/AMH-V2\/AMH%20V2\/chapter11.htm<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/blogs\/headlines\/2013\/03\/looking-back-the-end-of-the-vietnam-war\/<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/articles.latimes.com\/2001\/sep\/16\/news\/mn-46461<\/a> ;_ and http:\/\/www.vhfcn.org\/stat.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1971\u00a0 <\/strong>My Lai massacre<\/a>, the Vietnam War<\/a> mass killing of between 347 and 504 unarmed civilians in South Vietnam<\/a> on March 16, 1968, committed by the US Army : Lieutenant<\/a> William Calley<\/a> is convicted of premeditated murder and sentenced to life in prison.<\/p>\n

1969\u00a0 <\/strong>Communist New People’s Army found in Philippines.<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_People%27s_Army<\/a> ;_ http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Communist_Party_of_the_Philippines<\/a> ;_ and\/or _ http:\/\/web.stanford.edu\/group\/mappingmilitants\/cgi-bin\/groups\/view\/149<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1962\u00a0 <\/strong>Arturo Frondizi<\/a>, the president of Argentina, is overthrown in a military coup by Argentina’s armed forces, ending an 11\u00bd day constitutional crisis.<\/p>\n

1947\u00a0 <\/strong>Malagasy Uprising<\/a> against French colonial rule in Madagascar.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: The German 4th Army<\/a> is almost destroyed<\/a> by the Soviet Red Army<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: Last day of V-1 flying bomb<\/a> attacks on England.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 <\/strong>The Bombing of L\u00fcbeck in World War II<\/a> is the first major success for the RAF Bomber Command<\/a> against Germany and a German city.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II<\/a>: British<\/a> Royal Navy<\/a> and Royal Australian Navy<\/a> forces defeat those of the Italian Regia Marina<\/a><\/em> off the Peloponnesian<\/a> coast of Greece in the Battle of Cape Matapan<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1936\u00a0 <\/strong>In Germany, Adolf Hitler<\/a> receives 99% of the votes in a referendum<\/a> to ratify Germany’s illegal reoccupation<\/a> of the Rhineland<\/a>, receiving 44.5\u00a0million votes out of 45.5\u00a0million registered voters.<\/p>\n

1867\u00a0 <\/strong>Queen Victoria<\/a> gives Royal Assent<\/a> to the British North America Act<\/a> which establishes the Dominion of Canada<\/a> on July 1<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1857\u00a0 <\/strong>Sepoy<\/a> Mangal Pandey<\/a> of the 34th Regiment<\/a>, Bengal Native Infantry<\/a> mutinies against the East India Company<\/a>‘s rule in India<\/a> and inspires the protracted Indian Rebellion of 1857<\/a>, also known as the Sepoy Mutiny.<\/p>\n

1849\u00a0 <\/strong>The United Kingdom annexes the Punjab<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1847\u00a0 <\/strong>Mexican\u2013American War<\/a>: United States forces led by General Winfield Scott<\/a> take Veracruz<\/a> after a siege<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1831\u00a0 <\/strong>Great Bosnian uprising<\/a>: Bosniaks<\/a> rebel against Turkey<\/a>.<\/p>\n

_________________________<\/p>\n

Satoshi Ashikaga is a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment originally from Japan.<\/em><\/p>\n

(Sources and references: http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/March_29http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/March_23<\/a> to 29; http:\/\/www.historyorb.com\/events\/march\/23<\/a> to 29; http:\/\/www.brainyhistory.com\/days\/march_23.html<\/a> to 29.html; and other pertinent websites and\/or documents, mentioned above.)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

March 23\u201329 – Quote of the Week: \u201cPeace is not the product of terror or fear. Peace is not the silence of cemeteries. Peace is not the silent result of violent repression. Peace is the generous, tranquil contribution of all to the good of all. Peace is dynamism. Peace is generosity. It is right and it is duty.\u201d – \u00d3scar Romero<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[148],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-55242","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/55242","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=55242"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/55242\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=55242"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=55242"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=55242"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}