{"id":55631,"date":"2015-04-06T12:00:36","date_gmt":"2015-04-06T11:00:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=55631"},"modified":"2015-05-05T21:25:53","modified_gmt":"2015-05-05T20:25:53","slug":"this-week-in-history-18","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2015\/04\/this-week-in-history-18\/","title":{"rendered":"This Week in History"},"content":{"rendered":"

Apr 6-12<\/em><\/p>\n

QUOTE OF THE WEEK:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cWhatever you deeply accept this moment as it is \u2013 no matter what forms it takes \u2013 you are still, you are at peace<\/em>.\u201d<\/a> – Eckhart Tolle, Stillness Speaks<\/em>.<\/p>\n

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APRIL 6<\/strong><\/p>\n

2012\u00a0 <\/strong>Azawad<\/a> declares itself independent<\/a> from the Republic of Mali<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2011\u00a0 <\/strong>In San Fernando, Tamaulipas<\/a>, Mexico<\/a>, over 193 bodies were exhumed from several mass graves<\/a> made by Los Zetas<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, Mexico\u2019s San Fernando Massacres: A Declassified History<\/a>; _ and\/or _ Wikipedia: 2011 San Fernando massacre<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2010\u00a0 <\/strong>Maoist rebels<\/a> kill<\/a> 76 CRPF<\/a> officers in Dantewada district<\/a>, India<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2008\u00a0 <\/strong>2008 Egyptian general strike<\/a> starts led by Egyptian<\/a> workers later to be adopted by April 6 Youth Movement<\/a> and Egyptian<\/a> activities .<\/p>\n

2005\u00a0 <\/strong>Kurdish leader Jalal Talabani<\/a> becomes Iraqi<\/a> president; Shiite Arab Ibrahim al-Jaafari is named premier<\/a> the next day.<\/p>\n

2004\u00a0 <\/strong>Rolandas Paksas<\/a> becomes the first president of Lithuania<\/a> to be peacefully removed from office by impeachment<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1998\u00a0 <\/strong>Pakistan<\/a> tests medium-range missiles capable of reaching India<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1994\u00a0 <\/strong>The Rwandan Genocide<\/a> begins when the aircraft carrying Rwandan<\/a> president<\/a> Juv\u00e9nal Habyarimana<\/a> and Burundian<\/a> president Cyprien Ntaryamira<\/a> is shot down. [This date, 6 April 1994, was considered as the initiation of the commencement of this genocide. The actual act of the genocide might have begun, in Kigali, for instance, between the night time of this day and the next day, on 7 April 1994.]<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, History: The Rwandan Genocide<\/a> ; _ Rwanda: the wake of a genocide<\/a> ; _ Rwanda Genocide<\/a>; _ Rwandan Genocide News<\/a>; _ United States Holocaust Memorial Museum: Rwanda<\/a> ; _ and\/or _ Case Study: Genocide in Rwanda, 1994<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– For UN Reports on the Rwandan genocide, visit, for instance, Outreach Programme on the Rwanda Genocide and the United Nations<\/a> ; _ and\/or _ http:\/\/www.un.org\/events\/rwanda\/backgrounder.html<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– Visit the website of the UN International Tribunal for Rwanda<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– For pertinent information on the UN Peacekeepers in Rwanda in 1994, visit, for instance, Wikipedia: United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda<\/a> ; _ Rwanda: United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda UNAMIR (October 1993 \u2013 March 1996)<\/a> ; _ and\/or _ Peace and Conflict: Peacekeepers in Rwanda<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– For Rom\u00e9ro Dallaire, the-then chief of the UN Peacekeeping Mission in Rwanda, visit, for instance, Romero Dallaire, Meeting the \u2018Devil\u2019 in Rwanda<\/a> ; _ The Rwandan Genocide<\/a> ; _ and\/or _ UN\/DALLAIRE GENOCIDE<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– For Kofi Annan, the-then head of the UN Peacekeeping Operations in 1994, and the Rwandan Genocide, visit, for instance, The Rwanda \u201cGenocide Fax\u201d: What We Know Now<\/a> ; _ The UN, Rwanda and the \u2018Genocide Fax\u2019 \u2013 20 Years Later<\/a>; _ Ghosts of Rwanda: Interview Kofi Annan<\/a> ; _ UN chief\u2019s Rwanda Genocide regret<\/a>; _ and\/or _ Kofi Annan and the Rwanda Genocide<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– Watch the movie, Hotel Rwanda<\/a><\/em>, which depicts the Rwandan Genocide situation.<\/p>\n

– Check books on Rwanda Genocide available on the market<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1984\u00a0 <\/strong>Members of Cameroon<\/a>‘s Republican Guard unsuccessfully attempt to overthrow the government<\/a> headed by Paul Biya<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1972\u00a0 <\/strong>Vietnam War<\/a>: Easter Offensive<\/a> \u2013 American forces begin sustained air strikes and naval bombardments.<\/p>\n

1957\u00a0 <\/strong>USSR performs nuclear test (atmospheric tests).<\/p>\n

1955\u00a0 <\/strong>US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: the Battle of Slater’s Knoll<\/a> on Bougainville comes to an end.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: Sarajevo<\/a> is liberated from German<\/a> and Croatian<\/a> forces by the Yugoslav Partisans<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II<\/a>: Nazi Germany<\/a> launches Operation 25<\/a> (the invasion of Kingdom of Yugoslavia) and Operation Marita<\/a> (the invasion of Greece<\/a>).<\/p>\n

1930\u00a0 <\/strong>Gandhi raises a lump of mud and salt and declares, “With this, I am shaking the foundations of the British Empire<\/a>,” beginning the Salt Satyagraha<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1919\u00a0 <\/strong>Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi<\/a> orders a general strike<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1917\u00a0 <\/strong>World War I<\/a>: The United States declares war on Germany<\/a> (see President Woodrow Wilson’s address to Congress<\/a>).<\/p>\n

1782\u00a0 <\/strong>King Buddha Yodfa Chulaloke<\/a> (Rama I) of Siam (modern day Thailand<\/a>) founded the Chakri dynasty.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

APRIL 7<\/strong><\/p>\n

2009\u00a0 <\/strong>Mass protests<\/a> begin across Moldova<\/a> under the belief that results from the parliamentary election<\/a> are fraudulent.<\/p>\n

2009\u00a0 <\/strong>Former Peruvian<\/a> President Alberto Fujimori<\/a> is sentenced to 25 years in prison for ordering killings and kidnappings by security forces.<\/p>\n

2003\u00a0 <\/strong>U.S. troops capture Baghdad<\/a>; Saddam Hussein<\/a>‘s regime falls two days later.<\/p>\n

1999\u00a0 <\/strong>The World Trade Organization<\/a> rules in favor of the United States<\/a> in its long-running trade dispute with the European Union<\/a> over bananas.<\/p>\n

1995\u00a0 <\/strong>First Chechen War<\/a>: Russian<\/a> paramilitary<\/a> troops begin a massacre<\/a> of civilians in Samashki<\/a>, Chechnya<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1994\u00a0 <\/strong>Rwandan Genocide<\/a>: Massacres of Tutsis<\/a> begin in Kigali<\/a>, Rwanda<\/a>. Also see the description of this genocide on 6 April 1994, mentioned above. [The actual commencement date of the genocide in Kigali might have begun between \u201cthe evening\/night time or near midnight of 6 April 1994 and the early morning of 7 April 1994\u201d. Some documents records \u201c6 April 1994\u201d<\/a>, while others, \u201c7 April 1994\u201d<\/a>.] Visit the documentation of the US Department of State on the Rwanda Genocide<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1992\u00a0 <\/strong>Republika Srpska<\/a> announces its independence.<\/p>\n

1988\u00a0 <\/strong>US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1985\u00a0 <\/strong>Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev<\/a> declares a moratorium on the deployment of middle-range missiles in Europe<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1980\u00a0 <\/strong>The United States<\/a> severs relations with the Islamic Republic of Iran<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1978\u00a0 <\/strong>Development of the neutron bomb<\/a> is canceled by President Jimmy Carter<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1971\u00a0 <\/strong>President Richard Nixon<\/a> announces his decision to increase the rate of American troop withdrawals from Vietnam<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1969\u00a0 <\/strong>The Internet<\/a>‘s symbolic birth date: publication of RFC<\/a> 1.<\/p>\n

1956\u00a0 <\/strong>Spain<\/a> relinquishes its protectorate in Morocco<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1955\u00a0 <\/strong>Winston Churchill<\/a> resigns as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom<\/a> amid indications of failing health.<\/p>\n

1954\u00a0 <\/strong>President<\/a> Dwight D. Eisenhower<\/a> gives his “domino theory<\/a>” speech during a news conference.<\/p>\n

1951\u00a0 <\/strong>US performs atmospheric nuclear test at Enwetak.<\/p>\n

1948\u00a0 <\/strong>The World Health Organization<\/a> is established by the United Nations<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1946\u00a0 <\/strong>Syria<\/a>‘s independence from France<\/a> is officially recognized.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: Visoko<\/a> is liberated by the 7th, 9th, and 17th Krajina brigades from the Tenth division of Yugoslav Partisan<\/a> forces.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: The Japanese battleship Yamato<\/em><\/a>, the largest battleship ever constructed, is sunk by American planes 200 miles north of Okinawa<\/a> while en route to a suicide mission<\/a> in Operation Ten-Go<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1943\u00a0 <\/strong>Ioannis Rallis<\/a> becomes collaborationist Prime Minister of Greece<\/a> during the Axis Occupation<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1943\u00a0 <\/strong>Holocaust<\/a>: In Terebovlia, Ukraine, Germans<\/a> order 1,100 Jews<\/a> to undress to their underwear and march through the city of Terebovlia<\/a> to the nearby village of Plebanivka where they are shot dead and buried in ditches.<\/p>\n

1939\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II<\/a>: Italy<\/a> invades Albania<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1933\u00a0 <\/strong>Prohibition<\/a> in the United States is repealed for beer<\/a> of no more than 3.2% alcohol<\/a> by weight, eight months before the ratification of the XXI amendment<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1927\u00a0 <\/strong>First long-distance public television<\/a> broadcast (from Washington, D.C.<\/a>, to New York City<\/a>, displaying the image of Commerce Secretary<\/a> Herbert Hoover<\/a>).<\/p>\n

1906\u00a0 <\/strong>The Algeciras Conference<\/a> gives France<\/a> and Spain<\/a> control over Morocco<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1906\u00a0 <\/strong>Mount Vesuvius<\/a> erupts and devastates Naples<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

APRIL 8<\/strong><\/p>\n

2013\u00a0 <\/strong>The Islamic State of Iraq<\/a> enters the Syrian Civil War<\/a> and begins by declaring a merger with the Al-Nusra Front<\/a> under the name Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham.<\/p>\n

2006\u00a0 <\/strong>Shedden massacre<\/a>: The bodies of eight men, all shot to death, are found in a field in Ontario, Canada<\/a>. The murders are soon linked to the Bandidos<\/a> motorcycle gang.<\/p>\n

2004\u00a0 <\/strong>Darfur conflict<\/a>: The Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement<\/a> is signed by the Sudanese<\/a> government<\/a> and two rebel groups.<\/p>\n

1970\u00a0 <\/strong>Bahr el-Baqar incident<\/a>: Israeli bombers strike an Egyptian school. 46 children are killed.<\/p>\n

1960\u00a0 <\/strong>The Netherlands<\/a> and West Germany<\/a> sign an agreement to negotiate the return of German land annexed by the Dutch<\/a> in return for 280 million German marks<\/a> as Wiedergutmachung<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1959\u00a0 <\/strong>The Organization of American States<\/a> drafts an agreement to create the Inter-American Development Bank<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1959\u00a0 <\/strong>A team of computer manufacturers, users, and university people led by Grace Hopper<\/a> meets to discuss the creation of a new programming language<\/a> that would be called COBOL<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1953\u00a0 <\/strong>Mau Mau<\/a> leader Jomo Kenyatta<\/a> is convicted by Kenya<\/a>‘s British<\/a> rulers.<\/p>\n

1950\u00a0 <\/strong>India<\/a> and Pakistan<\/a> sign the Liaquat-Nehru Pact<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1946\u00a0 <\/strong>\u00c9lectricit\u00e9 de France<\/a>, the world’s largest utility company<\/a>, is formed as a result of the nationalisation<\/a> of a number of electricity producers, transporters and distributors.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: After an air raid accidentally destroys a train carrying about 4,000 Nazi concentration camp<\/a> internees in Prussian Hanover<\/a>, the survivors are massacred<\/a> by Nazis.<\/p>\n

1943\u00a0 <\/strong>U.S. President<\/a> Franklin D. Roosevelt<\/a>, in an attempt to check inflation<\/a>, freezes wages and prices, prohibits workers from changing jobs unless the war<\/a> effort would be aided thereby, and bars rate increases by common carriers<\/a> and public utilities<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: The Japanese<\/a> take Bataan<\/a> in the Philippines<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II<\/a>: Siege of Leningrad<\/a> \u2013 Soviet<\/a> forces open a much-needed railway<\/a> link to Leningrad<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1929\u00a0 <\/strong>Indian Independence Movement<\/a>: At the Delhi Central Assembly, Bhagat Singh<\/a> and Batukeshwar Dutt<\/a> throw handouts and bombs to court arrest.<\/p>\n

1924\u00a0 <\/strong>Sharia<\/a> courts are abolished in Turkey<\/a>, as part of Atat\u00fcrk’s Reforms<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1918\u00a0 <\/strong>World War I<\/a>: Actors<\/a> Douglas Fairbanks<\/a> and Charlie Chaplin<\/a> sell war bonds<\/a> on the streets of New York City’s financial district.<\/p>\n

1911\u00a0 <\/strong>Dutch<\/a> physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes<\/a> discovers superconductivity<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1906\u00a0 <\/strong>Auguste Deter<\/a>, the first person to be diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease<\/a>, dies.<\/p>\n

1904\u00a0 <\/strong>The French Third Republic<\/a> and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland<\/a> sign the Entente cordiale<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n

1886\u00a0 <\/strong>Italy<\/a> and Prussia<\/a> ally against<\/a> the Austrian Empire<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1866\u00a0 <\/strong>Italy<\/a> and Prussia<\/a> ally against<\/a> the Austrian Empire<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1832\u00a0 <\/strong>Black Hawk War<\/a>: Around three-hundred United States<\/a> 6th Infantry troops leave St. Louis, Missouri<\/a> to fight the Sauk<\/a> Native Americans<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1808\u00a0 <\/strong>The Roman Catholic Diocese of Baltimore<\/a> is promoted to an archdiocese, with the founding of the dioceses of New York<\/a>, Philadelphia<\/a>, Boston<\/a>, and Bardstown<\/a> (now Louisville) by Pope Pius VII<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1740\u00a0 <\/strong>War of Jenkins’ Ear<\/a>: Three British<\/a> ships capture<\/a> the Spanish<\/a> third-rate<\/a> HMS\u00a0Princess<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

APRIL 9<\/strong><\/p>\n

2009\u00a0 <\/strong>In Tbilisi<\/a>, Georgia<\/a>, up to 60,000 people protest<\/a> against the government of Mikheil Saakashvili<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2003\u00a0 <\/strong>2003 invasion of Iraq<\/a>: Baghdad<\/a> falls to American forces; Iraqis<\/a> turn on symbols of their former leader Saddam Hussein<\/a>, pulling down a grand statue of him and tearing it to pieces.<\/p>\n

1999\u00a0 <\/strong>Battle of Ko\u0161are<\/a> begins, part of Kosovo War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– For Kosovo War, visit, for instance, A Kosovo Chronology<\/a> ; _ 1999 – a documentary about Kosovo War and ethnic cleansing<\/a> ;_ Kosovo Profile<\/a>;_ Religious aspect of the Yugoslavia \u2013 Kosovo conflict<\/a> ;_ and\/or _ Kosovo War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– For NATO and<\/em> Kosovo War, visit, for instance, NATO Bombing of Yugoslavia<\/a> ;_ NATO\u2019s War<\/a>;_ NATO\u2019s role in relation to the conflict in Kosovo<\/a>;_ and NATO\u2019s \u2018Humanitarian War\u2019 over Kosovo<\/a> ;_ NATO\u2019s role in Kosovo<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– For NATO\u2019s involvement in the Balkans, visit, for instance; _ The Oil factor in Kosovo independence<\/a> ; _ The Oil Wars in the Balkans<\/a>;_ U.S. and NATO Goals in the Balkans<\/a> ; _ and\/or _ Balkans To Caspian: U.S. And NATO Continue Cold War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– <\/strong>For war crimes in Kosovo War (including war crimes committed by Serbia and<\/em> those committed by NATO), visit, for instance, War crimes in the Kosovo War<\/a> ; _ War Crimes in Kosovo a Country Awaits<\/a> ;_ War Crimes in The Kosovo War<\/a>; _ EULEX and War Crimes<\/a> ; _ The Those Vulnerable Affected the War are those that make us Cry<\/a> ; _ 12 War-Crimes Suspects Held by NATO\u2019s Police in Kosovo<\/a> ; _ Lazanski: NATO committed a war crime in 1999<\/a>;_ NATO war crimes in Serbia and Kosovo<\/a> ; _ and _ Kosovo War Crime Investigation Will Have to Include NATO<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1992\u00a0 <\/strong>A U.S. Federal Court<\/a> finds former Panamanian<\/a> dictator<\/a> Manuel Noriega<\/a> guilty of drug and racketeering charges. He is sentenced to 30 years in prison.<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 <\/strong>Georgia<\/a> declares independence from the Soviet Union<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1989\u00a0 <\/strong>The April 9 tragedy<\/a> in Tbilisi<\/a>, Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic<\/a>, an anti-Soviet peaceful demonstration and hunger strikes, demanding restoration of Georgian independence is dispersed by the Soviet army<\/a>, resulting in 20 deaths and hundreds of injuries.<\/p>\n

1981\u00a0 <\/strong>The U.S. Navy<\/a> nuclear submarine USS\u00a0George Washington<\/em><\/a> accidentally collides with the Nissho Maru<\/em>, a Japanese cargo ship, sinking it.<\/p>\n

1980\u00a0 <\/strong>The Iraqi<\/a> regime of Saddam Hussein<\/a> kills philosopher Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr<\/a> and his sister Bint al-Huda<\/a> after three days of torture.<\/p>\n

1975\u00a0 <\/strong>8 people in South Korea, who are involved in People’s Revolutionary Party Incident<\/a>, are hanged.<\/p>\n

1969\u00a0 <\/strong>The first British-built Concorde<\/a> 002 makes its maiden flight from Filton<\/a> to RAF Fairford<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1960\u00a0 <\/strong>Dr. Hendrik Verwoerd<\/a>, Prime Minister of South Africa and architect of apartheid<\/a>, narrowly survives an assassination attempt by a white farmer called David Pratt<\/a> in Johannesburg<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1957\u00a0 <\/strong>The Suez Canal<\/a> in Egypt<\/a> is cleared and opens to shipping<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1955\u00a0 <\/strong>US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1952\u00a0 <\/strong>Hugo Ballivi\u00e1n<\/a>‘s government is overthrown by the Bolivian National Revolution, starting a period of agrarian reform<\/a>, universal suffrage<\/a> and the nationalisation<\/a> of tin mines.<\/p>\n

1949<\/strong>\u00a0 UN International Court of Justice held Albania responsible for incidents in Corfu Channel & awards Britain damages. Visit, for instance, Corfu Channel (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland v.<\/em> Albania)<\/a> ; _ and\/or _.Corfu Channel Case<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1948\u00a0 <\/strong>Fighters from the Irgun<\/a> and Lehi<\/a> Zionist<\/a> paramilitary groups attacked Deir Yassin<\/a> near Jerusalem<\/a>, killing over 100<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1948\u00a0 <\/strong>Jorge Eli\u00e9cer Gait\u00e1n<\/a>‘s assassination provokes a violent riot in Bogot\u00e1<\/a> (the Bogotazo<\/a><\/em>), and a further ten years of violence in Colombia<\/a> known as La violencia<\/em>.<\/p>\n

1947\u00a0 <\/strong>The Journey of Reconciliation<\/a>, the first interracial Freedom Ride<\/a> begins through the upper South<\/a> in violation of Jim Crow laws<\/a>. The riders wanted enforcement of the United States Supreme Court<\/a>‘s 1946<\/a> Irene Morgan<\/a> decision that banned racial segregation<\/a> in interstate travel.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 <\/strong>The United States Atomic Energy Commission<\/a> is formed.<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, History of the Atomic Energy Commission<\/a> ; _ The Atomic Energy Commission<\/a> ; _ and\/or _ Table Guide to Department of Energy & Atomic Energy Commission laboratories Technical Report Holdings<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: The Battle of K\u00f6nigsberg<\/a>, in East Prussia<\/a>, ends.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: The Battle of Bataan<\/a>\/Bataan Death March<\/a> \u2013 United States forces surrender on the Bataan Peninsula<\/a>. The Japanese Navy<\/a> launches an air raid on Trincomalee<\/a> in Ceylon<\/a> (Sri Lanka<\/a>); Royal Navy<\/a> aircraft carrier<\/a> HMS\u00a0Hermes<\/em><\/a> and Royal Australian Navy<\/a> Destroyer<\/a> HMAS\u00a0Vampire<\/em><\/a> are sunk off the island’s east coast.<\/p>\n

1940\u00a0 <\/strong>Vidkun Quisling<\/a> seizes power in Norway.<\/p>\n

1940\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II<\/a>: Operation Weser\u00fcbung<\/a> \u2013 Germany<\/a> invades Denmark and Norway.<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, Operation Weser\u00fcbung: Germany\u2019s assault on Denmark and Norway<\/a>; _ and _ The Scharnhost: The History<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1918\u00a0 <\/strong>The National Council of Bessarabia<\/a> proclaims union<\/a> with the Kingdom of Romania<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1918\u00a0 <\/strong>World War I: The Battle of the Lys<\/a> \u2013 the Portuguese Expeditionary Corps<\/a> is crushed by the German forces during what is called the Spring Offensive<\/a> on the Belgian region of Flanders<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1917\u00a0 <\/strong>World War I: The Battle of Arras<\/a> \u2013 the battle begins with Canadian Corps<\/a> executing a massive assault on Vimy Ridge<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1916\u00a0 <\/strong>World War I<\/a>: The Battle of Verdun<\/a> \u2013 German forces launch their third offensive of the battle.<\/p>\n

1914\u00a0 <\/strong>Mexican Revolution<\/a>: One of the world’s first naval\/air skirmishes<\/a> takes place off the coast of western Mexico.<\/p>\n

1867\u00a0 <\/strong>Alaska Purchase<\/a>: Passing by a single vote, the United States Senate<\/a> ratifies a treaty<\/a> with Russia for the purchase of Alaska.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

APRIL 10<\/strong><\/p>\n

2012\u00a0 <\/strong>United Nations deadline for Syrian troop withdrawal passes as violence continues.<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, Hopes for peace dashed as deadline for Syrian withdrawal passes<\/a> ; _ Annan \u2018gravely concerned\u2019 about Syria as deadline for pullout passes<\/a> ; _ and\/or _ Syria ceasefire: fighting continues as deadline passes<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2009\u00a0 <\/strong>President of Fiji<\/a> Ratu Josefa Iloilo<\/a> announces he will suspend the constitution<\/a> and assume all governance in the country, creating a constitutional crisis<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1998\u00a0 <\/strong>Northern Ireland<\/a> peace deal reached (Good Friday Agreement<\/a>).<\/p>\n

– For Good Friday Agreement, visit, for instance, Good Friday Agreement: British-Irish History<\/a> ; _ Northern Ireland Peace Agreement (The Good Friday Agreement)<\/a> ; _ and _ The Agreement<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 <\/strong>A rare<\/a> tropical storm<\/a> develops in the South Atlantic Ocean<\/a> near Angola<\/a>; the first to be documented by satellites<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1986\u00a0 <\/strong>US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1981\u00a0 <\/strong>France performs nuclear test.<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, 1981-82 French nuclear tests<\/a> ; _ France\u2019s nuclear weapons: Origin of the Force de Frappe<\/a> ; _ and France\u2019s nuclear testing programme<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1972\u00a0 <\/strong>Seventy-four nations sign the Biological Weapons Convention<\/a>, the first multilateral disarmament treaty banning the production of biological weapons<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, The Biological Weapons Convention<\/a> ; _ Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction<\/a> ; _ List of parties to the Biological Weapons Convention<\/a> ; _ Arms Control Association: Fact sheets and briefs<\/a> ; _ NTI: The Biological Weapons Convention<\/a> ; _ and\/or _ The Biological Weapons Convention: An Overview<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1972\u00a0 <\/strong>Vietnam War<\/a>: For the first time since November 1967<\/a>, American B-52 bombers<\/a> reportedly begin bombing North Vietnam<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1972\u00a0 <\/strong>Tombs<\/a> containing bamboo slips<\/a>, among them Sun Tzu<\/a>‘s Art of War<\/a><\/em> and Sun Bin<\/a>‘s lost military treatise<\/a>, are accidentally discovered by construction workers in Shandong<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1972\u00a0 <\/strong>Twenty days after he is kidnapped in Buenos Aires<\/a>, Oberdan Sallustro<\/a> is murdered by communist<\/a> guerrillas.<\/p>\n

1971\u00a0 <\/strong>Ping-pong diplomacy<\/a>: In an attempt to thaw relations with the United States, the People’s Republic of China hosts the U.S. table tennis<\/a> team for a week-long visit.<\/p>\n

1968\u00a0 <\/strong>US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1963\u00a0 <\/strong>US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1957\u00a0 <\/strong>The Suez Canal<\/a> is reopened for all shipping after being closed for three months.<\/p>\n

1957<\/strong>\u00a0 USSR performs atmospheric nuclear test.<\/p>\n

1953\u00a0 <\/strong>Warner Bros.<\/a> premieres the first 3-D film<\/a> from a major American studio, entitled House of Wax<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 <\/strong>Rudolf Vrba<\/a> and Alfr\u00e9d Wetzler<\/a> escape from the Birkenau<\/a> death camp.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II<\/a>: The Axis powers<\/a> in Europe establish the Independent State of Croatia<\/a> from occupied Yugoslavia<\/a> with Ante Paveli\u0107<\/a>‘s Usta\u0161e<\/a> fascist insurgents<\/a> in power.<\/p>\n

1919\u00a0 <\/strong>Mexican Revolution<\/a> leader Emiliano Zapata<\/a> is ambushed and shot dead by government<\/a> forces in Morelos<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1912\u00a0 <\/strong>RMS Titanic<\/a><\/em> sets sail from Southampton<\/a>, England on her maiden and only voyage.<\/p>\n

1904\u00a0 <\/strong>British mystic Aleister Crowley<\/a> transcribes the third and final chapter of The Book of the Law<\/a><\/em>.<\/p>\n

1868 <\/strong>At Arogee in Abyssinia<\/a>, British and Indian forces defeat<\/a> an army of Emperor Tewodros II<\/a>. While 700 Ethiopians<\/a> are killed and many more injured, only two British\/Indian troops die.<\/p>\n

1866<\/strong>\u00a0 The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals<\/a> (ASPCA) is founded in New York City by Henry Bergh<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1864<\/strong>\u00a0 Archduke Maximilian of Habsburg<\/a> is proclaimed emperor of Mexico during the French intervention in Mexico<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1826\u00a0 <\/strong>The 10,500 inhabitants of the Greek town of Missolonghi<\/a> begin leaving the town after a year’s siege by Turkish forces. Very few of them survive.<\/p>\n

1821\u00a0 <\/strong>Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople<\/a> is hanged by the Ottoman government<\/a> from the main gate of the Patriarchate<\/a> and his body is thrown into the Bosphorus<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

APRIL 11<\/strong><\/p>\n

2012 <\/strong>An 8.2 magnitude earthquake<\/a> hits Indonesia, off northern Sumatra<\/a> at a depth of 16.4\u00a0km. A tsunami<\/a> hits the island of Nias<\/a> at Indonesia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2011\u00a0 <\/strong>An explosion<\/a> in the Minsk Metro<\/a>, Belarus<\/a> kills 15 people and injures 204 others.<\/p>\n

2007\u00a0 <\/strong>2007 Algiers bombings<\/a>: Two bombings in the Algerian<\/a> capital of Algiers<\/a> kill 33 people and wound a further 222 others.<\/p>\n

2006\u00a0 <\/strong>Iranian President<\/a> Mahmoud Ahmadinejad<\/a> announces that Iran<\/a> has successfully enriched uranium<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2002\u00a0 <\/strong>Over two hundred thousand people marched<\/a> in Caracas towards the Presidential Palace of Miraflores, to demand the resignation of president Hugo Ch\u00e1vez. 19 of the protesters are killed, and the Minister of Defense Gral. Lucas Rincon announces Hugo Ch\u00e1vez<\/a> resignation on national TV.<\/p>\n

2002\u00a0 <\/strong>The Ghriba synagogue bombing<\/a> by Al Qaeda<\/a> kills 21 in Tunisia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1990\u00a0 <\/strong>Customs officers in Middlesbrough<\/a>, England, United Kingdom, say they have seized what they believe to be the barrel of a massive gun<\/a> on a ship bound for Iraq<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1987\u00a0 <\/strong>The London Agreement<\/a> is secretly signed between Israeli<\/a> Foreign Affairs Minister Shimon Peres<\/a> and King Hussein<\/a> of Jordan<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1983\u00a0 <\/strong>USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh\/Semipalitinsk, USSR.<\/p>\n

1981\u00a0 <\/strong>A massive riot<\/a> in Brixton<\/a>, South London<\/a>, results in almost 300 police injuries and 65 serious civilian injuries.<\/p>\n

1979\u00a0 <\/strong>Ugandan<\/a> dictator Idi Amin<\/a> is deposed.<\/p>\n

1968\u00a0 <\/strong>President Lyndon B. Johnson<\/a> signs the Civil Rights Act of 1968<\/a>, prohibiting discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing.<\/p>\n

1963\u00a0 <\/strong>US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1961\u00a0 <\/strong>The trial of Adolf Eichmann<\/a> begins in Jerusalem<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, The History Place: Biographies of Nazi Leaders: Adolf Eichmann<\/a> ; _ Assignment: Murder! Adolf Eichmann<\/a> ; _ Adolf Eichmann<\/a> ; _ and\/or _ The Capture of Nazi Criminal Adolf Eichmann<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1957\u00a0 <\/strong>United Kingdom agrees to Singaporean<\/a> self-rule<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1957\u00a0 <\/strong>USSR performs atmospheric nuclear test.<\/p>\n

1955\u00a0 <\/strong>The Air India<\/a> Kashmir Princess<\/a> is bombed and crashes in a failed assassination attempt on Zhou Enlai<\/a> by the Kuomintang<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1952\u00a0 <\/strong>The Battle of Nanri Island<\/a> takes place.<\/p>\n

1951\u00a0 <\/strong>The Stone of Scone<\/a>, the stone upon which Scottish<\/a> monarchs were traditionally crowned, is found on the site of the altar of Arbroath Abbey<\/a>. It had been taken by Scottish nationalist students from its place in Westminster Abbey<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1951\u00a0 <\/strong>Korean War<\/a>: President Harry Truman<\/a> relieves<\/a> General of the Army<\/a> Douglas MacArthur<\/a> of overall command in Korea<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, Why Did Truman Really Fire MacArthur?<\/a> ; _ The Korean War: Douglas MacArthur in the Korean War<\/a> ; _ Roger Dingman on: Use of Atomic Weapons in Korea ;<\/a> _ Truman, MacArthur, and the Korean War<\/a> ; _ Korea: forgotten nuclear threats<\/a> ; _ Korean War FAQ<\/a> ; _ Tactics vs Strategy: MacArthur vs Truman<\/a> ; _ and\/or _ Timeline of Nuclear Threats on the Korean Peninsula<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II<\/a>: American forces liberate the Buchenwald concentration camp<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, Buchenwald (Germany)<\/a> ; _ Holocaust Encyclopedia: BUCHENWALD<\/a> ; _ Buchenwald Concentration Camp<\/a>; _ Mashpedia: Buchenwald: Videos Top<\/a> ; _ Third Reich Ruins: Buchenwald Concentration Camp<\/a>; _ Buchenwald Concentration Camp<\/a> ; _ and\/or _ History & Overview of Buchenwald<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1921\u00a0 <\/strong>Emir<\/a> Abdullah<\/a> establishes the first centralized government in the newly created British protectorate<\/a> of Transjordan<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1919\u00a0 <\/strong>The International Labour Organization<\/a> is founded.<\/p>\n

– Visit the International Labour Organization: Origins and History<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1909\u00a0 <\/strong>The city of Tel Aviv<\/a> is founded.<\/p>\n

1876\u00a0 <\/strong>The Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks<\/a> is organized.<\/p>\n

1868\u00a0 <\/strong>Former Shogun<\/a> Tokugawa Yoshinobu<\/a> surrenders Edo Castle<\/a> to Imperial forces, marking the end of the Tokugawa shogunate<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– Visit, for instance, The Age of Samurai: 1185 – 1868<\/a> ; _ Wikipedia: Samurai<\/a> ; _ Edo Period (1603 \u2013 1867)<\/a> ; _ The Fall of the Samurai in Late Tokugawa Japan<\/a> ; _ Tokugawa Period and Meiji Restoration<\/a> ; _ and _ Wikipedia: Meiji period<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1856\u00a0 <\/strong>Battle of Rivas<\/a>: Juan Santamaria<\/a> burns down the hostel where William Walker<\/a>‘s filibusters<\/a> are holed up.<\/p>\n

1814\u00a0 <\/strong>The Treaty of Fontainebleau<\/a> ends the War of the Sixth Coalition<\/a> against Napoleon Bonaparte<\/a>, and forces him to abdicate unconditionally for the first time.<\/p>\n

1809\u00a0 <\/strong>Battle of the Basque Roads<\/a> Naval battle fought between France and the United Kingdom<\/a><\/p>\n

1727\u00a0 <\/strong>Premiere of Johann Sebastian Bach<\/a>‘s St Matthew Passion<\/a> BWV 244b at the St. Thomas Church, Leipzig<\/a><\/p>\n

1713\u00a0 <\/strong>War of the Spanish Succession<\/a> (Queen Anne’s War<\/a>): Treaty of Utrecht<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

APRIL 12<\/strong><\/p>\n

2012\u00a0 <\/strong>A ceasefire in the 2011-2012 Syrian uprising comes into effect. See the Timeline of the Syrian War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2009\u00a0 <\/strong>Zimbabwe<\/a> officially abandons the Zimbabwe Dollar<\/a> as its official currency.<\/p>\n

2007\u00a0 <\/strong>A suicide bomber penetrates the Green Zone and detonates<\/a> in a cafeteria within a parliament building, killing Iraqi MP Mohammed Awad<\/a> and wounding more than twenty other people.<\/p>\n

2002\u00a0 <\/strong>A female suicide bomber<\/a> blows herself up at the entrance to Jerusalem’s Mahane Yehuda<\/a> open-air market, killing 7 and wounding 104.<\/p>\n

1999\u00a0 <\/strong>US President Bill Clinton<\/a> is cited for contempt of court<\/a> for giving “intentionally false statements” in a sexual harassment<\/a> civil lawsuit<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1998\u00a0 <\/strong>An earthquake<\/a> in Slovenia<\/a>, measuring 5.6 on the Richter scale<\/a> occurs near the town of Bovec<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1994\u00a0 <\/strong>Canter & Siegel<\/a> post the first commercial mass Usenet<\/a> spam<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1983\u00a0 <\/strong>USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh\/Semipalitinsk, USSR.<\/p>\n

1980\u00a0 <\/strong>Samuel Doe<\/a> takes control of Liberia<\/a> in a coup d’\u00e9tat<\/a><\/em>, ending over 130 years of minority Americo-Liberian<\/a> rule over the country.<\/p>\n

1970\u00a0 <\/strong>Soviet submarine K-8<\/a>, carrying four nuclear torpedoes, sinks in the Bay of Biscay<\/a> four days after a fire on board.<\/p>\n

1961\u00a0 <\/strong>The Soviet<\/a> cosmonaut<\/a> Yuri Gagarin<\/a> becomes the first human to travel into outer space<\/a> and perform the first manned orbital<\/a> flight, in Vostok<\/a> 3KA-2 (Vostok 1<\/a>).<\/p>\n

1957\u00a0 <\/strong>USSR performs atmospheric nuclear test.<\/p>\n

1955\u00a0 <\/strong>The polio vaccine<\/a>, developed by Dr. Jonas Salk<\/a>, is declared safe and effective<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 <\/strong>U.S. President<\/a> Franklin D. Roosevelt<\/a> dies while in office; vice-president Harry Truman<\/a> is sworn in as the 33rd President.<\/p>\n

1937\u00a0 <\/strong>Sir Frank Whittle<\/a> ground-tests the first jet engine<\/a> designed to power an aircraft, at Rugby, England<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1927\u00a0 <\/strong>April 12 Incident<\/a>: Chiang Kai-shek<\/a> orders the Communist Party of China<\/a> members executed in Shanghai<\/a>, ending the First United Front<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1917\u00a0 <\/strong>World War I<\/a>: Canadian<\/a> forces successfully complete the taking of Vimy Ridge<\/a> from the Germans<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1877\u00a0 <\/strong>The United Kingdom<\/a> annexes the Transvaal<\/a>.<\/p>\n

__________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n

Satoshi Ashikaga is a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment originally from Japan.<\/em><\/p>\n

(Sources and References: <\/em><\/strong>http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/April_6<\/a> to 12; http:\/\/www.historyorb.com\/events\/april\/6<\/a> to 12; http:\/\/www.brainyhistory.com\/days\/april_6.html<\/a> ; to _12.html; and other pertinent websites and\/or documents, mentioned above.) <\/strong>Note that the views expressed in the cited or quoted websites and\/or documents in this article do not necessarily reflect those of the author of this article. These websites and\/or documents are cited or quoted for academic or educational purposes.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Apr 6-12 – QUOTE OF THE WEEK: \u201cWhatever you deeply accept this moment as it is \u2013 no matter what forms it takes \u2013 you are still, you are at peace.\u201d – Eckhart Tolle, Stillness Speaks.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[148],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-55631","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/55631","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=55631"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/55631\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=55631"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=55631"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=55631"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}