{"id":56232,"date":"2015-04-13T12:00:20","date_gmt":"2015-04-13T11:00:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=56232"},"modified":"2015-05-05T21:25:52","modified_gmt":"2015-05-05T20:25:52","slug":"this-week-in-history-19","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2015\/04\/this-week-in-history-19\/","title":{"rendered":"This Week in History"},"content":{"rendered":"

April 13-19 <\/em><\/p>\n

QUOTE OF THE WEEK:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cTruth has no special time of its own. Its hour is now–always.\u201d<\/em><\/a> \u2013 Albert Schweitzer<\/p>\n

APRIL 13<\/strong><\/p>\n

1987\u00a0 <\/strong>Portugal and the People’s Republic of China sign an agreement in which Macau<\/a> would be returned to China in 1999<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1984\u00a0 <\/strong>India moves into Siachen Glacier<\/a> thus annexing more territory from the Line of Control<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1983\u00a0 <\/strong>US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1975\u00a0 <\/strong>Bus massacre<\/a> in Lebanon<\/a>: An attack by the Phalangist<\/a> resistance kills 26 militia members of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine<\/a>, marking the start of the 15-year Lebanese Civil War<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1972\u00a0 <\/strong>Vietnam War<\/a>: The Battle of An L\u1ed9c<\/a> begins.<\/p>\n

1972\u00a0 <\/strong>The Universal Postal Union<\/a> decides to recognize the People’s Republic of China as the only legitimate Chinese representative, effectively expelling the Republic of China<\/a> administering Taiwan<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1970\u00a0 <\/strong>An oxygen<\/a> tank aboard Apollo 13<\/a> explodes, putting the crew in great danger and causing major damage to the spacecraft while en route to the Moon<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– Visit pertinent websites, for instance, The True Story Apollo 13<\/a>, YouTube Apollo 13 \u2013 The Real Story<\/a>, and Apollo 13: Facts about NASA\u2019s Near Disaster<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1958\u00a0 <\/strong>Cold War<\/a>: American Van Cliburn<\/a> wins the inaugural International Tchaikovsky Competition<\/a> in Moscow.<\/p>\n

1953\u00a0 <\/strong>CIA<\/a> director Allen Dulles<\/a> launches the mind-control<\/a> program Project MKULTRA<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– Visit pertinent websites, for instance, CIA Mind Control Experiments: Declassified Documents Reveal Sex Abuse and More<\/a>, CIA Mind Control<\/a>; and The Mind Control Doctors: From Harvard to Guantanamo<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1948\u00a0 <\/strong>The Hadassah medical convoy massacre<\/a>: In an ambush, 79 Jewish doctors, nurses and medical students from Hadassah Hospital<\/a> and a British soldier are massacred by Arabs in Sheikh Jarra near Jerusalem<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: Soviet<\/a> and Bulgarian<\/a> forces capture<\/a> Vienna<\/a>, Austria.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: German<\/a> troops kill more than 1,000 political and military prisoners in Gardelegen<\/a>, Germany.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 <\/strong>Diplomatic relations<\/a> between New Zealand and the Soviet Union are established.<\/p>\n

1943\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II<\/a>: The discovery of mass graves<\/a> of Polish prisoners of war<\/a> killed<\/a> by Soviet forces in the Katy\u0144 Forest Massacre<\/a> is announced, causing a diplomatic rift between the Polish government in exile<\/a> in London from the Soviet Union<\/a>, which denies responsibility.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 <\/strong>A Pact of neutrality<\/a> between the USSR<\/a> and Japan is signed.<\/p>\n

1919\u00a0 <\/strong>Eugene V. Debs<\/a> is imprisoned at the Atlanta Federal Penitentiary in Atlanta, Georgia, for speaking out against the draft<\/a> during World War I<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– Visit pertinent websites, for instance, Eugene Debs Starts Prison Term for Speaking Against Draft<\/a>, Remembering Eugene V. Debs\u2019 Imprisonment for Speaking Against War<\/a>, and\/or The Anti-War Speech That Sent Eugene Debs to Prison<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– For conscription, visit, for instance, Conscription WW1<\/a>, Speech against Conscription and War by Emma Goldman in 1917<\/a>, Australia and World War I: Recruitment and Conscription<\/a>, Conscription (Military Draft) in the Civil War<\/a>; On Conscription by Daniel Webster<\/a>, and\/or Debate: French Canadians Against Conscription<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– <\/strong>For conscientious objector\/objection, visit, for instance, Conscientious objector<\/a>, Conscientious Objection Fact Sheet<\/a>, Who Is a Conscientious Objector?<\/a>, and Conscientious Objection and Alternative Service<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1919\u00a0 <\/strong>Jallianwala Bagh massacre<\/a>: British troops gun down at least 379 unarmed demonstrators in Amritsar<\/a>, India; at least 1200 are wounded.<\/p>\n

1919\u00a0 <\/strong>The establishment of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1909\u00a0 <\/strong>The Turkish<\/a> military reverses<\/a> the Ottoman countercoup of 1909<\/a> to force the overthrow of Sultan Abdul Hamid II<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1902\u00a0 <\/strong>James C. Penney<\/a> opens his first store in Kemmerer, Wyoming<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1873\u00a0 <\/strong>The Colfax massacre<\/a>, in which more than 60 African Americans<\/a> are murdered, takes place.<\/p>\n

1868\u00a0 <\/strong>The Abyssinian War<\/a> ends as British and Indian troops capture Maqdala<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1849\u00a0 <\/strong>Hungary<\/a> becomes a republic<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

APRIL 14<\/strong><\/p>\n

2014\u00a0 <\/strong>Twin bomb blasts<\/a> in Abuja<\/a>, Nigeria<\/a>, kill at least 75 people and injures 141 others.<\/p>\n

2005\u00a0 <\/strong>The Oregon Supreme Court<\/a> nullifies marriage licenses issued to gay couples a year earlier by Multnomah County<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2003\u00a0 <\/strong>U.S. troops in Baghdad<\/a> capture Abu Abbas<\/a>, leader of the Palestinian<\/a> group that killed an American on the hijacked cruise liner the MS\u00a0Achille Lauro<\/em><\/a> in 1985<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2003\u00a0 <\/strong>The Human Genome Project<\/a> is completed with 99% of the human genome<\/a> sequenced to an accuracy of 99.99%.<\/p>\n

2002\u00a0 <\/strong>Venezuelan<\/a> President Hugo Ch\u00e1vez<\/a> returns to office two days after being ousted and arrested by the country’s military.<\/p>\n

1999\u00a0 <\/strong>NATO<\/a> mistakenly bombs a convoy of ethnic Albanian<\/a> refugees \u2013 Yugoslav<\/a> officials say 75 people were killed.<\/p>\n

1994\u00a0 <\/strong>In a U.S. friendly fire<\/a> incident during Operation Provide Comfort<\/a> in northern Iraq<\/a>, two United States Air Force<\/a> aircraft mistakenly shoot-down<\/a> two United States Army<\/a> helicopters<\/a>, killing 26 people.<\/p>\n

1991\u00a0 <\/strong>The Republic of Georgia<\/a> introduces the post of President<\/a> after its declaration of independence from the Soviet Union.<\/p>\n

1988\u00a0 <\/strong>In a United Nations<\/a> ceremony in Geneva<\/a>, Switzerland, the Soviet Union signs an agreement pledging to withdraw its troops from Afghanistan<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1986\u00a0 <\/strong>The heaviest hailstones<\/a> ever recorded (1 kilogram (2.2\u00a0lb)) fall on the Gopalganj district of Bangladesh<\/a>, killing 92.<\/p>\n

1986\u00a0 <\/strong>In retaliation for the April 5<\/a> bombing<\/a> in West Berlin<\/a> that killed two U.S. servicemen, U.S. president Ronald Reagan<\/a> orders major bombing raids<\/a> against Libya<\/a>, killing 60 people.<\/p>\n

1978\u00a0 <\/strong>1978 Tbilisi Demonstrations<\/a>: Thousands of Georgians<\/a> demonstrate against Soviet attempts to change the constitutional status of the Georgian language<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1967\u00a0 <\/strong>Gnassingb\u00e9 Eyad\u00e9ma<\/a> overthrows President of Togo<\/a> Nicolas Grunitzky<\/a> and installs himself as the new president, a title he would hold for the next 38 years.<\/p>\n

1965<\/strong>\u00a0 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1948\u00a0 <\/strong>US performs atmospheric nuclear test at Enwetak.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 <\/strong>Osijek<\/a>, Croatia<\/a>, is liberated from fascist<\/a> occupation.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 <\/strong>Bombay Explosion<\/a>: A massive explosion<\/a> in Bombay<\/a> harbor<\/a> kills 300 and causes economic damage valued then at 20 million pounds.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: German general Erwin Rommel<\/a> attacks Tobruk<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1940\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II<\/a>: Royal Marines<\/a> land in Namsos<\/a>, Norway in preparation for a larger force to arrive two days later.<\/p>\n

1928\u00a0 <\/strong>The Bremen<\/a>, a German Junkers W33<\/a> type aircraft, reaches Greenly Island, Canada<\/a> – the first successful transatlantic aeroplane flight from east to west.<\/p>\n

1912\u00a0 <\/strong>The British passenger liner RMS\u00a0Titanic<\/em><\/a> hits an iceberg in the North Atlantic<\/a> at 23:40 (sinks morning of April 15th).<\/p>\n

– For more information, visit, for instance, Encyclopedia Titanica<\/a>, History: Titanic<\/a>, Titanic Facts<\/a>, and\/or Titanic.com<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1909\u00a0 <\/strong>A massacre<\/a> is organized by Ottoman Empire<\/a> against Armenian population of Cilicia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1906\u00a0 <\/strong>The Azusa Street Revival<\/a> opens and will launch Pentecostalism<\/a> as a worldwide movement.<\/p>\n

1894\u00a0 <\/strong>The first ever commercial motion picture<\/a> house opened in New York City using ten Kinetoscopes<\/a>, a device for peep-show viewing of films.<\/p>\n

1865\u00a0 <\/strong>U.S. President Abraham Lincoln<\/a> is shot<\/a> in Ford’s Theatre<\/a> by John Wilkes Booth<\/a> (died April 15th).<\/p>\n

1849\u00a0 <\/strong>Hungary declares itself independent<\/a> of Austria<\/a> with Lajos Kossuth<\/a> as its leader.<\/p>\n

1828\u00a0 <\/strong>Noah Webster<\/a> copyrights the first edition of his dictionary<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

APRIL 15<\/strong><\/p>\n

2014\u00a0 <\/strong>A total lunar eclipse<\/a> occurs, producing a Blood Moon<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2014\u00a0 <\/strong>More than 200 female students are declared missing after a mass kidnapping<\/a> in Borno State<\/a>, Nigeria<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2013\u00a0 <\/strong>Two bombs explode<\/a> near the finish line at the Boston Marathon<\/a> in Boston, Massachusetts<\/a>, killing three people and injuring 264 others.<\/p>\n

1989\u00a0 <\/strong>Upon Hu Yaobang<\/a>‘s death, the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989<\/a> begin in China<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1986\u00a0 <\/strong>The United States<\/a> launches Operation El Dorado Canyon<\/a>, its bombing raids against Libyan targets<\/a> in response to a bombing in West Germany that killed two U.S. servicemen.<\/p>\n

1984<\/strong>\u00a0 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh\/Semipalitinsk USSR.<\/p>\n

1970\u00a0 <\/strong>During the Cambodian Civil War<\/a>, massacres of the Vietnamese minority<\/a> results in 800 bodies flowing down the Mekong River<\/a> into South Vietnam<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1969\u00a0 <\/strong>The EC-121 shootdown incident<\/a>: North Korea<\/a> shoots down a United States Navy<\/a> aircraft over the Sea of Japan<\/a>, killing all 31 on board.<\/p>\n

1957\u00a0 <\/strong>White Rock, British Columbia<\/a> officially separates from Surrey, British Columbia<\/a> and is incorporated<\/a> as a new city.<\/p>\n

1955\u00a0 <\/strong>US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1955<\/strong>\u00a0 McDonald’s<\/a> restaurant dates its founding to the opening of a franchised restaurant by Ray Kroc<\/a>, in Des Plaines, Illinois<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– McDonald\u2019s<\/a> and its pop culture<\/a> and corporate culture<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– McDonald\u2019s and Coca Cola in Russia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– Big Mac Index<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– McDonald\u2019s Israel\u2019s policy<\/a> over the Israel and Palestine issues<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– McDonald\u2019s theory on conflict prevention<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1952\u00a0 <\/strong>The maiden flight of the B-52 Stratofortress<\/a><\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 <\/strong>The Bergen-Belsen concentration camp<\/a> is liberated.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 <\/strong>The George Cross<\/a> is awarded “to the island fortress of Malta<\/a> \u2013 its people and defenders” by King George VI<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 <\/strong>In the Belfast Blitz<\/a>, two-hundred bombers of the German Luftwaffe<\/a> attack Belfast<\/a>, Northern Ireland<\/a>, United Kingdom<\/a> killing one thousand people.<\/p>\n

1940\u00a0 <\/strong>The Allies<\/a> begin their attack on the Norwegian<\/a> town of Narvik<\/a> which is occupied by Nazi Germany<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1936\u00a0 <\/strong>First day of the Arab revolt<\/a> in Mandatory Palestine<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1923\u00a0 <\/strong>Insulin<\/a> becomes generally available for use by people with diabetes<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1912\u00a0 <\/strong>The British passenger liner RMS\u00a0Titanic<\/em><\/a> sinks in the North Atlantic<\/a> at 2:20 a.m., two hours and forty minutes after hitting an iceberg<\/a>. Only 710 of 2,227 passengers and crew on board survive. See this event on April 14<\/strong>, mentioned above. Titanic hit an iceberg at 23:40 on April 14<\/strong> and sank at 2:20 on April 15<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

1900\u00a0 <\/strong>Philippine\u2013American War<\/a>: Filipino<\/a> guerrillas launch a surprise attack on U.S. infantry and begin a four-day siege<\/a> of Catubig<\/a>, Philippines<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1892\u00a0 <\/strong>The General Electric Company<\/a> is formed.<\/p>\n

1865\u00a0 <\/strong>Abraham Lincoln<\/a> dies after being shot the previous evening by actor John Wilkes Booth<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1861\u00a0 <\/strong>President Abraham Lincoln<\/a> calls for 75,000 Volunteers<\/a> to quell the insurrection that soon became the American Civil War<\/a><\/p>\n

1783\u00a0 <\/strong>Preliminary articles of peace ending the American Revolutionary War<\/a> (or American War of Independence) are ratified.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

APRIL 16<\/strong><\/p>\n

2003\u00a0 <\/strong>The Treaty of Accession<\/a> is signed in Athens<\/a> admitting ten new member states to the European Union<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2001\u00a0 <\/strong>India<\/a> and Bangladesh<\/a> begin a five-day border conflict<\/a>, but are unable to resolve the disputes about their border<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1995\u00a0 <\/strong>George W. Bush<\/a> names April 16 as Selena<\/a> Day in Texas<\/a>, after she was killed<\/a> two weeks earlier.<\/p>\n

1992\u00a0 <\/strong>The Katina P<\/a><\/em> runs aground off of Maputo<\/a>, Mozambique<\/a> and 60,000 tons of crude oil spill into the ocean.<\/p>\n

1990\u00a0 <\/strong>The “Doctor of Death”, Jack Kevorkian<\/a>, participates in his first assisted suicide<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1980\u00a0 <\/strong>US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1963\u00a0 <\/strong>Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.<\/a> pens his Letter from Birmingham Jail<\/a> while incarcerated in Birmingham, Alabama<\/a> for protesting against segregation.<\/p>\n

1961\u00a0 <\/strong>In a nationally broadcast speech, Cuban<\/a> leader Fidel Castro<\/a> declares that he is a Marxist\u2013Leninist<\/a> and that Cuba is going to adopt Communism<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1957<\/strong>\u00a0 USSR performs atmospheric nuclear test.<\/p>\n

1947\u00a0 <\/strong>Bernard Baruch<\/a> coins the term “Cold War<\/a>” to describe the relationship between the United States<\/a> and the Soviet Union<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 <\/strong>More than 7,000 die when the German refugee ship Goya<\/a><\/em> is sunk by a Soviet submarine<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 <\/strong>The United States Army<\/a> liberates Nazi Sonderlager<\/em> (high security) prisoner-of-war camp<\/a> Oflag IV-C<\/a> (better known as Colditz<\/a>).<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: The Red Army<\/a> begins the final assault<\/a> on German<\/a> forces around Berlin<\/a>, with nearly one million troops fighting in the Battle of the Seelow Heights<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: Allied forces start bombing Belgrade<\/a>, killing about 1,100 people. This bombing fell on the Orthodox Christian Easter.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: The Usta\u0161e<\/a>, a Croatian<\/a> far-right<\/a> organization is put in charge of the Independent State of Croatia<\/a> (or \u201cNDH\u201d) by the Axis Powers<\/a> after the Axis Operation 25<\/a> invasion.<\/p>\n

– Ante Paveli\u0107<\/a>, the leader of the Croatian far-right and the head of the Independent State of Croatia or NDH. Visit Hitler and Paveli\u0107<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Atrocities committed by the NDH: Visit, for instance,<\/p>\n

– Holocaust and the Independent State of Croatia<\/a>; Remeberance Day of Genocide<\/a>;<\/p>\n

– Catholic clergy involvement with the Ustashe<\/a>;<\/p>\n

– Holocaust Controversies<\/a>; and<\/p>\n

– the United States’ Response to Gonovide in the Independent State of Croatia<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The Vatican and the Ustashe Genocide: Visit, for instance,<\/p>\n

– The Vatican’s Role in the Ustashe Gonocide<\/a>;<\/p>\n

– the Vatican and the Ustashe<\/a>; The Role of the Catholic Church in Yugoslavia’s Holocaust<\/a>; and\/or<\/p>\n

– Jusuit: Vatican Tyrany<\/a>.<\/p>\n

The Bleiburg Gonocide of Croats of NDH by the Allied Powers in May 1945, just after WWII in Europe: Visit, for instance,<\/p>\n

– Bleiburg repatriations<\/a>;<\/p>\n

– More Hidden History Revealed: The Bleiburg Masscare<\/a>;<\/p>\n

– The Bleiburg Masscrers: the Shame of the British Army and the Yugoslav Communists<\/a>; and\/or<\/p>\n

– Bleiburg and Moral Equivelance<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II<\/a>: The Italian convoy Duisburg<\/em>, directed to Tunisia<\/a>, is attacked and destroyed by British<\/a> ships.<\/p>\n

1925\u00a0 <\/strong>During the Communist<\/a> St Nedelya Church assault<\/a> in Sofia<\/a>, Bulgaria<\/a>, 150 are killed and 500 are wounded.<\/p>\n

1922\u00a0 <\/strong>The Treaty of Rapallo<\/a>, pursuant to which Germany<\/a> and the Soviet Union<\/a> re-establish diplomatic relations<\/a>, is signed.<\/p>\n

1919\u00a0 <\/strong>Polish\u2013Soviet War<\/a>: The Polish army<\/a> launches the Vilna offensive<\/a> to capture Vilnius<\/a> in modern Lithuania<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1919\u00a0 <\/strong>Mohandas Gandhi<\/a> organizes a day of “prayer and fasting” in response to the killing of Indian protesters in the Jallianwala Bagh massacre<\/a> by the British<\/a> colonial troops three days earlier.<\/p>\n

1917\u00a0 <\/strong>Vladimir Lenin<\/a> returns to Petrograd<\/a>, Russia<\/a> from exile in Switzerland<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1853\u00a0 <\/strong>The first passenger rail opens in India<\/a>, from Bori Bunder<\/a>, Bombay<\/a> to Thane<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1847\u00a0 <\/strong>The accidental shooting of a M\u0101ori<\/a> by an English<\/a> sailor results in the opening of the Wanganui Campaign<\/a> of the New Zealand land wars<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

APRIL 17<\/strong><\/p>\n

2014\u00a0 <\/strong>NASA<\/a>‘s Kepler<\/a> confirms the discovery of the first Earth-size planet<\/a> in the habitable zone<\/a> of another star.<\/p>\n

2010\u00a0 <\/strong>Iran’s Supreme Leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei<\/a>, calls for the US to be expelled from the international nuclear system because religion prohibits the use of nuclear weapons<\/a>. Visit the following websites, for instance:<\/p>\n

– Religion and Nuclear Weapons<\/a>; How does religion really influence Iranian nuclear policy?<\/a><\/p>\n

– Nuclear War and Mass Destruction in Judaism<\/a><\/p>\n

– The Role of Religion and Nuclear Disarmament<\/a><\/p>\n

– Faiths United Against Nuclear Weapons.<\/a><\/p>\n

– Religious Quotes about Nuclear Weapons<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– <\/strong>Nuclear Weapons, Ethics, Morals and Law<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2006\u00a0 <\/strong>Sami Hammad<\/a>, a Palestinian<\/a> suicide bomber, detonates an explosive device in Tel Aviv<\/a>, killing 11 people and injuring 70.<\/p>\n

1987\u00a0 <\/strong>USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh\/Semipalitinsk USSR.<\/p>\n

1986\u00a0 <\/strong>Nezar Hindawi<\/a>‘s attempt to detonate a bomb<\/a> aboard an El Al<\/a> flight from London<\/a> to Tel Aviv<\/a> is thwarted.<\/p>\n

1986\u00a0 <\/strong>The Three Hundred and Thirty Five Years’ War<\/a> between the Netherlands<\/a> and the Isles of Scilly<\/a> ends.<\/p>\n

1984\u00a0 <\/strong>Police Constable<\/a> Yvonne Fletcher<\/a> is killed by gunfire from the Libyan People’s Bureau<\/a> (Embassy) in London<\/a> during a small demonstration outside the embassy. Ten others are wounded. The events lead to an 11-day siege<\/a> of the building.<\/p>\n

1982<\/strong>\u00a0 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1982 <\/strong>Patriation of the Canadian constitution<\/a> in Ottawa<\/a> by Proclamation<\/a> of Queen Elizabeth II<\/a>, Queen of Canada<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1978\u00a0 <\/strong>Mir Akbar Khyber<\/a> is assassinated, provoking a communist coup d’\u00e9tat<\/a> in Afghanistan<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1975\u00a0 <\/strong>The Cambodian Civil War<\/a> ends. The Khmer Rouge<\/a> captures the capital Phnom Penh<\/a> and Cambodian government forces<\/a> surrender.<\/p>\n

1973\u00a0 <\/strong>George Lucas<\/a> begins writing the treatment for The Star Wars<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1971\u00a0 <\/strong>The People’s Republic of Bangladesh<\/a> forms, under Sheikh Mujibur Rahman<\/a> at Mujibnagor.<\/p>\n

1969\u00a0 <\/strong>Communist Party of Czechoslovakia<\/a> chairman Alexander Dub\u010dek<\/a> is deposed.<\/p>\n

1969\u00a0 <\/strong>Sirhan Sirhan<\/a> is convicted of assassinating Robert F. Kennedy<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1964\u00a0 <\/strong>Jerrie Mock<\/a> becomes the first woman to circumnavigate the world by air.<\/p>\n

1961\u00a0 <\/strong>Bay of Pigs Invasion<\/a>: A group of Cuban exiles<\/a> financed and trained by the CIA<\/a> lands at the Bay of Pigs<\/a> in Cuba with the aim of ousting Fidel Castro<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1951\u00a0 <\/strong>The Peak District<\/a> becomes the United Kingdom’s first National Park<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1949\u00a0 <\/strong>At midnight 26 Irish counties officially leave the British Commonwealth<\/a>. A 21-gun salute on O’Connell Bridge, Dublin<\/a>, ushers in the Republic of Ireland<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1946\u00a0 <\/strong>Syria<\/a> obtains its independence from the French occupation.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II<\/a>: Brazilian forces liberate the town of Montese<\/a>, Italy, from Nazi<\/a> forces.<\/p>\n

1944\u00a0 <\/strong>Forces of the Communist-controlled Greek People’s Liberation Army<\/a> attack the smaller National and Social Liberation<\/a> resistance group, which surrenders. Its leader Dimitrios Psarros<\/a> is murdered.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 <\/strong>French prisoner of war<\/a> General Henri Giraud<\/a> escapes from his castle prison in Festung K\u00f6nigstein<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1941\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II<\/a>: The Kingdom of Yugoslavia<\/a> surrenders to Germany<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1912\u00a0 <\/strong>Russian<\/a> troops open fire<\/a> on striking goldfield workers in northeast Siberia<\/a>, killing at least 150.<\/p>\n

1897\u00a0 <\/strong>The Aurora, Texas UFO incident<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1895\u00a0 <\/strong>The Treaty of Shimonoseki<\/a> between China<\/a> and Japan<\/a> is signed. This marks the end of the First Sino-Japanese War<\/a>, and the defeated Qing Empire<\/a> is forced to renounce its claims on Korea<\/a> and to concede the southern portion of the Fengtien<\/a> province<\/a>, Taiwan<\/a> and the Pescadores Islands<\/a> to Japan<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

APRIL 18<\/strong><\/p>\n

2013\u00a0 <\/strong>A suicide bombing<\/a> in a Baghdad<\/a> cafe kills 27 people and injures another 65.<\/p>\n

2007\u00a0 <\/strong>A series of bombings<\/a>, two of them being suicides<\/a>, occur in Baghdad<\/a>, killing 198 and injuring 251.<\/p>\n

1996\u00a0 <\/strong>In Lebanon, at least 106 civilians are killed<\/a> when the Israel Defense Forces<\/a> shell the United Nations<\/a> compound at Quana where more than 800 civilians had taken refuge.<\/p>\n

1996\u00a0 <\/strong>In Lebanon, at least 106 civilians are killed<\/a> when the Israel Defense Forces<\/a> shell the United Nations<\/a> compound at Quana where more than 800 civilians had taken refuge.<\/p>\n

1992\u00a0 <\/strong>General Abdul Rashid Dostum<\/a> revolts against President<\/a> Mohammad Najibullah<\/a> of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan<\/a> and allies with Ahmed Shah Massoud<\/a> to capture Kabul<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1988\u00a0 <\/strong>The United States launches Operation Praying Mantis<\/a> against Iranian<\/a> naval forces in the largest naval battle since World War II.<\/p>\n

1983\u00a0 <\/strong>A suicide bomber<\/a> destroys the United States embassy<\/a> in Beirut<\/a>, Lebanon<\/a>, killing 63 people.<\/p>\n

1980\u00a0 <\/strong>The Republic of Zimbabwe<\/a> (formerly Rhodesia<\/a>) comes into being, with Canaan Banana<\/a> as the country’s first President<\/a>. The Zimbabwe Dollar<\/a> replaces the Rhodesian Dollar<\/a> as the official currency.<\/p>\n

1968\u00a0 <\/strong>US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1961\u00a0 <\/strong>CONCP<\/a> is founded in Casablanca<\/a> as a united front of African<\/a> movements opposing Portuguese<\/a> colonial rule.<\/p>\n

1961\u00a0 <\/strong>The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations<\/a> (VCDR), a cornerstone of modern international relations, is adopted.<\/p>\n

– Text of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations<\/a>.<\/p>\n

– <\/strong>Watch and listen to the lecture of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations.<\/a><\/p>\n

1955\u00a0 <\/strong>Twenty-nine nations meet at Bandung<\/a>, Indonesia<\/a>, for the first Asian-African Conference<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1954\u00a0 <\/strong>Gamal Abdal Nasser<\/a> seizes power in Egypt<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1946 <\/strong>The International Court of Justice<\/a> holds its inaugural meeting in The Hague<\/a>, Netherlands<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1945\u00a0 <\/strong>Over 1,000 bombers<\/a> attack the small island of Heligoland<\/a>, Germany<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1943\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: Operation Vengeance<\/a>, Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto<\/a> is killed when his aircraft is shot down by U.S. fighters over Bougainville Island<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II<\/a>: The Doolittle Raid<\/a> on Japan<\/a>. Tokyo<\/a>, Yokohama<\/a>, Kobe<\/a> and Nagoya<\/a> are bombed.<\/p>\n

1912\u00a0 <\/strong>The Cunard<\/a> liner RMS\u00a0Carpathia<\/em><\/a> brings 705 survivors from the RMS\u00a0Titanic<\/em><\/a> to New York City<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1909\u00a0 <\/strong>Joan of Arc<\/a> is beatified in Rome<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1897\u00a0 <\/strong>The Greco-Turkish War<\/a> is declared between Greece<\/a> and the Ottoman Empire<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

APRIL 19<\/strong><\/p>\n

2011\u00a0 <\/strong>Fidel Castro<\/a> resigns from the Communist Party of Cuba<\/a>‘s central committee<\/a> after 45 years of holding the title.<\/p>\n

1999\u00a0 <\/strong>The German<\/a> Bundestag<\/a> returns to Berlin<\/a>, the first German parliamentary body to meet there since the Reichstag<\/a> was dissolved in 1933.<\/p>\n

1995\u00a0 <\/strong>Oklahoma City bombing<\/a>: The Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building<\/a> in Oklahoma City<\/a>, Oklahoma<\/a>, USA<\/a>, is bombed, killing 168.<\/p>\n

1987\u00a0 <\/strong>USSR performs underground nuclear test.<\/p>\n

1985\u00a0 <\/strong>USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh\/Semipalitinsk, USSR.<\/p>\n

1975\u00a0 <\/strong>India<\/a>‘s first satellite<\/a>, Aryabhata<\/a><\/em>, is launched.<\/p>\n

1973\u00a0 <\/strong>The Portuguese Socialist Party<\/a> is founded in the German town of Bad M\u00fcnstereifel<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1973\u00a0 <\/strong>USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh\/Semipalitinsk USSR.<\/p>\n

1972\u00a0 <\/strong>US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.<\/p>\n

1971\u00a0 <\/strong>Vietnam War<\/a>: Vietnam Veterans Against the War<\/a> begin a five-day demonstration<\/a> in Washington, D.C.<\/a><\/p>\n

1971\u00a0 <\/strong>Sierra Leone<\/a> becomes a republic<\/a>, and Siaka Stevens<\/a> the president<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1960\u00a0 <\/strong>Students in South Korea<\/a> hold a nationwide pro-democracy protest<\/a> against president<\/a> Syngman Rhee<\/a>, eventually forcing him to resign.<\/p>\n

1954\u00a0 <\/strong>The Constituent Assembly of Pakistan<\/a> recognises Urdu<\/a> and Bengali<\/a> as the national languages of Pakistan<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1951\u00a0 <\/strong>General Douglas MacArthur<\/a> retires from the military.<\/p>\n

1950\u00a0 <\/strong>Argentina<\/a> becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires<\/a> copyright<\/a> treaty<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1948\u00a0 <\/strong>Burma<\/a> joins the United Nations<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1943\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: In Poland, the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising<\/a> begins, after German<\/a> troops enter the Warsaw ghetto<\/a> to round up the remaining Jews<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1943\u00a0 <\/strong>Swiss chemist Dr. Albert Hofmann<\/a> deliberately takes LSD<\/a> for the first time.<\/p>\n

1942\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II<\/a>: In Poland<\/a>, the Majdan-Tatarski ghetto<\/a> is established, situated between the Lublin Ghetto<\/a> and a Majdanek<\/a> subcamp.<\/p>\n

1928\u00a0 <\/strong>The 125th and final fascicle of the Oxford English Dictionary<\/a><\/em> is published.<\/p>\n

1903\u00a0 <\/strong>The Kishinev pogrom<\/a> in Kishinev<\/a> (Bessarabia<\/a>) begins, forcing tens of thousands of Jews<\/a> to later seek refuge in Palestine<\/a> and the Western world<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1897\u00a0 <\/strong>L\u00e9o Taxil<\/a> exposes his own fabrications concerning Freemasonry<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1865\u00a0 <\/strong>Funeral service for Abraham Lincoln<\/a> is held in the East Room<\/a> of the White House.<\/p>\n

1855\u00a0 <\/strong>Visit of Napoleon III<\/a> to Guildhall, London<\/a>.<\/p>\n

1839\u00a0 <\/strong>The Treaty of London<\/a> establishes Belgium<\/a> as a kingdom and guaranteeing its neutrality.<\/p>\n

___________________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n

Satoshi Ashikaga is a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment originally from Japan.<\/em><\/p>\n

(Sources and references<\/strong>: http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/April_13<\/a> to 19; http:\/\/www.historyorb.com\/events\/april\/13<\/a> to 19; http:\/\/www.brainyhistory.com\/days\/april_13.html<\/a> to 19.html, and pertinent websites and documents, mentioned above.)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

April 13-19 – QUOTE OF THE WEEK: \u201cTruth has no special time of its own. Its hour is now–always.\u201d \u2013 Albert Schweitzer<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[148],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-56232","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/56232","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=56232"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/56232\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=56232"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=56232"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=56232"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}