{"id":56721,"date":"2015-04-20T12:00:20","date_gmt":"2015-04-20T11:00:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=56721"},"modified":"2015-05-05T21:25:51","modified_gmt":"2015-05-05T20:25:51","slug":"germany-is-the-tell-tale-heart-of-americas-drone-war","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2015\/04\/germany-is-the-tell-tale-heart-of-americas-drone-war\/","title":{"rendered":"Germany is the Tell-Tale Heart of America\u2019s Drone War"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"game<\/a><\/p>\n

A\u00a0top-secret\u00a0U.S. intelligence document<\/a> obtained by The Intercept<\/em> confirms that the sprawling U.S. military base in Ramstein, Germany serves as the high-tech heart of America\u2019s drone program. Ramstein is the site of a satellite relay station that enables drone operators in the American Southwest to communicate with their remote aircraft in Yemen, Somalia, Afghanistan and other targeted countries. The top-secret slide deck, dated July 2012, provides the most detailed blueprint seen to date of the technical architecture used to conduct strikes with Predator and Reaper drones.<\/p>\n

Amid fierce European criticism of America\u2019s targeted killing program, U.S. and German government officials have long downplayed Ramstein\u2019s role in lethal U.S. drone operations and have issued carefully phrased evasions when confronted with direct questions about the base. But the slides show that the facilities at Ramstein perform an essential function in lethal drone strikes conducted by the CIA and the U.S. military in the Middle East, Afghanistan and Africa.<\/p>\n

The slides were provided by a source with knowledge of the U.S. government\u2019s drone program who declined to be identified because of fears of retribution. According to the source, Ramstein\u2019s importance to the U.S. drone war is difficult to overstate. \u201cRamstein carries the signal to tell the drone what to do and it returns the display of what the drone sees. Without Ramstein, drones could not function, at least not as they do now,\u201d the source said.<\/p>\n

The new evidence places German Chancellor Angela Merkel in an awkward position given Germany\u2019s close diplomatic alliance with the United States. The German government has granted the U.S. the right to use the property, but only under the condition that the Americans do nothing there that violates German law.<\/p>\n

The U.S. government maintains that its drone strikes against al Qaeda and its \u201cassociated forces\u201d are legal, even outside of declared war zones. But German legal officials have suggested that such operations are only justifiable in actual war zones. Moreover, Germany has the right to prosecute \u201ccriminal offenses against international law \u2026 even when the offense was committed abroad and bears no relation to Germany,\u201d according to Germany\u2019s Code of Crimes<\/a> against International Law, which passed in 2002.<\/p>\n

This means that American personnel stationed at Ramstein could, in theory, be vulnerable to German prosecution if they provide drone pilots with data used in attacks.<\/p>\n

While the German government has been reluctant to pursue such prosecutions, it may come under increasing pressure to do so. \u201cIt is simply murder,\u201d says Bj\u00f6rn Schiffbauer of the Institute for International Law at the University of Cologne. Legal experts interviewed by Der Spiegel<\/em><\/a> claimed that U.S. personnel could be charged as war criminals by German prosecutors.<\/p>\n

\"A<\/a>

A top-secret slide confirms the central role Germany plays in the U.S. drone war.<\/p><\/div>\n

RAMSTEIN IS ONE<\/strong> of the largest U.S. military bases outside the United States, hosting more than 16,000 military and civilian personnel. The relay center at Ramstein, which was completed in late 2013, sits in the middle of a massive forest and is adjacent to a baseball diamond used by students at the Ramstein American High School. The large compound, made of reinforced concrete and masonry walls and enclosed in a horseshoe of trees, has a sloped metal roof. Inside this building, air force squadrons can coordinate the signals necessary for a variety of drone surveillance and strike missions. On two sides of the building are six massive golf ball-like fixtures known as satellite relay pads.<\/p>\n

In a 2010 budget request<\/a> for the Ramstein satellite station, the U.S. Air Force asserted that without the Germany-based facility, the drone program could face \u201csignificant degradation of operational capability\u201d that could \u201chave a serious impact on ongoing and future missions.\u201d Predator and Reaper drones, as well as Global Hawk aircraft, would \u201cuse this site to conduct operations\u201d in Africa and the Middle East, according to the request. It stated bluntly that without the use of Ramstein, drone \u201cweapon strikes cannot be supported.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u201cBecause of multi-theater-wide operations, the respective SATCOM Relay Station must be located at Ramstein Air Base to provide most current information to the war-fighting commander at any time demanded,\u201d according to the request. The relay station, according to that document, would also be used to support the operations of a secretive black ops Air Force program known as \u201cBig Safari.\u201d<\/p>\n

The classified slide deck maps out an intricate spider web of facilities across the U.S. and the globe: from drone command centers on desert military bases in the U.S. to Ramstein to outposts in Afghanistan, Djibouti, Qatar and Bahrain and back to NSA facilities in Washington and Georgia. What is clear is that most paths within America\u2019s drone maze run through Ramstein.<\/p>\n

\"Transatlantic<\/a>

Transatlantic cables connect U.S. drone pilots to their aircraft half a world away. (Josh Begley)<\/p><\/div>\n

Creech Air Force Base in Nevada is central to multiple prongs of the U.S. drone war. Personnel stationed at the facility are responsible for drone operations in Afghanistan<\/a> \u2014 which has been on the receiving end of more drone strikes than any country in the world \u2014 and Pakistan<\/a>, where the CIA has conducted a covert air war for the last decade. The agency\u2019s campaign has killed thousands of people, including hundreds of civilians. Some drone missions are operated from other locations, such as Fort Gordon in Georgia and Cannon Air Force Base in Clovis, New Mexico.<\/p>\n

The pilots at Creech and other ground control stations send their commands to the drones they operate via transatlantic fiber optic cables to Germany, where the Ramstein uplink bounces the signal to a satellite that connects to drones over Yemen, Somalia and other target countries. Ramstein is ideally situated as a satellite relay station to minimize the lag time between the commands of the pilots and their reception by the aircraft, called latency. Too much latency \u2014 which would be caused by additional satellite relays \u2014 would make swift maneuvers impossible. Video images from a drone could not be delivered to the U.S. in near real time. Without the speed and precise control an installation like Ramstein allows, pilots would practically be flying blind.<\/p>\n

A diagram in the secret document shows how the process works. Ramstein\u2019s satellite uplink station is used to route communications between the pilots and aircraft deployed in a variety of countries. Video from the drones is routed back through Ramstein and then relayed to a variety of U.S. intelligence and military facilities around the U.S. and the globe. Another diagram shows how pilots at Creech connect to Ramstein and then to the Predator Primary Satellite Link, which facilitates direct control of the drone wherever it is operating.<\/p>\n

All of this \u2014 location, combined with the need to securely house the large quantities of equipment, buildings and personnel necessary to operate the satellite uplink \u2014 has made Ramstein one of the most viable sites available to the U.S. to serve this critical function in the drone war.<\/p>\n

When the prominent German daily newspaper S\u00fcddeutsche Zeitung<\/em><\/a> and the German public television broadcaster ARD<\/a> published an expose<\/a> on Ramstein in May 2013 and alleged that the base was being used to facilitate drone strikes, it created a massive controversy in Germany. The report spurred parliamentary investigations and calls for the U.S. to explain exactly what it was doing at the base. In response, the German and U.S. governments mischaracterized the reporting and the German government claimed it had no hard evidence of Ramstein\u2019s role in lethal strikes.<\/p>\n

A month later, in a June 2013 speech in Berlin, President Obama addressed the issue of Ramstein\u2019s role in the drone war. He did not mention that the satellite relay facility at Ramstein enables U.S. drone strikes. Instead, he denied a claim that the journalists had not made: \u201cWe do not use Germany as a launching point for unmanned drones \u2026 as part of our counterterrorism activities,\u201d Obama said.<\/p>\n

\"President<\/a>

President Barack Obama and Chancellor Angela Merkel (Chris Hyde\/Getty Images)<\/p><\/div>\n

In response to questions for this article, Pentagon spokesman Maj. James Brindle echoed the precise language of previous government statements. \u201cWe maintain robust civilian and military cooperation with Germany and manage all base activities in accordance with the agreements made between the United States and German governments,\u201d he said. \u201cThe Air and Space Operations Center at Ramstein Air Base conducts operational level planning, monitoring and assessment of assigned airpower missions throughout Europe and Africa, but does not directly fly or control any manned or remotely piloted aircraft.\u201d<\/p>\n

The German government has issued similar statements, saying no drone pilots are based at Ramstein and no drones are launched from the base. \u201cThe U.S. government has confirmed that such armed and remote aircrafts are not flown or controlled from U.S. bases in Germany,\u201d government spokesperson Steffen Seibert said last year. In 2013, members of the Bundestag, the German parliament, submitted written questions<\/a> to their federal government. \u201cTo the knowledge of the Federal Government, is it true that U.S. drone attacks in Africa could not be carried out without a special satellite relay station for unmanned flying objects in Ramstein?\u201d the lawmakers asked.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe Federal Government has no reliable information in this regard,\u201d read the official reply. Pressed further on the satellite facility and its purpose, the government replied: \u201cThe Federal Government has no information regarding the installation of the satellite system or when it started operating.\u201d<\/p>\n

Internal German government communications provided to The Intercept<\/em> by Der Spiegel<\/em> show how some German officials tried and failed to get the government to confront the U.S. about what connection facilities in Germany had to drone strikes. According to a June 2013 document, a senior Foreign Office official, Emily Haber, advocated demanding a clear answer from Washington about the role U.S. facilities in Germany played in drone strikes. Haber was overruled: \u201cThe Federal Chancellery and the Defense Ministry would prefer to \u2018sit out\u2019 the pressure from parliament and the public,\u201d the response read. The unofficial German-U.S. agreement appears to amount to a \u201cdon\u2019t ask, don\u2019t tell\u201d understanding.<\/p>\n

While most, if not all, of the official statements by both governments may be technically true, it is also true that without the base, it would be very difficult for the United States to sustain the current drone war. The slide deck contains an array of arrows showing the complex system used to operate drones across the world. In the end, all arrows point to Ramstein. \u201cEverything relies on Ramstein and Creech as central hubs for communication\u201d in both armed and unarmed drone operations, says the source. Aside from the possibility of using an undisclosed satellite uplink station, the only drone operations that would not rely on Ramstein in these regions would be those conducted via aircraft that have a line of sight to a ground control station.<\/p>\n

\"A<\/a>

A top-secret slide deck obtained by The Intercept shows the complex architecture of the U.S. drone program.<\/p><\/div>\n

HUMAN RIGHTS GROUPS<\/strong> in Germany, as well as opposition politicians, have long suspected that Ramstein has played a direct role in the U.S. drone war. They have called on the German government to stop allowing the armed U.S. drone program to operate from German soil.<\/p>\n

Lt. Gen. David Deptula, the former director of the Combined Air Operations Center, accused such critics of the drone program of being influenced by \u201cmisinformation that\u2019s provided by terrorist organizations that these things are being effective against.\u201d<\/p>\n

Deptula oversaw the implementation of the U.S. armed drone program starting in 2001. In an interview with The Intercept<\/em>, he defended the use of drones. \u201cOperations conducted by remotely piloted aircraft really are the most accurate and precise means of applying force,\u201d Deptula says. \u201cWhy would the Germans want to shut down operations that effectively provide information to increase situational awareness of a community of nations that are trying to combat terrorism?\u201d<\/p>\n

Kat Craig, the legal director at Reprieve, an international human rights organization that represents victims of drone strikes in Yemen and elsewhere, said the notion that critics of the drone program are being manipulated by propaganda from terrorist organizations \u201cwould be laughable, were it not so offensive towards civilian victims of drone strikes.\u201d<\/p>\n

A new report<\/a> from The Open Society Foundations, published this month, studied nine U.S. drone strikes in Yemen and found that 26 civilians were killed, including several children and a pregnant woman.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt has become all too clear that, too often, those carrying out the strikes simply do not know who they are hitting,\u201d Craig said. \u201cThis misguided campaign has been allowed free rein because it has been kept hidden from public scrutiny.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Yemenis<\/a>

Yemenis gather around a burned car after it was torched by a drone strike on January 26, 2015. Among the dead was a teenage boy. (AFP\/Getty Images)<\/p><\/div>\n

WHILE THE GERMAN<\/strong> government has so far managed to dodge questions on Ramstein\u2019s role in drone strikes, the country\u2019s judicial system may not have that option.<\/p>\n

Two related cases have been winding their way through the German legal system. In 2010, a German citizen was killed in a U.S. drone strike in Pakistan. Two years later, a federal prosecutor opened a preliminary investigation \u201cto examine whether B\u00fcnyamin Erdogan\u2019s violent death qualified as a war crime under Germany\u2019s international criminal code.\u201d<\/p>\n

The case was later dropped after investigators determined that at the time he was killed by a missile fired from a drone, Erdogan was not considered a civilian protected under international law. Rather, they asserted that he had been a \u201cmember of an organized, armed group that participated as a party in an armed conflict.\u201d Pakistan, according to German interpretations of international law, is considered a war zone in cases involving known militants in certain areas.<\/p>\n

German courts haven\u2019t established whether other targeted countries, such as Yemen and Somalia, qualify as war zones. Last October, a Yemeni man whose relatives were killed in a 2012 U.S. drone strike filed a lawsuit against the German government. Faisal bin Ali Jaber said his brother-in-law, a well-respected moderate imam known for his anti-al Qaeda sermons, and his nephew were killed in a strike.<\/p>\n

Jaber claimed the strike would not have been possible without the use of the satellite relay facility at Ramstein. \u201cWere it not for the help of Germany and Ramstein, men like my brother-in-law and nephew might still be alive today. It is quite simple: without Germany, U.S. drones would not fly,\u201d Jaber said<\/a> at the time. \u201cI am here to ask that the German people and Parliament be told the full extent of what is happening in their country, and that the German government stop Ramstein being used to help the U.S.\u2019s illegal and devastating drone war in my country.\u201d A member of Jaber\u2019s legal team accused Germany of \u201chiding behind status-of-forces agreements,\u201d saying the government should\u00a0\u201cadmit its\u00a0responsibility for civilian deaths caused by U.S. drone warfare.\u201d<\/p>\n

In response to the suit, the German defense ministry submitted a reply on behalf of the government, which is named as the defendant in the case. \u201cThe defendant denies, by claiming ignorance, that the satellite-relay-station in use on the air base transfers field data of unmanned aerial vehicles from Yemen to the U.S. or to other unmanned aerial vehicles and that the air base is a fundamental hub for the data transfer necessary to operate unmanned aerial vehicles in Yemen,\u201d read the January 20 filing. As for the suit\u2019s demand that Germany prevent the relay station at Ramstein from facilitating drone strikes, the German government stated that it could not be expected to act \u201cas a \u2018global public prosecutor\u2019 towards other sovereign states and punish alleged infringements outside of their own sovereign territory.\u201d<\/p>\n

However, some legal scholars in Germany aren\u2019t satisfied with that response. They argue that if U.S. personnel based at Ramstein are involved in what the government considers an extra-judicial killing in a non-declared war zone, they would not be entitled to immunity \u2014 at least not on German soil. The NATO Status of Forces Agreement explicitly grants German authorities the right to investigate members of the U.S. military suspected of having committed a crime.<\/p>\n

To date, German prosecutors have shown little interest in pursuing such action. The German government position boils down to this: We have asked the U.S. if they are violating any agreements or laws and the Americans have said no. Case closed.<\/p>\n

\u201cWhat happens between the U.S., Ramstein and the drones is a division of labor in different locations,\u201d says Wolfgang Kaleck, the head of the European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights, one of the organizations bringing the Yemen suit against the German government. \u201cThe German government doesn\u2019t ask tough questions because they obviously don\u2019t want to know what really happens.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Predator<\/a>

Predator drone in Southern Afghanistan, 2006. Most drone pilots operate in the U.S., but depend on Ramstein to control their aircraft. (Veronique de Viguerie\/Getty Images)<\/p><\/div>\n

GERMANY HAS FIGURED<\/strong> prominently in the American drone war from the very beginning.<\/p>\n

In 2000, the U.S. Air Force launched an initiative to explore arming drones, the same year that the CIA \u2014 contemplating the assassination of Osama bin Laden \u2014 began using unarmed Predators to try to track the high-value target.<\/p>\n

It was through this surveillance project that a scientist working with the CIA and the U.S. military devised a prototype for what would become the system for operating drones from half a world away that endures to this day.<\/p>\n

Originally called \u201csplit operations,\u201d the method involved drone pilots operating from Ramstein, while the actual aircraft would fly out of an airfield in Afghanistan\u2019s neighbor Uzbekistan. From there, the drones could record live video over a complex near Kandahar where bin Laden was suspected of residing. \u201cThey chose Ramstein because that was the most convenient place where they could be on a very secure location and still reach a satellite that had a footprint that covered Afghanistan,\u201d says Richard Whittle, author of the book Predator: The Secret Origins of the Drone Revolution<\/em>. \u201cAnd that worked.\u201d<\/p>\n

The successful development of the split operations was welcomed by those within the U.S. intelligence community who were pushing for authorities to assassinate bin Laden \u2014 it would make their mission easier to accomplish.<\/p>\n

But plans to assassinate bin Laden with a Hellfire missile launched from a drone piloted from Ramstein hit a snag. \u201cA Defense Department lawyer raised the issue that you couldn\u2019t pull the trigger from German soil under the U.S. Status of Forces Agreement without telling the German government you were going to do it and getting their permission,\u201d says Whittle. Fearing that the German government of Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder would reject the proposal or that the existence of the facility and the plot to kill bin Laden would leak, the CIA went back to the drawing board. \u201cYou have to remember at that time, the whole idea of assassinating Osama bin Laden had a different feel to it than it did later after 9\/11,\u201d Whittle told The Intercept<\/em>. \u201cHe was barely known among the general public. The whole idea of the CIA running a targeted killing was entirely different and there was a lot of hesitation.\u201d<\/p>\n

The CIA considered moving the ground control station to a ship in the ocean or to another European location. But all of those scenarios would come with risks and technical complications. In the end, the CIA decided to position pilots at a ground control station within CIA headquarters in Langley and then use fiber optic underwater cables to facilitate lightning fast communications between pilots in the U.S. and the drones they would\u00a0control. The cable to Germany would be the artery connecting the pilots to the planes that would hunt bin Laden and other terror suspects. It would run from the U.S. to Ramstein, which would house\u00a0a powerful satellite uplink that could hit satellites in Afghanistan. But the key was that the actual commands to deploy drones as weapons would be issued from American not German soil, thus freeing the U.S. from the obligation to get the Germans\u2019 approval for the mission. The\u00a0system was called \u201cremote split operations.\u201d<\/p>\n

Soon after taking office in 2009, President Obama authorized an expansion of the drone war, including opening new fronts in Somalia and Yemen. But the U.S. military discovered a gap in its satellite coverage. So, in early 2009, after \u201can urgent call from the Pentagon\u2019s Joint staff,\u201d a commercial satellite provider, Intelsat, shifted<\/a> its Galaxy-26 satellite from the U.S. to orbit over the Indian Ocean. This repositioning of the Galaxy-26, which could be reached by U.S. drone operators by using the relay station at Ramstein, facilitated the rapid expansion of the U.S. drone program.<\/p>\n

Former drone sensor operator Brandon Bryant, who conducted operations in Yemen, Afghanistan and Iraq, said that without Ramstein, the U.S. would either need to find another base in the area, with the ability to hit satellites in the Middle East and Africa, or place U.S. personnel much closer to the areas they are targeting. \u201cInstead of being able to be [inside the U.S.] with their operations, they would have to do more line-of-sight stuff, more direct deployments, more people going over there rather than [operating] in the states,\u201d Bryant, who has become an outspoken critic of the drone program, told The Intercept<\/em>. The U.S. is \u201cdoing shady stuff behind the scenes like using satellite and information technologies that, if able to continue being used, are going to just continue to perpetuate the drone war,\u201d he charged.<\/p>\n

\u201cRamstein is the focal point for drone communications,\u201d says Dan Gettinger, co-director of the Center for the Study of the Drone at Bard College. \u201cIf the communications infrastructure didn\u2019t exist, the drone would be just a remote control plane, a toy basically.\u201d It is \u201cmore important to the drone operations than the weapons a drone carries.\u201d<\/p>\n

The top-secret slides show how embedded Ramstein has become in the drone war. They describe in detail the system by which a geolocating device affixed to the drone feeds back to a satellite and down to the station at Ramstein. The GILGAMESH platform, which The Intercept<\/em> first reported<\/a> on in February of 2014, utilizes a device placed on the bottom of the drone. It operates as a fake cell phone tower, forcing individual mobile phones of targeted individuals to connect to it so that their location can be pinpointed and used in \u201cfind, fix and finish\u201d missions.<\/p>\n

The slides show that GILGAMESH operations ran out of several sites, including Djibouti, a base from which the U.S. has launched drone aircraft into Somalia and Yemen. The slides also describe how drones are equipped with a collection platform, \u201cAIRHANDLER,\u201d which relays data back to ground control stations via Ramstein.<\/p>\n

\"Construction<\/a>

Construction on the Satellite Relay Facility at Ramstein. (Image: Josh Begley)<\/p><\/div>\n

RAMSTEIN IS NOT<\/strong> the only crucial U.S. military installation in Germany. The U.S. has a separate key facility an hour away, in Wiesbaden, Germany, called the European Technical Center (ETC). According to a previously reported<\/a> classified document provided by NSA whistleblower Edward Snowden, the ETC \u201cis NSA\u2019s primary communications hub in that part of the world, providing communications connectivity, SIGINT collection, and data-flow services to NSAers, warfighters and foreign partners in Europe, Africa and the Middle East.\u201d<\/p>\n

In the top-secret drone architecture slide deck obtained by The Intercept<\/em>, the ETC is shown as having satellite links to Bagram air base in Afghanistan as well as a fiber optic connection to the NSA\u2019s counterterrorism facilities in Georgia, where many GILGAMESH operators supporting drone operations are based.<\/p>\n

As the U.S. expands the global reach of its drones, Ramstein is poised to play a crucial role in new war frontiers. Last June, the Air Force awarded a contract to a major satellite provider that boasts that it \u201cleverages our global satellite fleet to provide communications capability\u201d for drones. The contract will support the operations of the Germany-based U.S. Africa Command. \u201cWork will be performed at Ramstein Air Base, Germany and the western portion of Africa,\u201d the contract announcement<\/a> states.<\/p>\n

In 2011, the Air Force requested $15 million to build a center similar to the Ramstein satellite facility at a U.S. military base in Sigonella, Italy. As of November 2014, according to a U.S. military contracting document, the project was still in a pre-solicitation stage and construction had not been completed. The Air Force\u2019s request<\/a> for funding of the station underlined the centrality of Ramstein to all current drone operations. It asserted that the proposed Italy site would \u201cact as a back-up system to the Ramstein site to avoid single point of failure.\u201d<\/p>\n

_____________________________________<\/p>\n

Additional reporting by Ryan Devereaux, Laura Poitras, and Josh Begley. Margot Williams, Sheelagh McNeill, Connie Yu, Alleen Brown, Andrea Jones, Sharon Weinberger, and Henrik Moltke contributed to this story.<\/em><\/p>\n

Email the author: jeremy.scahill@theintercept.com<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

This is a joint investigation with the German news magazine Der Spiegel<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

Go to Original \u2013 firstlook.org<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A top-secret U.S. intelligence document obtained by The Intercept reveals that the sprawling U.S. military base in Ramstein, Germany plays a critical role in the American drone program, relaying commands from drone operators to their remote aircraft in Yemen, Somalia, Afghanistan and other targeted countries.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[57],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-56721","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-militarism"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/56721","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=56721"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/56721\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=56721"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=56721"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=56721"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}