{"id":59281,"date":"2015-06-08T12:00:21","date_gmt":"2015-06-08T11:00:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=59281"},"modified":"2015-06-08T10:57:35","modified_gmt":"2015-06-08T09:57:35","slug":"why-hardly-anyone-dies-from-a-drug-overdose-in-portugal","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2015\/06\/why-hardly-anyone-dies-from-a-drug-overdose-in-portugal\/","title":{"rendered":"Why Hardly Anyone Dies from a Drug Overdose in Portugal"},"content":{"rendered":"

5 Jun 2015 – <\/em>Portugal decriminalized the use of all drugs in 2001<\/a>. Weed, cocaine, heroin, you name it — Portugal decided to treat possession and use of small quantities of these drugs as a public health issue, not a criminal one.\u00a0The drugs were still illegal, of course. But now getting caught with them meant a small fine and maybe a referral to a treatment program — not jail time and a criminal record.<\/p>\n

\"Photo<\/a>

Photo by Patricia de Melo Moreria\/AFP<\/p><\/div>\n

Whenever we debate similar measures in the U.S. — marijuana decriminalization, for instance — many\u00a0drug-policy makers\u00a0predict dire consequences.\u00a0\u201cIf you make any attractive commodity available at lower cost, you will have more users,” former Office of National Drug Control Policy deputy director Thomas McLellan once said<\/a>\u00a0of Portugal’s policies. Joseph Califano, founder of the Center for Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, once\u00a0warned<\/a> that decriminalization would “increase illegal drug availability and use among our children.”<\/p>\n

But in Portugal, the numbers paint a different story. The prevalence of past-year and past-month drug use among young adults has fallen since 2001<\/a>, according to statistics compiled by the Transform Drug Policy Foundation, which advocates on behalf of ending the war on drugs. Overall adult use is down slightly too. And new HIV cases among drug users are way down<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Now, numbers just released from the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction<\/a> paint an even more vivid picture of life under decriminalization: drug overdose deaths in Portugal are the second-lowest in the European Union.<\/p>\n

\"drug<\/a><\/p>\n

Among Portuguese adults, there are 3 drug overdose deaths for every 1,000,000 citizens. Comparable numbers in other countries range from 10.2 per million in the Netherlands to 44.6 per million in the U.K., all the way up to 126.8 per million in Estonia. The E.U. average is 17.3 per million.<\/p>\n

Perhaps more significantly, the report notes that the use of “legal highs” — like so-called “synthetic” marijuana, “bath salts” and the like — is lower in Portugal than in any of the other countries for which reliable data exists. This makes a lot of intuitive sense: why bother with fake weed or dangerous designer drugs when you can get the real stuff? This is arguably a positive development for public health in the sense that many of the designer drugs that people develop to skirt existing drug laws have terrible and often deadly side effects<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Drug use and drug deaths are complicated phenomena. They have many underlying causes. Portugal’s low death rate can’t be attributable solely to decriminalization. As Dr. Joao Goulao, the architect of the country’s decriminalization policy, has said<\/a>, “it’s very difficult to identify a causal link between decriminalization by itself and the positive tendencies we have seen.”<\/p>\n

Still, it’s very clear that decriminalization hasn’t had the severe\u00a0consequences that its opponents predicted. As the Transform Drug Policy Institute says\u00a0in its analysis of Portugal’s drug laws<\/a>, “The reality is that Portugal\u2019s drug situation has improved significantly in several key areas. Most notably, HIV infections and drug-related deaths have decreased, while the dramatic rise in use feared by some has failed to materialise.”<\/p>\n

As state legislatures debate with issues like marijuana legalization and decriminalization in the coming years, Portugal’s 15-year experience\u00a0may be informative.<\/p>\n

__________________________________<\/p>\n

Christopher Ingraham writes about politics, drug policy and all things data. He previously worked at the Brookings Institution and the Pew Research Center.<\/em><\/p>\n

Go to Original \u2013 washingtonpost.com<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

5 Jun 2015 – Portugal decriminalized the use of all drugs in 2001. Weed, cocaine, heroin, you name it — possession and use of small quantities of these drugs are a public health issue, not a criminal one.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[52],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-59281","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-health"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59281","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=59281"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59281\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=59281"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=59281"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=59281"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}