{"id":59638,"date":"2015-06-29T12:00:02","date_gmt":"2015-06-29T11:00:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=59638"},"modified":"2015-06-15T05:59:01","modified_gmt":"2015-06-15T04:59:01","slug":"this-week-in-history-30","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2015\/06\/this-week-in-history-30\/","title":{"rendered":"This Week in History"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>June 29\u2013July 5<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>QUOTE OF THE WEEK:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/livebyquotes.com\/2015\/if-one-dream-should-fall-and-break-into-a-thousand-pieces-never-be-afraid-to-pick-one-of-those-pieces-up-and-begin-again-flavia-weedn\/\" ><em>\u201cIf one dream should fall and break into a thousand pieces, never be afraid to pick one of those pieces up and begin again.\u201d<\/em><\/a> \u2013 Flavia Weedn<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>JUNE 29<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2014\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant\" >Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant<\/a> (= ISIL, aka ISIS) self-declared its caliphate in Syria and northern Iraq.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><em>ISIS and the United States:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/rt.com\/op-edge\/168064-isis-terrorism-usa-cia-war\/\" >ISIS in Iraq stinks of CIA\/NATO \u2018dirty war\u2019 op \u2013 RT Op-Edge<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.examiner.com\/article\/obama-ordered-cia-to-train-isis-jihadists-declassified-documents\" >Obama ordered CIA to train ISIS jihadists: Declassified documents \u2013 Examiner.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2015\/03\/washington-and-isis-the-evidence\/\" >Washington and ISIS: The Evidence<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.hangthebankers.com\/isis-leader-a-confirmed-cia-puppet\/\" >ISIS leader a confirmed CIA puppet<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/govtslaves.info\/secret-pentagon-report-reveals-west-saw-isis-as-strategic-asset\/\" >Secret Pentagon Report Reveals West Saw ISIS as Strategic Asset \u2013 GovtSlaves.info<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jacobinmag.com\/2015\/06\/isis-syria-assad-iraq-benghazi\/\" >How the US Helped ISIS \u2013 JacobinMag.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/rt.com\/op-edge\/183412-isis-us-syria-obama\/\" >ISIS: US-made monster running amok in Middle East, by Robert Bridge \u2013 RT.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/news\/article-2749197\/ISIS-arming-US-military-hardware-wage-jihad-Middle-East-seizing-weapons-Syrian-rebels-Iraqi-soldiers.html\" >ISIS arming themselves with US-made military hardware to wage jihad across the Middle East after seizing weapons from Syrian rebels and Iraqi soldiers \u2013 Daily Mail<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.presstv.ir\/Detail\/2015\/05\/26\/412952\/US-airstrikes-highprofile-ISIL-targets-Syria-Iraq-\" >US intentionally holding back attacks on obvious key ISIL target in Syria, Iraq: Report \u2013 PressTV.ir<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.zerohedge.com\/news\/2014-09-22\/what-iraq-thinks-it-obvious-everyone-isis-creation-united-states-and-israel\" >What Iraq Thinks: \u201cIt Is Obvious To Everyone That ISIS Is A Creation Of The United States And Israel\u201d \u2013 ZeroHedge.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/time.com\/2992269\/isis-is-an-american-plot-says-iran\/\" >Why Iran Believe the Militant Group ISIS Is an American Plot \u2013 Time.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.finalcall.com\/artman\/publish\/National_News_2\/article_101752.shtml\" >ISIS Made in U.S.A.? \u2013 FinalCall.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.commondreams.org\/views\/2014\/09\/02\/how-america-made-isis\" >How America Made ISIS \u2013 Their Videos and Ours, Their \u201cCaliphate\u201d and Ours, by Tom Engelhardt &#8211; CommonDreams.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opendemocracy.net\/tom-engelhardt\/how-america-made-isis%E2%80%A8\" >How America Made ISIS \u2013 OpenDemocracy.net<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.shtfplan.com\/headline-news\/isis-fires-american-made-missiles-at-syrian-army-u-s-funding-arming-isis-from-the-beginning_11102014\" >ISIS Fires American-Made Missiles At Syrian Army: \u201cU.S. Funding, Arming ISIS From the Beginning\u201d \u2013 SHTFplan.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.islamicinvitationturkey.com\/2015\/06\/05\/photos-see-how-america-fight-with-isil-isis-terrorists-drive-american-humvees\/\" >PHOTOS: See how America fight(!) with ISIL: ISIS Terrorists Drive American Humvees! \u2013 IslamicInvitationTurkey.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=dYXXcwuJtbQ\" >YouTube video (14 min. 59 sec.) ISIS EXPOSED 100% AS CIA OPERATION \u201cThe Next Bin Laden is Here\u201d \u2013 Don\u2019t Be Fooled<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=W1zGJApfbDc\" >YouTube video (27 min.00 sec.) ISIS: The Creation of The CIA<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ULsW_pkPAe0\" >YouTube video (16 min. 20 sec.): ISIS \u2018Flames Of War\u2019 HOAX: The Road To WW3 \u2013 DON\u2019T BE FOOLED!<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=aQkYtmewSpQ\" >YouTube video (8 min. 05 sec.): ISIS was created by the CIA and Mossad<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/vigilantcitizen.com\/vigilantreport\/isis-cia-creation-justify-war-abroad-repression-home\/\" >ISIS: A CIA Creation to Justify War Abroad and Repression at Home \u2013 The Vigilant Citizen<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.infowars.com\/isis-domestic-terror-threat-created-by-cia-and-u-s-military\/\" >ISIS Domestic Terror Threat Created by CIA and U.S. Military \u2013 Alex Jones &#8211; Infowars.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.amtvmedia.com\/former-cia-contractor-we-created-isis\/\" >Former CIA Contractor: We Created ISIS \u2013 Amtvmedia.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/thediplomat.com\/2014\/08\/iran-didnt-create-isis-we-did\/\" >Iran Didn\u2019t Create ISIS; We Did \u2013 The Diplomat<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.vox.com\/cards\/things-about-isis-you-need-to-know\/what-is-isis\" >ISIS used to be al-Qaeda in Iraq \u2013 17 things about ISIS and Iraq you need to know \u2013 Vox.com<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/docs.house.gov\/meetings\/FA\/FA18\/20131212\/101591\/HHRG-113-FA18-Wstate-LewisJ-20131212.pdf\" >Middle East Security Report 14, September 2013, by Jessica D. Lewis, &#8211; Al-Qaeda in Iraq Resurgent: Breaking the Walls Campaign Part 1<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jElMqi2AFD8\" >YouTube video (4 min. 25 sec.): \u2018US fighting alongside ISIS\u2019: Direct American role in strengthening jihadists?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8T1sjieQLuk\" >YouTube video (4 min. 44 sec.): Iran Exposes ISIS! Top Commander Says It\u2019s Supported by US, Israel and KSA!<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/kauilapele.wordpress.com\/2014\/06\/20\/tehran-times-6-18-14-iran-will-never-cooperate-with-u-s-in-war-against-isil-top-commander\/\" >Teheran Times 6-18-14\u2026\u201dIran will never cooperate with U.S. in war against ISIL: top commander\u201d<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2014\/10\/dont-worry-whatever-it-is-were-doing-in-the-middle-east-its-totally-not-a-war\/\" >Don\u2019t Worry, Whatever It Is We\u2019re Doing in the Middle East, It\u2019s Totally Not a \u2018War\u2019<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><em>Training, Support and Funding:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.zerohedge.com\/news\/2015-02-18\/wesley-clark-isis-got-started-through-funding-our-friends-allies\" >General Wesley Clerk: \u201cISIS Got Started Through Funding From Our Friends &amp; Allies\u201d \u2013 ZeroHedge.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.globalresearch.ca\/the-forbidden-truth-islamic-state-isis-recruiter-admits-getting-funds-from-america\/5428253\" >The Forbidden Truth: Islamic State (ISIS) Recruiter Admits Getting Funds From America \u2013 GlobalResearch.ca<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/rt.com\/news\/227195-islamic-state-us-funding\/\" >Islamic State operative confesses to receiving funding from US \u2013 report \u2013 RT.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/articles\/2014\/06\/14\/america-s-allies-are-funding-isis.html\" >America\u2019s Allies Are Funding ISIS \u2013 TheDailyBeast.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.wnd.com\/2014\/06\/officials-u-s-trained-isis-at-secret-base-in-jordan\/\" >Blowback! U.S. Trained Islamists Who Joined ISIS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/njtoday.net\/2015\/05\/17\/report-claims-america-created-the-islamic-state-of-iraq-and-syria-isis\/\" >Report claims America created the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) \u2013NJtoday.net<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=RPkPGBodJM4\" >YouTube video (3 min. 01 sec.): This is why the US created ISIS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=DqNwUxjdsAA\" >YouTube video (7 min. 01 sec.): US allies funding ISIS \u2013 Gen. Dempsey<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XnU6P2T5Yr4\" >YouTube video (3 min. 21 sec.): Exactly how the US trained and armed ISIS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ojcoKnTGf4s\" >YouTube video (11 min. 47 sec.): General Wesley Clark explains ISIS was created by U.S. allies<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ibtimes.co.in\/iraq-crisis-isis-terrorists-were-trained-by-us-2012-syria-conflict-602594\" >Iraq Crisis: ISIS Terrorists were Trained by US in 2012 for Syria Conflict<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/1newsjunkie.blogspot.com\/2014\/08\/snowden-bombshell-isis-leader-ciami5.html\" >Snowden Bombshell: ISIS Leader CIA\/MI6 Asset, Trained By Israel<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/freedomoutpost.com\/2014\/08\/you-do-realize-that-the-us-funded-and-trained-isis-right\/\" >You Do Realize that the US Funded and Trained ISIS, Right?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/lubpak.com\/archives\/315732\" >Key members of ISIS were trained by CIA and U.S. Special Forces<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/americanprosperity.com\/militant-islamic-group-isis-trained-at-u-s-base-in-jordan\/\" >Militant Islamic Group ISIS Trained at US Base in Jordan<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/national-security\/cia-ramping-up-covert-training-program-for-moderate-syrian-rebels\/2013\/10\/02\/a0bba084-2af6-11e3-8ade-a1f23cda135e_story.html\" >CIA ramping up covert training program for moderate Syrian rebels \u2013 The Washington Post<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/worldobserveronline.com\/2014\/08\/12\/former-cia-agent-isis-leader-abu-bakr-al-baghdadi-trained-israeli-mossad\/\" >FORMER CIA AGENT: \u201cISIS LEADER ABU BAKR AL BAGHADI WAS TRAINED BY ISRAELI MOSSAD.\u201d<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/theflyingcameldotorg.wordpress.com\/2014\/08\/30\/former-cia-officer-isis-were-trained-by-the-united-states-in-jordan\/\" >Former CIA Officer: \u201cISIS were trained by the United States in Jordan\u201d<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.datalounge.com\/cgi-bin\/iowa\/ajax.html?t=14275166#page:showThread,14275166\" >CIA and NATO have trained and financed ISIS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2014\/09\/how-america-made-isis-their-videos-and-ours-their-caliphate-and-ours\/\" >How America Made ISIS \u2013 Their Videos and Ours, Their \u201cCaliphate\u201d and Ours<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2014\/09\/follow-the-money-follow-the-oil-how-the-west-created-the-islamic-state\/\" >How the West Created the Islamic State<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.truth-out.org\/news\/item\/26509-did-we-really-create-isis\" >Did We Really Create ISIS?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/documentaryaddict.com\/the+creation+of+isis-12661-doc.html\" >The Creation of ISIS<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><em>ISIS and Israel:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.haaretz.com\/news\/world\/.premium-1.605097\" >Why Aren\u2019t ISIS and Al-Qaeda Attacking Israel?- HAARETZ<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/21stcenturywire.com\/2015\/02\/19\/un-report-reveals-how-israel-is-coordinating-with-isis-militants-inside-syria\/\" >UN Report Reveals How Israel is Coordinating with ISIS Militants Inside Syria<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.intellihub.com\/video-isis-saudi-arabia-the-cia-and-israel-exposed\/\" >Video: ISIS, Saudi Arabia, the CIA and Israel Exposed \u2013 Intellihub.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/ronald-tiersky\/isis-what-does-it-mean-fo_b_5489756.html\" >ISIS: What Does It Mean for Israel? \u2013 Ronald Tiersky<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2015\/02\/06\/politics\/israel-jordan-relationship-strengthened-isis\/\" >Israel bolsters ties to Jordan as ISIS looms &#8211; CNN<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/consortiumnews.com\/2014\/11\/05\/the-silence-of-the-israelis-on-isis\/\" >The Silence of the Israelis on ISIS \u2013 Consortium<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/english.alarabiya.net\/en\/views\/news\/middle-east\/2014\/07\/04\/Israel-and-ISIS-two-sides-of-the-same-coin.html\" >Israel and ISIS, two sides of the same coin \u2013 Al Arabiya News<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.haaretz.com\/news\/world\/.premium-1.605097\" >Why the Islamic State isn\u2019t in any rush to attack Israel<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2014\/10\/the-university-of-al-qaeda-americas-terrorist-academy-in-iraq-produced-isis-leaders\/\" >The University of Al-Qaeda? America\u2019s \u201cTerrorist Academy\u201d in Iraq Produced ISIS Leaders<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.zerohedge.com\/news\/2015-05-23\/secret-pentagon-report-reveals-us-created-isis-tool-overthrow-syrias-president-assad\" >Secret Pentagon Report Reveals US \u201cCreated\u201d ISIS As A \u201cTool\u201d To Overthrow Syria\u2019s President Assad<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=S2UogUfSwTI\" >YouTube video (10 min. 09 sec.): Israel Joining ISIS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jpost.com\/Middle-East\/New-UN-report-reveals-collaboration-between-Israel-and-Syrian-rebels-383926\" >New UN report reveals collaboration between Israel and Syrian rebels \u2013 The Jerusalem Post<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.addictinginfo.org\/2015\/02\/05\/isis-idf-link\/\" >UN finds credible ties between ISIS And Israel Defense Forces &#8211; AddictingInfo.org<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><em>Supply of Weapons to ISIS:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2015\/06\/04\/hell-on-wheels\/\" >Report: The Islamic State\u2019s Best Weapon Was Born in the USA \u2013 Foreign Policy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/news.antiwar.com\/2014\/09\/08\/made-in-the-usa-report-shows-isis-using-us-arms-from-syria-rebels\/\" >Made in USA: Report Shows ISIS Using US Arms from \u2018Syrian Rebels\u2019 \u2013 AntiWar.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/articles\/2014\/10\/21\/isis-video-america-s-air-dropped-weapons-now-in-our-hands.html\" >ISIS Video: America\u2019s Air Dropped Weapons Now in Our Hands<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nationaljournal.com\/defense\/did-the-u-s-just-accidentally-give-weapons-to-isis-20141021\" >Did the U.S. Just Accidentally Give Weapons to ISIS?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.heresyherald.com\/#!Report-US-Military-Arming-ISIS\/c249c\/D7A93373-2FE4-4A2E-A62E-AC711EB9C57D\" >Report: US Military Arming ISIS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sott.net\/article\/291028-US-continues-to-airdrop-weapons-and-aid-to-ISIS-a-group-they-re-allegedly-fighting\" >S. continues to airdrops weapons and aid to ISIS \u2013 a group they\u2019re allegedly fighting<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/international\/archive\/2014\/10\/american-weapons-find-their-way-to-isis-again\/381733\/\" >More American Weapons for ISIS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.globalresearch.ca\/u-s-airdrops-weapons-to-isis-as-iraqi-army-makes-gains\/5422034\" >S. Airdrops Weapons to ISIS as Iraqi Army Makes Gains<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/rt.com\/news\/197988-isis-us-weapons-video\/\" >Right into enemy hands? ISIS shows off new weapons allegedly airdropped by US (VIDEO)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/beforeitsnews.com\/terrorism\/2015\/02\/caught-red-handed-two-british-planes-shot-down-in-iraq-carrying-weapons-for-isis-terrorists-2452716.html?utm_medium=verticalresponse&amp;utm;_content=beforeit39snews-verticalresponse&amp;utm;_term=http%3A%2F%2Fb4in.info%2FejD1&amp;utm;_campaign=&amp;utm;_source=direct-b4in.info\" >CAUGHT RED-HANDED : Two British Planes Shot Down in Iraq Carrying Weapons for ISIS Terrorists<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=nfJph7HM9m4\" >US and BRITISH Planes Have Been Making Airdrops of Weapons to ISIS \u2013 YouTube video (6 min. 07 sec.)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.infowars.com\/report-iraqi-forces-again-claim-us-is-supplying-isis-with-weapon-drops\/\" >Report: Iraqi Forces AGAIN Claim US is Supplying ISIS with Weapon Drops: Claim to have shot down US chopper full of weapons<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.globalresearch.ca\/u-s-helicopter-delivering-weapons-to-the-islamic-state-isis-shot-down-by-iraqi-popular-forces\/5434230\" >Terrorists Supported by America: U.S. Helicopter Delivering Weapons to the Islamic State (ISIS), Shot Down by Iraq \u201cPopular Forces\u201d<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><em>How ISIS Uses Oil to Finance Its Terror Operations<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/articles\/2014\/06\/14\/america-s-allies-are-funding-isis.html\" >America\u2019s Allies Are Funding ISIS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/dailysignal.com\/2014\/09\/11\/the-scary-amount-of-oil-money-isis-makes-every-day\/?utm_source=twitter&amp;utm_medium=social\" >The Scary Amount of Oil Money ISIS Makes Every Day \u2013 The Daily Signal<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/isis-funding-gulf-kuwait-donations-oil-revenue-terrorist\/\" >ISIS is rolling in cash, but from where? \u2013 CBS News<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.dailysabah.com\/mideast\/2014\/08\/26\/isis-earns-3-million-from-oil-sales-every-day-expert-says\" >ISIS earns $3 million from oil sales every day, expert says \u2013 Daily Sabah<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.vox.com\/2014\/11\/7\/7173665\/isis-oil-money\" >Is everything we know is ISIS\u2019s oil money wrong? \u2013 Vox.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ibtimes.com\/isis-oil-revenue-islamic-state-makes-money-selling-gas-bashar-assad-new-bbc2-1892370\" >ISIS Oil Revenue: Islamic State Makes Money By Selling Gas To Bashar Assad, New BBC2 Documentary Claims \u2013 International Business Times<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=H4mK4Jp_F4o\" >YouTube video (3 min 47 sec.): Ali Soufan Interviewed on BBC This World: World\u2019s Richest Terror Army<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/libertynews.com\/2014\/08\/isis-generates-720-million-a-year-in-oil-revenue\/\" >ISIS Generates $720 MILLION a Year in Oil Revenue! \u2013 Liberty News<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.aina.org\/news\/20141120050955.pdf\" >Inside Islamic State\u2019s Oil Empire: How Captures Oilfields Fuel Isis Insurgency \u2013 Aina.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.newsmax.com\/Newsfront\/oil-ISIS-revenue-Islamic-State\/2015\/02\/16\/id\/625045\/\" >ISIS\u2019 Sources of Revenue Unclear But Group Well Financed \u2013 Newsmax.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/interactive\/2015\/05\/19\/world\/middleeast\/isis-finances.html?_r=0\" >ISIS Finances Are Strong \u2013 The New York Times<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/isis-will-make-money-from-antiquities-in-palmyra-syria-2015-5\" >ISIS is about to make A LOT of money off \u2018the archaeological equivalent of a beheading\u2019 \u2013 Business Insider<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><em>Buyers of ISIS Oil:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/windowstorussia.com\/isis-oil-the-west-loves-cheap-oil.html\" >ISIS Oil: The West loves cheap oil\u2026 \u2013Windows to Russia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/wolfblitzzer0.blogspot.com\/2014\/09\/nato-usuk-rothschild-zionists-buy-isis.html\" >NATO US, UK Rothschild Zionist Buy ISIS Stolen Oil. Boycott Russian Oil<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pri.org\/stories\/2014-09-16\/isis-selling-cheap-oil-its-enemies-syrias-government-kurds\" >ISIS is selling cheap oil to its enemies \u2013 from Syria\u2019s government to the Kurds \u2013 Pri.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.bloomberg.com\/bw\/articles\/2014-09-11\/islamic-state-smuggles-oil-into-turkey-with-hostages-as-insurance\" >Islamic State Smuggles Oil into Turkey \u2013 With Hostages as Insurance \u2013 Bloomberg.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/pjmedia.com\/tatler\/2014\/09\/18\/whos-buying-isis-oil-kerry-says-theyre-looking-into-it\/\" >Who\u2019s Buying ISIS\u2019 Oil? Kerry Says They\u2019re Looking Into It \u2013 PJ Media<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.simmsreport.com\/2014\/09\/04\/israel-is-doomed-us-caught-buying-oil-stolen-by-isis\/\" >Israel is Doomed! US Caught Buying Oil Stolen by ISIS \u2013 SimmersReport.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=uIO0jysy6-s\" >YouTube video (8 min. 21 sec.): Is the U.S. Buying Oil from ISIS in Syria?<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.shameonyou.buzz\/thanks-to-islamic-state-isis-the-world-is-getting-cheap-oil-terrorist-group-selling-oil-as-cheap-as-20-per-barrel\/\" >Thanks to Islamic State ISIS, the world is getting cheap oil! Terrorist group selling oil as cheap as $20 per barrel! \u2013 Shameonyou.buzz<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/123islamic.com\/2014\/11\/30\/isis-oil-is-cheaper-and-flowing-to-europe\/\" >ISIS Oil is Cheaper and Flowing to Europe \u2013 123 Islamic State ISIS ISIL<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.israelnationalnews.com\/News\/News.aspx\/184823#.VWSmNEaufX4\" >Supporting Terror: EU States Buying Islamic States Oil \u2013 Israel National News<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.onenewspage.com\/n\/US\/750mo9mch\/CLAIM-EU-Countries-Buying-ISIS-Oil.htm\" >CLAIM: EU Countries Buying ISIS Oil \u2013 One News Page<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/shoebat.com\/2014\/09\/06\/eu-buying-isis-oil\/\" >European Union Buying ISIS Oil \u2013 Shoebat.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/investmentwatchblog.com\/eu-ambassador-to-iraq-admits-were-funding-isis-by-buying-their-oil\/\" >EU Ambassador to Iraq Admits: We\u2019re \u2018Funding ISIS\u2019 By Buying Their Oil!<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/stuartjeannebramhall.com\/2014\/09\/16\/eu-members-purchasing-oil-from-isis\/\" >EU Members Purchasing Oil from ISIS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.zerohedge.com\/news\/2014-09-15\/petrodollar-panic-eu-officials-admit-buying-oil-isis\" >Petrodollar Panic: EU Officials Admit Buying Oil From ISIS \u2013 Zerohedge.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2006\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hamdan_v._Rumsfeld\" ><em>Hamdan v. Rumsfeld<\/em><\/a>: The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U.S._Supreme_Court\" >U.S. Supreme Court<\/a> rules that President <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_W._Bush\" >George W. Bush<\/a>&#8216;s plan to try <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guantanamo_Bay_detention_camp\" >Guantanamo Bay detainees<\/a> in military tribunals violates U.S. and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_law\" >international law<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><em>Guant\u00e1namo Bay Prison:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/topics.nytimes.com\/top\/news\/national\/usstatesterritoriesandpossessions\/guantanamobaynavalbasecuba\/index.html\" >Guant\u00e1namo Bay Naval Base (Cuba) \u2013 The New York Times<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/geography.about.com\/od\/croatiamaps\/a\/Guantanamo-Bay.htm\" >Guantanamo Bay \u2013 Historic Naval Base meets Suburban America<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.globalsecurity.org\/military\/facility\/guantanamo-bay.htm\" >Guantanamo Bay [GTMO] \u201cGITMO\u201d<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2013\/09\/09\/world\/guantanamo-bay-naval-station-fast-facts\/index.html\" >Guantanamo Bay Naval Station Fast Facts \u2013 CNN<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.humanrightsfirst.org\/resource\/cost-guantanamo-bay-prison\" >The Cost of the Guantanamo Bay Prison \u2013 Human Rights First<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><em>Human Rights at Guant\u00e1namo:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.debate.org\/opinions\/does-guantanamo-bay-violate-human-rights\" >Does Guantanamo Bay violates human rights? \u2013 Debate.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/globalization.wikispaces.com\/Human+Rights+in+Guantanamo+Bay\" >Human Rights in Guantanamo Bay \u2013 Globalization.wikispaces.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.amnestyusa.org\/our-work\/issues\/security-and-human-rights\/guantanamo\" >Guantanamo, Bagram and Illegal US Detentions \u2013 Amnesty International<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.academia.edu\/4002826\/Human_Rights_Prisoners_Rights_in_Guantanamo_detention_Bay\" >Human Rights\/Prisoners\u2019 Rights in Guantanamo detention Bay \u2013 academia.edu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.humanrightsfirst.org\/topics\/guantanamo\" >We\u2019ve been at the forefront of the effort to close the prison at Guantanamo. \u2013 Human Rights First<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2015\/01\/guantanamo-prisoner-diary-were-gonna-teach-you-about-great-american-sex\/\" >Guantanamo Prisoner Diary: \u2018We\u2019re Gonna Teach You about Great American Sex\u2019<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/CIA-torture-report-full-text.pdf\" >CIA torture report full text<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2015\/01\/close-guantanamo-then-give-it-back-to-cuba\/\" >Close Guantanamo \u2013 Then Give It Back to Cuba<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><em>Hamdan vs. Rumsfeld<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cja.org\/article.php?id=327\" >Hamdan vs.Rumsfeld \u2013 Center for Justice and Accountability<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.supremecourt.gov\/opinions\/05pdf\/05-184.pdf\" >Hamdan vs. Rumsfeld: Syllabus &#8211; Supreme Court of the United States<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.law.cornell.edu\/supct\/html\/05-184.ZO.html\" >Salim Ahmed Hamdan, Petitioner vs. Donald H. Rumsfeld, Secretary of Defense, et al. \u2013 Supreme Court of the United States \u2013 Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.saylor.org\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Hamdan-v.-Rumsfeld-4.2.pdf\" >Hamdan vs. Rumsfeld \u2013 The Oyez Project<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/pov\/oath\/photo_gallery_background.php?photo=12#.VWSfpEaufX4\" >Background \u2013 The Oath in Text: U.S. Policy in the Wake of 9\/11: Hamdan vs. Rumsfeld<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1994\u00a0 <\/strong>US reopens <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guantanamo_Bay_Naval_Base\" >Guantanamo Naval Base<\/a> to process refugees.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/publichistorycommons.org\/cuban-refugee-experience-of-guantanamo-bay\/\" >The Cuban refugee experience of Guant\u00e1namo Bay \u2013 Public History Commons<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/ufdc.ufl.edu\/AA00015469\/00001\" >Photographs of Cuban Refugees, Guant\u00e1namo Bay Naval Base, 1994 \u2013 1995 \u2013 UF George A Smathers Libraries<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Sea_Signal\" >Operation Sea Signal &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/timelinesdb.com\/listevents.php?subjid=526&amp;title=Gitmo\" >Timeline &#8211; Gitmo<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1984\u00a0 <\/strong>USSR offers to start talking about banning <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Strategic_Defense_Initiative\" >SDI<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.historycommons.org\/entity.jsp?entity=strategic_defense_initiative_1\" >Profile: Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) \u2013 History Commons<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/fas.org\/spp\/starwars\/offdocs\/m8310017.htm\" >Possible Soviet Responses to the US Strategic Defense Initiative \u2013 NIC M 83-10017 12 September 1983<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/EBchecked\/topic\/568214\/Strategic-Defense-Initiative-SDI\" >Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) United States Defense System \u2013 Encyclopedia Britannica<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cna.org\/sites\/default\/files\/research\/5500046100.pdf\" >The Soviet Military On SDI, by Mary C. Fitzgerald \u2013 Professional Paper 461\/August 1987, Center for Naval Analyses (CNA)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.foreignaffairs.com\/articles\/russian-federation\/1988-03-01\/kremlin-and-sdi\" >The Kremlin and SDI \u2013 Foreign Affairs Spring 1988 issue<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.school-for-champions.com\/sdi\/overview.htm#.VWSAA0aufX4\" >Overview of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), by Ron Kurtus<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.rand.org\/pubs\/notes\/N2662.html\" >SDI and the Soviet Defense Burden by Gregory G. Hildebrandt \u2013 RAND<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.freerepublic.com\/focus\/f-bloggers\/1148432\/posts\" >How Reagan and SDI Helped End the Cold War<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/web.stanford.edu\/group\/wais\/History\/history_ussrandreagan.htm\" >The Collapse of the Soviet Union and Ronald Reagan<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/russianforces.org\/podvig\/Podvig-Soviet_Response_to_SDI_Web2013.pdf\" >Did Star Wars Help End the Cold War? Soviet Response to the SDI Program, by Pavel Podvig, Russian Nuclear Forces Project, Working paper, March 2013<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1976\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1976_Conference_of_Communist_and_Workers_Parties_of_Europe\" >Conference of Communist and Workers Parties of Europe<\/a> convenes in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_Berlin\" >East Berlin<\/a><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_East_Germany\" >History of East Germany \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/isreview.org\/issue\/79\/german-workers-and-birth-united-front\" >German workers and the birth of the united front \u2013 International Socialist Review<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.marxist.com\/germany-counter-revolution-rise-fascism\/all-pages.htm\" >Germany: from Revolution to Counter-Revolution \u2013 Marxist.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.columbia.edu\/~lnp3\/mydocs\/organization\/comintern_and_germany.htm\" >The Comintern and the German Communist Party \u2013 Columbia.edu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/isj.org.uk\/the-origins-of-the-united-front-policy\/\" >The origins of the united front policy, by John Riddell \u2013 International Socialism<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1976\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seychelles\" >Seychelles<\/a> become independent from the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom\" >United Kingdom<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Seychelles\" >History of Seychelles &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.seychelles.travel\/discover\/history\" >History of Seychelles \u2013 Seychelles travel<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.infoplease.com\/country\/seychelles.html\" >Seychelles \u2013 inforplease.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.destination360.com\/africa\/seychelles\/history\" >Seychelles History \u2013 Destination 360<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.indian-ocean.com\/the-history-of-the-seychelles\/\" >History of Seychelles \u2013 Indian-Ocean.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1975\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steve_Wozniak\" >Steve Wozniak<\/a> tested his first prototype of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apple_I\" >Apple I<\/a> computer.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1974\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mikhail_Baryshnikov\" >Mikhail Baryshnikov<\/a> defects from the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union\" >Soviet Union<\/a> to <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Canada\" >Canada<\/a> while on tour with the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kirov_Ballet\" >Kirov Ballet<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tcm.com\/tcmdb\/person\/11051|0\/Mikhail-Baryshnikov\/\" >Overview for Mikhail Baryshnikov \u2013 tcm.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.hollywood.com\/celebrities\/mikhail-baryshnikov-57300030\/\" >Mikhail Baryshnikov \u2013 Biography and filmography \u2013 Holywood.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Soviet_and_Eastern_Bloc_defectors\" >List of Soviet and Eastern Bloc Defectors \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1974\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isabel_Per%C3%B3n\" >Isabel Per\u00f3n<\/a> is sworn in as the first female <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_Argentina\" >President of Argentina<\/a>. Her husband, President <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Juan_Per%C3%B3n\" >Juan Per\u00f3n<\/a>, had delegated responsibility due to weak health and died two days later.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1956\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1956\" >Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956<\/a> is signed, officially creating the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States\" >United States<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interstate_Highway_System\" >Interstate Highway System<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1949\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jamaicaobserver.com\/news\/This-Day-in-History---June-29_14575602\" >South Africa begins implementing apartheid, its racial segregation rules.<\/a><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/dev.laptop.org\/pub\/content\/wp\/en\/Apartheid.html\" >History of South Africa in the apartheid era \u2013 Digital Library<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crime_of_apartheid\" >Crime of apartheid &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/legal.un.org\/avl\/ha\/cspca\/cspca.html\">Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid<br \/>\nNew York, 30 November 1973, lectured by John Dugard \u2013 Audiovisual Library of International Law<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www1.umn.edu\/humanrts\/instree\/apartheid-supp.html\" >Full text of <em>International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of <\/em>Apartheid, G.A. res. 3068 (XXVIII)), 28 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 30) at 75, U.N. Doc. A\/9030 (1974), 1015 U.N.T.S. 243, entered into force July 18, 1976. \u2013 University of Minnesota Human Rights Library<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1949\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.history.pmi.website\/events\/30019\/\" >US troops withdraw from Korea after WW II.<\/a><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/countrystudies.us\/south-korea\/9.htm\" >South Korea Under United States Occupation, 1945-48 \u2013 Countrystudies.us<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Korea#Before_the_division\" >South Korea &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1945\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carpathian_Ruthenia\" >Carpathian Ruthenia<\/a> is annexed by the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union\" >Soviet Union<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1943\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/fdr-writes-to-manhattan-project-physicist-dr-robert-oppenheimer\" >FDR writes to Manhattan Project physicist Dr. Robert Oppenheimer.<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1932\u00a0 <\/strong>USSR &amp; China sign non-aggression treaty.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1916\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irish_nationalism\" >Irish Nationalist<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland\" >British<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diplomat\" >diplomat<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roger_Casement\" >Roger Casement<\/a> is sentenced to death for his part in the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Easter_Rising\" >Easter Rising<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1915\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_Saskatchewan_River_flood_of_1915\" >North Saskatchewan River flood of 1915<\/a> is the worst flood in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Edmonton\" >Edmonton<\/a> history.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1914\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jina_Guseva\" >Jina Guseva<\/a> attempts to assassinate <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grigori_Rasputin\" >Grigori Rasputin<\/a> at his home town in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siberia\" >Siberia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1913\u00a0 <\/strong>The attack by Bulgarian General Michael Savov on Greek and Serbian positions leads to beginning of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Balkan_War\" >the second Balkan War<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1895\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Doukhobors\" >Doukhobors<\/a> burn their weapons as a protest against conscription by the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_Empire\" >Tsarist Russian government<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1888\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_Edward_Gouraud\" >George Edward Gouraud<\/a> records <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_Frideric_Handel\" >Handel<\/a>&#8216;s <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Israel_in_Egypt\" ><em>Israel in Egypt<\/em><\/a> onto a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phonograph_cylinder\" >phonograph cylinder<\/a>, thought for many years to be the oldest known recording of music.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1881\u00a0 <\/strong>In Sudan, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Muhammad_Ahmad\" >Muhammad Ahmad<\/a> declares himself to be the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mahdi\" >Mahdi<\/a>, the messianic redeemer of Islam.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1880\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/France\" >France<\/a> annexes <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tahiti\" >Tahiti<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1874\u00a0 <\/strong>Greek politician <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charilaos_Trikoupis\" >Charilaos Trikoupis<\/a> publishes a manifesto in the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Athens\" >Athens<\/a> daily <em>Kairoi<\/em> entitled &#8220;Who&#8217;s to Blame?&#8221; in which he lays out his complaints against <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_I_of_Greece\" >King George<\/a>. He is elected <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_Minister_of_Greece\" >Prime Minister of Greece<\/a> the next year.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1807\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russo-Turkish_War_%281806%E2%80%931812%29\" >Russo-Turkish War<\/a>: Admiral <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dmitry_Senyavin\" >Dmitry Senyavin<\/a> destroys the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ottoman_Empire\" >Ottoman<\/a> fleet in the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Athos\" >Battle of Athos<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>JUNE 30<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1997\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom\" >United Kingdom<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transfer_of_sovereignty_of_Hong_Kong\" >transfers<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sovereignty\" >sovereignty<\/a> over <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hong_Kong\" >Hong Kong<\/a> to the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Republic_of_China\" >People&#8217;s Republic of China<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Hong_Kong\" >History of Hong Kong \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Hong_Kong\" >British Hong Kong \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.moving2hongkong.org\/history-of-hong-kong\/modern-hong-kong.html\" >Modern Hong Kong under British rule (1950s \u2013 1997)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/learning\/general\/onthisday\/big\/0630.html#article\" >China Resumes Control of Hong Kong, Concluding 156 Years of British Rule<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/asianhistory.about.com\/od\/asianhistoryfaqs\/f\/HongKongFAQ.htm\" >Why Did China Lease Hong Kong to Britain? \u2013 About Education<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/2007\/06\/27\/us-hongkong-anniversary-history-idUSSP27479920070627\" >CHRONOLOGY: Timeline of 156 years of British rule in Hong Kong \u2013 Reuters.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1990\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_Germany\" >East Germany<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/West_Germany\" >West Germany<\/a> merge their economies.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1989\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1989_Sudanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat\" >Sudan suspends interim constitution following coup.<\/a><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Sudan\" >History of Sudan &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www1.umn.edu\/humanrts\/ins\/sudan93.pdf\" >Alert Series \u2013 Sudan: Human Rights Since the 1989 Coup<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/3ae6a607f.html\" >Following the June 30, 1989, military coup by Lieutenant General Omar el-Bashir&#8217;s Revolutionary Command Council (RCC) against the civilian government of Prime Minister Sadiq el-Mahdi, human rights conditions have deteriorated for almost all sectors of Sudan&#8217;s population. \u2013 RefWorld.org<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1985\u00a0 <\/strong>Thirty-nine American hostages from the hijacked <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TWA_Flight_847\" >TWA Flight 847<\/a> are freed in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Beirut\" >Beirut<\/a> after being held for 17 days.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1977\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization\" >Southeast Asia Treaty Organization<\/a> disbands.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1972\u00a0 <\/strong>The first <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leap_second\" >leap second<\/a> is added to the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UTC\" >UTC<\/a> time system.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1966\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Organization_for_Women\" >National Organization for Women<\/a>, the United States&#8217; largest <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Feminism\" >feminist<\/a> organization, is founded.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1963\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ciaculli_massacre\" >Ciaculli massacre<\/a>: a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Car_bomb\" >car bomb<\/a>, intended for <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mafia\" >Mafia<\/a> boss <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salvatore_Greco_%22Ciaschiteddu%22\" >Salvatore Greco<\/a>, kills seven <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polizia_di_Stato\" >police<\/a> officers and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italian_Army\" >military<\/a> personnel near <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palermo\" >Palermo<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1960\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Belgian_Congo\" >Congo<\/a> gains independence from <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Belgium\" >Belgium<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ultimatehistoryproject.com\/belgian-congo.html\" >Belgian Congo History \u2013 The Ultimate History Project<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/EBchecked\/topic\/59224\/Belgian-Congo\" >Belgian Congo \u2013 Encyclopedia Britannica<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/study.com\/academy\/lesson\/history-of-the-belgian-congo-imperialism-genocide-atrocities.html\" >History of the Belgian Congo: Imperialism, Genocide &amp; Atrocities \u2013 Study.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1944\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>: The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Cherbourg\" >Battle of Cherbourg<\/a> ends with the fall of the strategically valuable port to <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States\" >American<\/a> forces.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1937\u00a0 <\/strong>The world&#8217;s first <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emergency_telephone_number\" >emergency telephone number<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/999_%28emergency_telephone_number%29\" >999<\/a>, is introduced in London<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1936\u00a0 <\/strong>Emperor <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haile_Selassie\" >Haile Selassie<\/a> of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethiopian_Empire\" >Abyssinia<\/a> appeals for aid to the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/League_of_Nations\" >League of Nations<\/a> against <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italy\" >Italy<\/a>&#8216;s invasion of his country.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1934\u00a0 <\/strong>\u2013 The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Night_of_the_Long_Knives\" >Night of the Long Knives<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adolf_Hitler\" >Adolf Hitler<\/a>&#8216;s violent purge of his political rivals in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germany\" >Germany<\/a>, takes place.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1922\u00a0 <\/strong>In <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Washington_D.C.\" >Washington D.C.<\/a>, U.S. Secretary of State <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_Evans_Hughes\" >Charles Evans Hughes<\/a> and Dominican Ambassador Francisco J. Peynado sign the Hughes-Peynado agreement, which ends the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_occupation_of_the_Dominican_Republic_%281916%E2%80%931924%29\" >United States occupation of the Dominican Republic<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1921\u00a0 <\/strong>U.S. President <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warren_G._Harding\" >Warren G. Harding<\/a> appoints former President <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_Howard_Taft\" >William Howard Taft<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States\" >Chief Justice of the United States<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1917\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_I\" >World War I<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Greece\" >Greece<\/a> declares war on the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Powers\" >Central Powers<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1908\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tunguska_event\" >Tunguska event<\/a> occurs in remote <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siberia\" >Siberia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.world-mysteries.com\/sci_tunguska.htm\" >Tunguska Event (1908) \u2013 World-Mysteries.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/earthsky.org\/space\/what-is-the-tunguska-explosion\" >This Day in Science \u2013 The Tunguska explosion \u2013 EarthSky.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/theguardian\/from-the-archive-blog\/2013\/feb\/08\/tunguska-asteroid-comet-1908-siberia\" >The Tunguska event: A Siberian meteor mystery from 1908 \u2013 The Guardian<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/terms\/tunguska_event.htm\" >The Tunguska event was an explosion that occurred at 60 degrees 55&#8217;N 101degrees 57&#8217;E, near the Podkamennaya (Under Rock) Tunguska River, in what is now Evenk Autonomous Okrug, at 7:17 AM on June 30, 1908. \u2013 ScienceDaily.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.foxnews.com\/science\/2013\/02\/15\/russian-meteor-blast-recalls-massive-108-tunguska-event\/\" >Russian meteor blast recalls massive 1908 \u2018Tunguska event\u2019 \u2013 Fox News<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Tunguska Event Scientist Says He Found Meteorite Fragments Possibly Linked To 1908 Impact In Siberia \u2013 Huffington Post<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.viewzone.com\/tesla.tunguska.html\" >The Tunguska Event \u2013 ViewZone.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1905\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albert_Einstein\" >Albert Einstein<\/a> publishes the article <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Annus_Mirabilis_Papers#Special_relativity\" ><em>On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies<\/em><\/a>, in which he introduces <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special_relativity\" >special relativity<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.einstein-online.info\/elementary\/specialRT\" >Special relativity \u2013 Einstein online<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/physics.about.com\/od\/relativisticmechanics\/a\/relativity_2.htm\" >Introduction of Special Relativity \u2013 About Education<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.dummies.com\/how-to\/content\/einsteins-special-relativity.html\" >Einstein\u2019s Special Relativity for Dummies \u2013 Dummies.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/science.howstuffworks.com\/science-vs-myth\/everyday-myths\/relativity.htm\" >How Special Relativity Works \u2013 HowStuffWorks.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1886\u00a0 <\/strong>The first transcontinental train trip across <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Canada\" >Canada<\/a> departs from <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montreal\" >Montreal<\/a>. It arrives in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Port_Moody,_British_Columbia\" >Port Moody, British Columbia<\/a> on <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/July_4\" >July 4<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1864\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_the_United_States\" >U.S. President<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abraham_Lincoln\" >Abraham Lincoln<\/a> grants <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yosemite_Valley\" >Yosemite Valley<\/a> to <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/California\" >California<\/a> for &#8220;public use, resort and recreation&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1860\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1860_Oxford_evolution_debate\" >1860 Oxford evolution debate<\/a> at the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oxford_University_Museum_of_Natural_History\" >Oxford University Museum of Natural History<\/a> takes place.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/wn.com\/1860_oxford_evolution_debate\" >1860 Oxford Evolution Debate \u2013 wn.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Jonathan Smith, \u201cThe Huxley-Wilberforce \u2018Debate\u2019 on Evolution, 30 June 1860\u201d \u2013 BranchCollective.org<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/users.ox.ac.uk\/~jrlucas\/legend.html\" >Wilberforce and Huxley: A Legendary Encounter, by J.R. Lucas<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1794\u00a0 <\/strong>Native American forces under <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blue_Jacket\" >Blue Jacket<\/a> attack <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fort_Recovery\" >Fort Recovery<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1758\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seven_Years%27_War\" >Seven Years&#8217; War<\/a>: The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Domstadtl\" >Battle of Domstadtl<\/a> takes place.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>JULY 1<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2013\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Neptune\" >Neptune<\/a>&#8216;s moon <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/S\/2004_N_1\" >S\/2004 N 1<\/a> is discovered.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2013\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_Multidimensional_Integrated_Stabilization_Mission_in_Mali\" >United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali<\/a> (MINUSMA) begins its operative peacekeeping mandate in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mali\" >Mali<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.un.org\/en\/peacekeeping\/missions\/minusma\/background.shtml\" >MINUSMA &#8211; United Nations Stabilization Mission in Mali \u2013 UN.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.dw.de\/un-peacekeepers-begin-operations-in-mali\/a-16920813\" >UN Peacekeepers begin operations in Mali \u2013 dw.de<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.safpi.org\/news\/article\/2013\/unsc-strongly-endorses-multidimensional-approach-un-peacekeeping\" >UNSC strongly endorses \u201cmultidimensional approach\u201d to UN peacekeeping \u2013 SAFPI.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pom.peacebuild.ca\/bestpracticesevol.shtml\" >The Ongoing Evolution of Peacekeeping \u2013 Peace Operation Monitor<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.academia.edu\/Documents\/in\/Peacebuilding_UN_Peace_Operations_Multidimensional_Peacekeeping\" >Peacebuilding, UN Peace Operations, Multidimensional Peacekeeping \u2013 Academia.edu<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2013\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Croatia\" >Croatia<\/a> becomes the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Accession_of_Croatia_to_the_European_Union\" >28th member<\/a> of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Union\" >European Union<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2008\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2008_riot_in_Mongolia\" >Rioting erupts in Mongolia<\/a> in response to allegations of fraud surrounding the 2008 legislative elections.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2007\u00a0 <\/strong>Smoking in England is <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smoking_ban_in_England\" >banned<\/a> in all public indoor spaces.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2007\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Concert_for_Diana\" >Concert for Diana<\/a> is held at the new <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wembley_Stadium\" >Wembley Stadium<\/a> in London and broadcast in 140 countries.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2006\u00a0 <\/strong>The first operation of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_Railway\" >Qinghai\u2013Tibet Railway<\/a> in China.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2004\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saturn\" >Saturn<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orbit_insertion\" >orbit insertion<\/a> of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens\" >Cassini\u2013Huygens<\/a> begins at 01:12 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UTC\" >UTC<\/a> and ends at 02:48 UTC.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2003\u00a0 <\/strong>Over 500,000 people protest against efforts to pass <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law_Article_23\" >anti-sedition legislation<\/a> in Hong Kong.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2002\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Criminal_Court\" >International Criminal Court<\/a> is established to prosecute individuals for <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genocide\" >genocide<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crimes_against_humanity\" >crimes against humanity<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_crimes\" >war crimes<\/a>, and the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crime_of_aggression\" >crime of aggression<\/a>. (= The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court\" >Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court<\/a> comes into force.)<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.icc-cpi.int\/EN_Menus\/icc\/Pages\/default.aspx\" >Website of the International Criminal Court<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.icc-cpi.int\/NR\/rdonlyres\/ADD16852-AEE9-4757-ABE7-9CDC7CF02886\/283503\/RomeStatutEng1.pdf\" >Full text of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><em>Compare the <\/em><\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.iccnow.org\/?mod=icchistory\" ><strong><em>International Criminal Court<\/em><\/strong><\/a><strong><em> with other international judicial institutions in <\/em><\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/m.webtv.un.org\/news-features\/watch\/ben-ferencz-the-evolution-of-international-criminal-law-part-i\/2600796448001\" ><strong><em>international criminal law<\/em><\/strong><\/a><strong><em>:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuremberg_trials\" ><strong><em>International Military Tribunals in N\u00fcremberg<\/em><\/strong><\/a><strong><em> and <\/em><\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East\" ><strong><em>in Tokyo<\/em><\/strong><\/a><strong><em>:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/3ae6b39614.html\" >Charter of the International Military Tribunal \u2013 Annex to the Agreement for the prosecution and punishment of the major war criminals of the European Axis (\u201cLondon Agreement\u201d)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.macalester.edu\/~tam\/HIST194%20War%20Crimes\/documents\/Nuremberg\/Charter%20of%20the%20International%20Military%20Tribunal%20Far%20East.htm\" >Charter of the International Military Tribunal for the Far East<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia\" ><strong><em>International Criminal Courts for former Yugoslavia<\/em><\/strong><\/a><strong><em> and <\/em><\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda\" ><strong><em>for Rwanda<\/em><\/strong><\/a><strong><em>:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.icty.org\/x\/file\/Legal%20Library\/Statute\/statute_sept09_en.pdf\" >Statute of the International Criminal Court for the former Yugoslavia<\/a> and the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.icty.org\/\" >website of the International Criminal Court for the former Yugoslavia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.unictr.org\/sites\/unictr.org\/files\/legal-library\/100131_Statute_en_fr_0.pdf\" >Statute of the International Criminal Court for Rwanda<\/a> and the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.unictr.org\/\" >website of the International Criminal Court for Rwanda<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.internationalcrimesdatabase.org\/Courts\/Hybrid\" ><strong><em>Hybrid Courts and Internationalized Domestic Courts and Tribunals<\/em><\/strong><\/a><strong><em>:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jus.uio.no\/english\/services\/library\/treaties\/04\/4-06\/sc-sierra-leone.xml\" >Statute of the Special Court for Sierra Leon<\/a> and the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/rscsl.org\/\" >website the Special Tribunal for Sierra Leon<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Khmer_Rouge_Tribunal\" >Extraordinary Cambers in the Court of Cambodia (ECCC), aka the Khmer Rouge Tribunal<\/a> and the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.eccc.gov.kh\/en\" >official website of the ECCC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Judiciary_of_Kosovo\" >Kosovo Regulation 64 Panels<\/a>: Regarding this judicious system of Kosovo, visit the following websites below, from 1) to 4), among others:<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/library.law.yale.edu\/research\/guides\/country-guide\/kosovo-kkz\" >KKZ (information on the establishment of the Regulation 64 Panels \u2013 Yale Law School<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.trial-ch.org\/en\/resources\/tribunals\/hybrid-tribunals\/programme-of-international-judges-in-kosovo\/the-unmik-programme.html\" >From UNMIK\u2019s judicial programme (= The Kosovo War and Ethnic Crimes Court (KWECC) to the European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo (EULEX)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.assembly-kosova.org\/?cid=2,191,260\" >Law on the Jurisdiction, Case Selection and Case Allocation of EULEX judges and prosecutors in Kosovo<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.assembly-kosova.org\/?cid=2,191,260\" >Top Kosovo Judicial Bodies, EU Office, EULEX sign second \u201cCompact\u201d to foster the Rule of Law \u2013 EULEX-Kosovo.eu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special_Panels_of_the_Dili_District_Court\" >East Timor Special Panels for Serious Crimes<\/a>: Regarding this Special Panel, visit the following websites below, a) and b), among others:<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ibanet.org\/Committees\/WCC_EastTimor.aspx\" >Serious Panel for Serious Crimes (East Timor) \u2013 ibanet.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.trial-ch.org\/en\/resources\/tribunals\/hybrid-tribunals\/special-panels-for-serious-crimes-timor-leste.html\" >Special Panel for Serious Crimes \u2013 Timor Leste \u2013 Historical benchmark<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ictj.org\/sites\/default\/files\/ICTJ-FormerYugoslavia-Domestic-Court-2008-English.pdf\" >War Crimes Chamber in Bosnia-Herzegovina<\/a> (aka the Bosnian War Crimes Chamber) of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sudbih.gov.ba\/?opcija=sadrzaj&amp;kat=7&amp;id=15&amp;jezik=e\" >Court of Bosnia-Herzegovina<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.stl-tsl.org\/en\/documents\/stl-documents\/statute\/223-statute-of-the-special-tribunal-for-lebanon\" >Statute of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon<\/a> and the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.stl-tsl.org\/en\/\" >website of the Special Tribunal for Lebanon<\/a><\/li>\n<li>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_Iraqi_Criminal_Tribunal\" >Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal<\/a> (formerly Iraqi Special Tribunal) and the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.niqash.org\/en\/articles\/society\/1761\/Law-of-the-Supreme-Iraqi-Criminal-Tribunal-No-10-of-2005.htm\" >Law of the Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal<\/a><\/li>\n<li>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.geneva-academy.ch\/RULAC\/national_judical_decitions.php?id_state=235\" >War Crimes Chamber in Serbia<\/a> (aka the Serbian War Crimes Chamber)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><em>Pertinent Documents and Lectures on International Criminal Law:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/research.un.org\/en\/docs\/law\/courts\" >International Courts and Tribunals \u2013 UN Documentation \u2013 International Law \u2013 Dag Hammarskj\u00f6ld Library Research Guide<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/legal.un.org\/avl\/ha\/criminallaw.html\" >Some documents and lectures on international criminal law \u2013 UN Audiovisual Library of International Law<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><em>Jurisdiction of the ICC:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.icc-cpi.int\/en_menus\/icc\/about%20the%20court\/icc%20at%20a%20glance\/Pages\/jurisdiction%20and%20admissibility.aspx\" >Jurisdiction and Admissibility \u2013 ICC website<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/scholarship.law.duke.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1200&amp;context=lcp\" >High Crimes and Misconceptions: The ICC and Non-Party States, by Madeline Morris<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tamilnet.com\/img\/publish\/2010\/05\/ICC-manual-en-p100-143.pdf\" >Complementary of the Jurisdiction of the ICC \u2013 TamilNet.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.iccwatch.org\/article_Mar09.html\" >The ICC and Universal Jurisdiction, by Dr John Laughland<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.oxfordjournals.org\/our_journals\/jicjus\/2003award.pdf\" >The Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over Nationals of Non-Parties: Legal Basis and Limits, by Dapo Akande<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Implications Of Complimentary Jurisdiction On Universal Jurisdiction \u2013 International Law Essay \u2013 LawTeacher.net<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/iccnow.org\/documents\/LCHRUniJurisdiction.pdf\" >Exercise of ICC Jurisdiction \u2013 The Case of the Universal Jurisdiction \u2013 ICCNow.org<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><em>United States and the International Criminal Court (ICC):<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_and_the_International_Criminal_Court\" >United States and the International Criminal Court &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.globalissues.org\/article\/490\/united-states-and-the-icc\" >United States and the International Criminal Court \u2013 Global Issues<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.thirdworldtraveler.com\/International_War_Crimes\/USWithdrawal_ICC_Goldstone.html\" >US Withdrawal from ICC Undermines Decades of American Leadership, by Justice Richard J. Goldstone<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.globalpolicy.org\/us-un-and-international-law-8-24\/us-opposition-to-the-icc-8-29.html\" >US Opposition to the International Criminal Court \u2013 Global Policy Forum<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.heritage.org\/research\/reports\/2009\/08\/the-us-should-not-join-the-international-criminal-court\" >The U.S. Should Not Join the International Criminal Court, by Brett D. Schaefer and Steven Groves \u2013 The Heritage Foundation<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.globalissues.org\/article\/490\/united-states-and-the-icc#USthreatensmilitaryforceifpersonnelheldattheHague\" >US Threatens Military Force If Personnel Held At The Hague \u2013 Global Issues<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.globalissues.org\/article\/490\/united-states-and-the-icc#USpressuringothernationsnottosurrenderortransferUSnationalstotheICC\" >US Pressuring Other Nations Not Surrender Or Transfer US Nationals To The ICC \u2013 Global Issues<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.iccnow.org\/documents\/CICCFS_BIAstatus_current.pdf\" >Status of US Bilateral Immunity Agreements (BIAs)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Service-Members%27_Protection_Act\" >American Service-Members\u2019 Protection Act \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2002\/08\/03\/us-hague-invasion-act-becomes-law\" >S.: \u2018Hague Invasion Act\u2019 Becomes Law \u2013 Human Rights Watch<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2009\/08\/02\/united-states-and-international-criminal-court-bush-administration-s-approach-and-wa\" >The United States and the International Criminal Court: The Bush Administration\u2019s Approach and a Way Forward Under Obama Adm \u2013 Human Rights Watch<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/2014\/05\/29\/richard-clarke-george-bush-war-crimes_n_5410619.html\" >Former Counterterrorism Czar Richard Clarke: Bush, Cheney Committed War Crimes \u2013 The Huffington Post<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cbsnews.com\/news\/mandela-slams-bush-on-iraq\/\" >Mandela Slams Bush on Iraq \u2013 CBS News<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><em>Arguments on the American Exceptionalism and on the Myth of the American Exceptionalism:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_exceptionalism\" >American exceptionalism \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.newworldencyclopedia.org\/entry\/American_exceptionalism\" >American exceptionalism \u2013 New World Encyclopedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/digitalcommons.law.yale.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=2737&amp;context=fss_papers\" >On American Exceptionalism, by Harold Hongju Koh \u2013 Yale Law School<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/wp-srv\/style\/longterm\/books\/chap1\/americanexceptionalism.htm\" >American Exceptionalism \u2013 A Double Edged Sword, by Seymour Martin Lipset \u2013 The Washington Post<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/blogs\/the-fix\/wp\/2013\/09\/12\/american-exceptionalism-explained\" >American exceptionalism, explained \u2013 The Washington Post<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.allabouthistory.org\/american-exceptionalism.htm\" >American Exceptionalism \u2013 All About History<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Limits-International-Law-Jack-Goldsmith\/dp\/0195168399\/ref=mt_hardcover?_encoding=UTF8&amp;me=\" >Book: <em>The Limits of International Law<\/em>, by Jack L. Goldsmith and Eric A. Posner (2005)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2014\/08\/the-myth-of-american-exceptionalism\/\" >The Myth of American Exceptionalism, by Stephen M. Walt \u2013 TMS &#8211; Foreign Affairs<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/michael-gene-sullivan\/the-myth-of-american-exce_b_3928673.html\" >The Myth of American Exceptionalism, by Michael Gene Sullivan<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/video.mit.edu\/watch\/the-myth-of-american-exceptionalism-9935\/\" >The Myth of American Exceptionalism, lectured by Howard Zinn, MIT Video (1h. 33 min. 02 sec.)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/opinions\/the-myth-of-american-exceptionalism\/2011\/05\/09\/AF2rm0bG_story.html\" >The myth of American Exceptionalism, by Richard Cohen \u2013 The Washington Post<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Assault-International-Jens-David-Ohlin\/dp\/0199987408\/ref=sr_1_7_twi_1_har?s=books&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1434025716&amp;sr=1-7&amp;keywords=international+law\" >Book: <em>The Assault of International Law<\/em>, by Jens David Ohlin (2015)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1997\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/learning\/general\/onthisday\/big\/0630.html#article\" >China resumes sovereignty over the city-state of Hong Kong, ending 156 years of British<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colonialism\" >colonial<\/a> rule.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cyclopaedia.de\/wiki\/Transfer_of_sovereignty_over_Hong_Kong\" >Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong \u2013 Cyclopaedia.de<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">For democracy of Hong Kong, visit the following websites, among many others:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Democratic_development_in_Hong_Kong\" >Democratic development in Hong Kong &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cfr.org\/hong-kong\/democracy-hong-kong\/p33887\" >Democracy in Hong Kong \u2013 Council on Foreign Relations<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2014\/07\/02\/world\/asia\/hong-kong-china-democracy-march.html?_r=0\" >Huge Crowds Turn Out for Pro-Democracy March in Hong Kong, Defying Beijing \u2013 The New York Times<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1991\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warsaw_Pact\" >Warsaw Pact<\/a> is officially dissolved at a meeting in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prague\" >Prague<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/EBchecked\/topic\/636142\/Warsaw-Pact\" >Warsaw Pact [1955 \u2013 1991] \u2013 Encyclopedia Britannica<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.shsu.edu\/~his_ncp\/warpact.html\" >The Warsaw Pact \u2013 Shsu.edu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/coldwarevents.wikispaces.com\/NATO+and+the+Warsaw+Pact\" >NATO and Warsaw Pact \u2013 Cold War Events<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.alternatewars.com\/WW3\/the_war_that_never_was.htm\" >The World War That Never Was \u2013 NATO vs. Warsaw Pact, by Colonel (R) Wlibur E. Gray<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/mrkscoldwarb.wikispaces.com\/NATO+v.+Warsaw+Pact\" >NATO vs. Warsaw Pact \u2013 mrkscoldwarb<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.wilsoncenter.org\/publication\/174-the-two-germanies-nato-and-the-warsaw-pact\" >The Two Germanies, NATO, and The Warsaw Pact \u2013 Wilson Center<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cbo.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/cbofiles\/ftpdocs\/101xx\/doc10146\/77doc579.pdf\" >Assessing the NATO\/Warsaw Pact Military Balance \u2013 cbo.gov<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1990\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/German_reunification\" >German reunification<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_Germany\" >East Germany<\/a> accepts the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deutsche_Mark\" >Deutsche Mark<\/a> as its currency, thus uniting the economies of East and West Germany.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1984\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/PG-13\" >PG-13<\/a> rating is introduced by the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Motion_Picture_Association_of_America\" >MPAA<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1979\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sony\" >Sony<\/a> introduces the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Walkman\" >Walkman<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1978\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Territory\" >Northern Territory<\/a> in Australia is granted Self-Government.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1976\u00a0 <\/strong>Portugal grants autonomy to <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Madeira\" >Madeira<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1970\u00a0 <\/strong>President General <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yahya_Khan\" >Yahya Khan<\/a> abolishes One-Unit of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/West_Pakistan\" >West Pakistan<\/a> restoring the provinces.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1968\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuclear_non-proliferation_treaty\" >Nuclear non-proliferation treaty<\/a> is signed in Washington, D.C., London and Moscow by sixty-two countries.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.un.org\/disarmament\/WMD\/Nuclear\/NPTtext.shtml\" >Text on the Nuclear Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons \u2013 UN Office for Disarmament Affairs<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.atomicarchive.com\/Treaties\/Treaty6.shtml\" >Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (1968) \u2013 AtomicArchive.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.weaponslaw.org\/treaties\/1968-nuclear-non-proliferation-treaty\" >1968 Nuclear Non- Proliferation Treaty \u2013 Weapons Law Encyclopedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/EBchecked\/topic\/417496\/Treaty-on-the-Non-proliferation-of-Nuclear-Weapons\" >Treaty on Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons \u2013 Encyclopedia Britannica<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1968 <\/strong>The United States <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Central_Intelligence_Agency\" >Central Intelligence Agency<\/a>&#8216;s <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phoenix_Program\" >Phoenix Program<\/a> is officially established.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1967 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Community\" >European Community<\/a> is formally created out of a merger with the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Common_Market\" >Common Market<\/a>, the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community\" >European Coal and Steel Community<\/a>, and the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Euratom\" >European Atomic Energy Commission<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/europa.eu\/about-eu\/eu-history\/1960-1969\/1967\/index_en.htm\" >The Merger Treaty enters into force, thus fusing the executives of the European Communities (ECSC, EEC, Euratom). From now on, the European Communities will have a single Commission and a single Council. However, both continue to act in accordance with the rules governing each of the Communities.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/European_Communities\" >European Communities \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.infoplease.com\/encyclopedia\/history\/european-community.html\" >European Community \u2013 infoplease.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/althistory.wikia.com\/wiki\/European_Community_%28Central_World%29\" >European Community \u2013 Althistory \u2013 Wikia<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1963\u00a0 <\/strong>The British Government admits that former <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diplomat\" >diplomat<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kim_Philby\" >Kim Philby<\/a> had worked as a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union\" >Soviet<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Espionage\" >agent<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1962\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rwanda\" >Rwanda<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burundi\" >Burundi<\/a> become independent.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/query.nytimes.com\/gst\/abstract.html?res=980DE4DF1131EF3BBC4953DFB1668389679EDE\" >Rwanda and Burundi Becomes Independent Countries \u2013 The New York Times<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/libcom.org\/history\/1894-1990-a-history-of-rwanda-and-burundi\" >A history of Rwanda and Burundi, 1894 \u2013 1990 &#8211; by Tony Sullivan<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.historyworld.net\/wrldhis\/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad24\" >History of Rwanda \u2013 HistoryWorld.net<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Rwanda\" >History of Rwanda &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/No-Sa\/Rwanda.html\" >Culture of Rwanda \u2013 EveryCulture.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.historyworld.net\/wrldhis\/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad25\" >History of Burundi \u2013 HistoryWorld.net<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Burundi\" >History of Burundi \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Bo-Co\/Burundi.html\" >Culture of Burundi \u2013 EveryCulture.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1960\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ghana\" >Ghana<\/a> becomes a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republic\" >Republic<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kwame_Nkrumah\" >Kwame Nkrumah<\/a> becomes its first <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_Ghana\" >President<\/a> as Queen <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Elizabeth_II\" >Elizabeth II<\/a> ceases to be its <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Head_of_state\" >Head of state<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Ghana\" >History of Ghana \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ghanaweb.com\/GhanaHomePage\/history\/\" >History of Ghana \u2013 GhanaWeb<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.historyworld.net\/wrldhis\/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad43\" >History of Ghana \u2013 HitoryWorld.net<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.infoplease.com\/country\/ghana.html\" >Ghana \u2013 infoplease.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/Ge-It\/Ghana.html\" >Culture of Ghana \u2013 EveryCulture.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Culture_of_Ghana\" >Culture of Ghana \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kwintessential.co.uk\/resources\/global-etiquette\/ghana.html\" >Ghana \u2013 Langue, Culture, Customs and Etiquette \u2013 Kwintessential<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ghanaian_people\" >Ghanaian people &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ghanaweb.com\/GhanaHomePage\/people\/person.php?ID=141\" >Kofi Atta Annan Profile: GhanaWeb<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1960\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.historyorb.com\/day\/july\/1?p=3\" >The independent Somali Democratic Republic, commonly known as Somalia, is formed out of former British and Italian territories.<\/a><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Somalia\" >Somalia \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.newworldencyclopedia.org\/entry\/Somalia\" >Somalia \u2013 New World Encyclopedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Somalia\" >History of Somalia \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.infoplease.com\/country\/somalia.html\" >Somalia \u2013 infoplease.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.criticalthreats.org\/somalia\" >Somalia \u2013 CriticalThreats.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/topics.nytimes.com\/top\/news\/international\/countriesandterritories\/somalia\/index.html\" >Somalia News Archives \u2013 The New York Times<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/reliefweb.int\/job\/1020386\/tor-security-assessment-gedo-somalia\" >TOR for Security Assessment in Gedo, Somalia \u2013 ReliefWeb.int<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.globalsecurity.org\/military\/world\/war\/somalia.htm\" >Somalia Civil War \u2013 GlobalSecurity.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/articles.latimes.com\/keyword\/somalia-security\" >Somalia Security News and Articles \u2013 The Los Angeles Times<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.sourcesecurity.com\/companies\/search-results\/company-search\/c.somalia.html\" >Somalia Security Company Directory \u2013 SourceSecurity.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1959 <\/strong>Specific values for the international <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yard\" >yard<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Avoirdupois_pound\" >avoirdupois pound<\/a> and derived units (e.g. inch, mile and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ounce\" >ounce<\/a>) are adopted after agreement between the U.S.A., the United Kingdom and other <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commonwealth_of_Nations\" >Commonwealth<\/a> countries.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1959\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Party_of_the_African_Federation\" >Party of the African Federation<\/a> holds its constitutive conference.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1957\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Geophysical_Year\" >International Geophysical Year<\/a> begins.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1949\u00a0 <\/strong>The merger of two princely states of India, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cochin\" >Cochin<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Travancore\" >Travancore<\/a>, into the state of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thiru-Kochi\" >Thiru-Kochi<\/a> (later re-organized as <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kerala\" >Kerala<\/a>) in the Indian Union ends more than 1,000 years of princely rule by the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cochin_Royal_Family\" >Cochin Royal Family<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1947\u00a0 <\/strong>\u2013 The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippine_Air_Force\" >Philippine Air Force<\/a> is established<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1942\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein\" >First Battle of El Alamein<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1921\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Communist_Party_of_China\" >Communist Party of China<\/a> is founded.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1916\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_I\" >World War I<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_day_on_the_Somme\" >First day on the Somme<\/a>: On the first day of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_the_Somme\" >Battle of the Somme<\/a> 19,000 soldiers of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Army\" >British Army<\/a> are killed and 40,000 wounded.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1908\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SOS\" >SOS<\/a> is adopted as the international <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Distress_signal\" >distress signal<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.boatsafe.com\/nauticalknowhow\/060199tip6.htm\" >What is the Meaning of SOS? \u2013 BoatSafe.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.infoplease.com\/encyclopedia\/science\/sos.html\" >SOS \u2013 infoplease.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.infoplease.com\/askeds\/mayday-sos.html\" >Mayday and SOS \u2013 infoplease.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mayday\" >Mayday \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Distress_signal\" >Distress signal \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Procedure_word\" >Procedure word \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1898\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War\" >Spanish\u2013American War<\/a>: The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_San_Juan_Hill\" >Battle of San Juan Hill<\/a> is fought in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Santiago_de_Cuba\" >Santiago de Cuba<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1879 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_Taze_Russell\" >Charles Taze Russell<\/a> publishes the first edition of the religious magazine <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Watchtower\" ><em>The Watchtower<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1874\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sholes_and_Glidden_typewriter\" >Sholes and Glidden typewriter<\/a>, the first commercially successful <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Typewriter\" >typewriter<\/a>, goes on sale.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1870\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Department_of_Justice\" >United States Department of Justice<\/a> formally comes into existence.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>JULY 2<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2013\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Astronomical_Union\" >International Astronomical Union<\/a> names <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moons_of_Pluto\" >Pluto&#8217;s fourth and fifth moons<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kerberos_%28moon%29\" >Kerberos<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Styx_%28moon%29\" >Styx<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2013\u00a0 <\/strong>Reports that <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pope_John_Paul_II\" >Pope John Paul II<\/a> will <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Canonization\" >be canonized<\/a> are confirmed as his case awaits approval from Pope Francis, and confirmation of an alleged second miracle from the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith\" >Vatican Congregation<\/a> for the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Congregation_for_the_Causes_of_Saints\" >Causes of Saints<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/w2.vatican.va\/content\/john-paul-ii\/en.html\" >John Paul II &#8211; w2.vatican.va<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/topics.nytimes.com\/top\/reference\/timestopics\/people\/j\/_john_paul_ii\/index.html\" >Pope John Paul II \u2013 Chronology of Coverage \u2013 The New York Times<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/content.time.com\/time\/world\/article\/0,8599,1735353,00.html\" >In 1947, a young Polish priest named Karol Wojtyla made the pilgrimage to a small town in Puglia<\/a> to have his confession heard by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/content.time.com\/time\/magazine\/article\/0,9171,262931,00.html\" >Padre Pio, the mysterious Italian monk with the Christ-like stigmata wounds on his hands<\/a>. &#8211; <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/content.time.com\/time\/world\/article\/0,8599,1735353,00.html\" >TIME<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/old.post-gazette.com\/forum\/20000305rodgers3.asp\" >What did John Paul II do in World War II? \u2013 PG News &#8211; old.post-gazette.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.powerfulwords.info\/speeches\/Pope_John_Paul\/index.htm\" >The Holocaust speech by John Paul II \u2013 powerfulwords.info<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org\/jsource\/anti-semitism\/johnpaul.html\" >Pope John Paul II \u2013 Jewish Virtual Library<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.balkanalysis.com\/blog\/2005\/04\/09\/another-side-of-the-pope-john-paul-iis-balkan-legacy\/\" >Another Side of the Pope: John Pau II\u2019s Balkan Legacy &#8211; Balkananalysis.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.catholic.org\/pope\/jp2\/\" >Saint John Paul II \u2013 Catholic Online<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ewtn.com\/library\/MARY\/zfatimapope.HTM\" >Why is John Paul II the Fatima Pope? \u2013 ewtn.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2005\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Live_8\" >Live 8<\/a> benefit concerts takes place in the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/G8\" >G8<\/a> states and in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Africa\" >South Africa<\/a>, More than 1,000 musicians performed and are broadcast on 182 television networks and 2,000 radio networks.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1986\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rodrigo_Rojas_DeNegri\" >Rodrigo Rojas<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carmen_Gloria_Quintana\" >Carmen Gloria Quintana<\/a> were burnt alive during a street demonstration against the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Military_government_of_Chile_%281973%E2%80%931990%29\" >dictatorship<\/a> of General <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Augusto_Pinochet\" >Augusto Pinochet<\/a> in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chile\" >Chile<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1976\u00a0 <\/strong>Fall of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Vietnam\" >Republic of Vietnam<\/a>; Communist <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_Vietnam\" >North Vietnam<\/a> declares their union to form the Socialist Republic of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam\" >Vietnam<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1971\u00a0 <\/strong>USSR performs <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Underground_nuclear_weapons_testing\" >underground nuclear test<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1966\u00a0 <\/strong>The French military explodes a nuclear test bomb codenamed Ald\u00e9baran in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mururoa\" >Mururoa<\/a>, their first nuclear test in the Pacific.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/nuclearweaponarchive.org\/France\/FranceOrigin.html\" >France\u2019s Nuclear Weapons \u2013 NuclearWeaponsArchive.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/France_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction\" >France and Weapons of Mass Destruction \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.globalsecurity.org\/wmd\/world\/france\/nuke.htm\" >Nuclear Weapons \u2013 France Nuclear Forces \u2013 GlobalSecurity.org<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1964\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_the_United_States\" >U.S. President<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lyndon_B._Johnson\" >Lyndon B. Johnson<\/a> signs the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964\" >Civil Rights Act of 1964<\/a> meant to prohibit segregation in public places.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1962\u00a0 <\/strong>The first <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wal-Mart\" >Wal-Mart<\/a> store opens for business in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rogers,_Arkansas\" >Rogers, Arkansas<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/corporate.walmart.com\/our-story\/history\/history-timeline\" >Walmart \u2013 History Timeline \u2013 corporate.walmart.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Walmart\" >History of Walmart \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/reclaimdemocracy.org\/brief-history-of-walmart\/\" >A Brief History of Walmart \u2013 Reclaim Democracy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ihsglobalinsight.com\/publicDownload\/genericContent\/11-03-05_walmart.pdf\" >The Economic Impact of Wal-Mart \u2013 Global Insight<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/economyincrisis.org\/content\/walmarts-impact-on-america\" >Walmart\u2019s Impact on America \u2013 EconomicCrisis.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/walmarteconomy.com\/\" >Walmart Economy \u2013 WalmartEconomy.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1958\u00a0 <\/strong>US performs <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ctbto.org\/nuclear-testing\/history-of-nuclear-testing\/types-of-nuclear-weapons-tests\/\" >atmospheric nuclear test<\/a> at <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bikini_Atoll\" >Bikini Atoll<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/High-altitude_nuclear_explosion\" >High-altitude nuclear explosion &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuclear_testing_at_Bikini_Atoll\" >Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/whc.unesco.org\/en\/list\/1339\" >Bikini Atoll Nuclear Test Site &#8211; UNESCO<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.bikiniatoll.com\/history.html\" >A Short History of the People of Bikini Atoll \u2013 BikiniAtoll.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/nuclearweaponarchive.org\/Usa\/Tests\/\" >Gallery of U.S. Nuclear Tests \u2013 NuclearWeaponArchive.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_the_United_States\" >List of nuclear weapons tests of the United States &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1956\u00a0 <\/strong>US performs nuclear test at <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/military.wikia.com\/wiki\/Enewetak_Atoll\" >Enwetak<\/a> (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ctbto.org\/nuclear-testing\/history-of-nuclear-testing\/types-of-nuclear-weapons-tests\/\" >atmospheric tests<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1950\u00a0 <\/strong>The Golden Pavilion at <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kinkaku-ji\" >Kinkaku-ji<\/a> in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kyoto\" >Kyoto<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japan\" >Japan<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arson\" >burns down<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/learn.bowdoin.edu\/japanesegardens\/gardens\/kinkaku\/kinkaku-ji.html\" >Kinkakuji \u2013 learn.bowdoin.edu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/japantraveladvice.com\/kinkakuji-temple\/\" >Kinkakuji Temple \u2013 Japan Travel Advice<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Temple_of_the_Golden_Pavilion\" ><em>The Temple of the Golden Pavilion<\/em> &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/thekyotoproject.org\/english\/mishima-yukios-kinkakuji\/\" >Mishima Yukio\u2019s Kinkakuji \u2013 The Kyoto Project<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.lacumbre.com\/review-58-345-_kinkakuji_\/\" >Kinkakuji by Yukio Mishima<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1940\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.historylearningsite.co.uk\/operation_sealion.htm\" >Hitler gave his first tentative orders regarding a possible invasion of Britain.<\/a><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Sea_Lion\" >Operation Sea Lion &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1940\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/India\" >Indian<\/a> independence leader <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Subhas_Chandra_Bose\" >Subhas Chandra Bose<\/a> is arrested and detained in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Calcutta\" >Calcutta<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_independence_movement\" >Indian independence movement \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tcnj.edu\/~borland\/2006-indianindependence\/\" >Indian Independence Movement \u2013 A Fight for Political Freedom \u2013 tcnj.edu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/greetingindia.tripod.com\/independence.html\" >Towards Independent India \u2013 greetingindia.tripod.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.wmich.edu\/dialogues\/themes\/indiagandhi.html\" >Colonial India, Gandhi, and Eventual Independence \u2013 wmich.edu<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1937\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Amelia_Earhart\" >Amelia Earhart<\/a> and navigator <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fred_Noonan\" >Fred Noonan<\/a> are last heard from over the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pacific_Ocean\" >Pacific Ocean<\/a> while attempting to make the first equatorial round-the-world flight.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ameliaearhart.com\/\" >Amelia Earhart Official Website<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/amelia-earhart\" >Amelia Earhart \u2013 History.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/what-happened-to-amelia-earhart\" >What Happened to Amelia Earhart \u2013 History.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/blogs\/she-the-people\/post\/amelia-earhart-what-happened\/2012\/07\/20\/gJQAkHprxW_blog.html\" >Amelia Earhart: What happened? \u2013 The Washington Post<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/abcnews.go.com\/blogs\/headlines\/2013\/05\/amelia-earhart-plane-wreckage-spotted-in-sonar-image-expert-suggests\/\" >Amelia Earhart Plane Wreckage Spotted in Sonar Image, Expert Suggests \u2013 ABC News<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.livescience.com\/29363-amelia-earhart.html\" >Amelia Earhart: Biography &amp; Facts About Disappearance \u2013 livescience.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.militarycorruption.com\/earhartbook.htm\" >Amelia Earhart \u2013 What Really Happened \u2013 MilitaryCorruption.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1934\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Night_of_the_Long_Knives\" >Night of the Long Knives<\/a> ends with the death of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm\" >Ernst R\u00f6hm<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.historyplace.com\/worldwar2\/timeline\/roehm.htm\" >Night of the Long Knives \u2013 HistoryPlace.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/spartacus-educational.com\/GERnight.htm\" >Night of the Long Knives \u2013 Spartacus-Educational.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1921\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_I\" >World War I<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_the_United_States\" >U.S. President<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warren_G._Harding\" >Warren G. Harding<\/a> signs the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Knox%E2%80%93Porter_Resolution\" >Knox\u2013Porter Resolution<\/a> formally ending the war between the United States and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imperial_Germany\" >Imperial Germany<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1917\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_St._Louis_Riot\" >East St. Louis Riots<\/a> end.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1900\u00a0 <\/strong>The first <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zeppelin\" >Zeppelin<\/a> flight takes place on <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lake_Constance\" >Lake Constance<\/a> near <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Friedrichshafen\" >Friedrichshafen<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germany\" >Germany<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1897\u00a0 <\/strong>Italian scientist <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guglielmo_Marconi\" >Guglielmo Marconi<\/a> obtains a patent for <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radio\" >radio<\/a> in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/London\" >London<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1890\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Congress_of_the_United_States\" >U.S. Congress<\/a> passes the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sherman_Anti-Trust_Act\" >Sherman Anti-Trust Act<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1881\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_J._Guiteau\" >Charles J. Guiteau<\/a> shoots and fatally wounds <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_the_United_States\" >U.S. President<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Garfield\" >James Garfield<\/a>, who eventually dies from an infection on <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/September_19\" >September 19<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1871 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy\" >Victor Emmanuel II of Italy<\/a> enters <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rome\" >Rome<\/a> after having conquered it from the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Papal_States\" >Papal States<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1853\u00a0 <\/strong>The Russian Army crossed the Pruth river into the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Danubian_Principalities\" >Danubian Principalities<\/a>, Moldavia and Wallachia\u2014providing the spark that set off the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crimean_war#First_hostilities\" >Crimean War<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1839\u00a0 <\/strong>Abd\u00fclmecid I became <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sultan_of_the_Ottoman_Empire\" >Sultan of the Ottoman Empire<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caliph_of_Islam\" >Caliph of Islam<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">For discussions on the contemporary situation on the Middle East, Islam and\/or democracy, visit the following websites, among many others:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2015\/05\/25\/its-time-to-bring-imperialism-back-to-the-middle-east-syria-iraq-islamic-state-iran\/\" >It\u2019s Time to Bring Imperialism Back to the Middle East\/The Ruins of Empire in the Middle East, by Robert D. Kaplan<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2015\/06\/a-warning-against-r-d-kaplans-article-its-time-to-bring-imperialism-back-to-the-middle-east\/\" >A Warning against Kaplan\u2019s Argument That \u201cIt\u2019s Time to Bring Imperialism Back to the Middle East\u201d by Johan Galtung and Naakow Hayford \u2013 Transcend.org\/tms<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/lateempire.com\/2015\/05\/26\/its-time-to-defend-israel-once-again-my-response-to-robert-d-kaplan\/\" >It\u2019s Time to Bring Imperialism Back to the Middle East (for Israel?) \u2013 A Response to Robert D. Kaplan \u2013 LateEmpire.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East\" >Democracy in the Middle East \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islamic_democracy\" >Islamic democracy &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.al-islam.org\/articles\/islam-and-democracy-an-obscure-relationship-fatima-al-samak\" >Islam and Democracy \u2013 An Obscure Relationship \u2013 Al-Islam.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.thereligionofpeace.com\/Quran\/021-democracy.htm\" >What does the Religion of Peace Teach About Democracy \u2013TheReligionOfPeace.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.globalwebpost.com\/farooqm\/writings\/islamic\/democracy.htm\" >Islam and Democracy: Perceptions and Misperceptions, by Dr. Mohammad Omar Farooq \u2013 GlobalWebPost.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.politicalislam.com\/islam-and-democracy\/\" >Islam and Democracy \u2013 PoliticalIslam.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.theatlantic.com\/international\/archive\/2014\/05\/democracys-future-in-the-middle-east-islamist-and-illiberal\/361791\/\" >The Future Democracy in the Middle East: Islamist and Illiberal \u2013 The Atlantic.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.realclearpolitics.com\/articles\/2013\/04\/02\/middle_east_democracy_117746.html\" >Middle East \u201cDemocracy\u201d \u2013 RealClearPolitics.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.aucegypt.edu\/gapp\/cairoreview\/Pages\/articleDetails.aspx?aid=20\" >The Struggle for Middle East Democracy \u2013 aucegyt.edu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.unc.edu\/depts\/diplomat\/item\/2012\/0106\/ca\/smith_transition.html\" >Transition to Democracy in the Middle East \u2013 unc.edu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/worldnews\/middleeast\/11037173\/Why-Western-democracy-can-never-work-in-the-Middle-East.html\" >Why Western democracy never work in the Middle East \u2013 The Telegraph<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1839\u00a0 <\/strong>Twenty miles off the coast of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cuba\" >Cuba<\/a>, 53 rebelling <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/African\" >African<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slaves\" >slaves<\/a> led by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_Cinqu%C3%A9\" >Joseph Cinqu\u00e9<\/a> take over the slave ship <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/La_Amistad\" ><em>Amistad<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1823\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bahia\" >Bahia<\/a> Independence Day: The end of Portuguese rule in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brazil\" >Brazil<\/a>, with <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siege_of_Salvador\" >the final defeat<\/a> of the Portuguese crown loyalists in the province of Bahia.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1822\u00a0 <\/strong>Thirty-five slaves are hanged in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Carolina\" >South Carolina<\/a>, including <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Denmark_Vesey\" >Denmark Vesey<\/a>, after being accused of organizing a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slave_rebellion\" >slave rebellion<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>JULY 3<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2013\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2013_Egyptian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat\" ><em>2013 Egyptian coup d&#8217;\u00e9tat<\/em><\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_Egypt\" >President of Egypt<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mohamed_Morsi\" >Mohamed Morsi<\/a> is overthrown by the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Egyptian_Armed_Forces\" >military<\/a> after four days of protests all over the country calling for Morsi&#8217;s resignation, to which he didn&#8217;t respond. President of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_Constitutional_Court_of_Egypt\" >Supreme Constitutional Court of Egypt<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adly_Mansour\" >Adly Mansour<\/a> is declared acting president.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1996\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stone_of_Scone\" >Stone of Scone<\/a> is returned to Scotland.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1988\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fatih_Sultan_Mehmet_Bridge\" >Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge<\/a> in Istanbul, Turkey is completed, providing the second connection between the continents of Europe and Asia over the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bosphorus\" >Bosphorus<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1988\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Navy\" >United States Navy<\/a> warship <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Vincennes_%28CG-49%29\" >USS\u00a0<em>Vincennes<\/em><\/a> shoots down <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iran_Air_Flight_655\" >Iran Air Flight 655<\/a> over the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Persian_Gulf\" >Persian Gulf<\/a>, killing all 290 people aboard.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.iranchamber.com\/history\/articles\/shootingdown_iranair_flight655.php\" >Shooting Down Iran Air Flight 655 [IR655] \u2013 History of Iran \u2013 Iran Chamber Society<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.csmonitor.com\/World\/Europe\/2014\/0717\/From-the-Monitor-Archives-The-shooting-down-of-Iran-Air-Flight-655\" >From Monitor Archives: The shooting down of Iran Air Flight 655 \u2013 The Christian Science Monitor<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/blogs\/worldviews\/wp\/2013\/10\/16\/the-forgotten-story-of-iran-air-flight-655\" >If you walked into any high school classroom in the United States and asked the students to describe their country&#8217;s relationship with Iran, you&#8217;d probably hear words like &#8220;enemy&#8221; and &#8220;threat,&#8221; maybe &#8220;distrust&#8221; and &#8220;nuclear.&#8221; But ask them what the number 655 has to do with it, and you&#8217;d be met with silence. \u2013 The Washington Post<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.dailykos.com\/story\/2014\/07\/18\/1314985\/--I-Will-Never-Apologize-Iran-Flight-665-Shot-Down-290-Dead\" ><em>&#8220;I will never apologize for the United States \u2014 I don&#8217;t care what the facts are&#8230; I&#8217;m not an apologize-for-America kind of guy.&#8221;<\/em> &#8211; George Bush, Aug 2 1988: These are the words of the (at time) Vice President of the United States after a civilian aircraft carrying 290 passengers, 66 of which were children, was shot down by the reckless USS Vincennes on July 3, 1988. The coverup and lack of apology, continues to this day. \u2013 Daily Kos<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/alt-f4.org\/img\/seaoflies.html\" >Exclusive &#8212; On July 3, 1988, and American warship shot down an Iranian airliner, killing 290 civilians. This is the true story of how it happened &#8212; and how the Pentagon tried to cover up the tragic blunder. \u2013 Sea of Lies<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/pages\/frontline\/tehranbureau\/2010\/07\/remembering-iran-air-flight-655.html\" >Remembering Iran Air Flight 655, by Ali Chenar in Tehran \u2013 PBS.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_C._Rogers_III\" >William C. Rogers III \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Storm-Center-Vincennes-Personal-Terrorism\/dp\/1557507279\/ref=sr_1_6?s=books&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1433682926&amp;sr=1-6&amp;keywords=storm+center\" ><em>Storm Center: The USS Vincennes and Iran Air Flight 655: A Personal Account of Tragedy and Terrorism<\/em>, by Will Rogers, Gene Gregston, and Sharon Rogers \u2013 Amazon.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.usni.org\/magazines\/proceedings\/1993-08\/vincennes-case-study\" >Vincennes: A Case Study, by Lieutenant Colonel David Evans, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired) \u2013 U.S. Navel Institute<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1979\u00a0 <\/strong>U.S. President <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jimmy_Carter\" >Jimmy Carter<\/a> signs the first directive for <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Cyclone\" >secret aid<\/a> to the opponents of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan\" >pro-Soviet regime in Kabul<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.counterpunch.org\/1998\/01\/15\/how-jimmy-carter-and-i-started-the-mujahideen\/\" >Brzezinski: <em> According to the official version of history, CIA aid to the Mujahadeen began during 1980, that is to say, after the Soviet army invaded Afghanistan, 24 Dec 1979. But the reality, secretly guarded until now, is completely otherwise: Indeed, it was July 3, 1979 that President Carter signed the first directive for secret aid to the opponents of the pro-Soviet regime in Kabul<\/em>. \u2013 How Jimmy Carter and I Started the Mujahideen &#8211; counterpunch.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.thirdworldtraveler.com\/Afghanistan\/Afghanistan_CIA_Taliban.html\" >Former CIA director Robert Gates later admitted in his memoirs that aid to the rebels began in June 1979. In a candid 1998 interview, Zbigniew Brezinski, Carter\u2019s national security adviser, confirmed that U.S. aid to the rebels began before the invasion \u2013 Afghanistan, the CIA, bin Laden, and the Taliban, by Phil Gasper \u2013 Third World Traveler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.informationclearinghouse.info\/article5304.htm\" >The CIA\u2019s Intervention in Afghanistan \u2013 Information Clearing House<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War\" >Soviet-Afghan War \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.heritage.org\/research\/reports\/1980\/01\/the-soviet-invasion-of-afghanistan\" >The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan, by James Phillips \u2013 The Heritage Foundation<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.infoplease.com\/encyclopedia\/history\/afghanistan-war.html\" >Afghanistan War \u2013 infoplease.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1970\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Troubles\" >The Troubles<\/a>: The &#8220;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Falls_Curfew\" >Falls Curfew<\/a>&#8221; begins in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Belfast\" >Belfast<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland\" >Northern Ireland<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1967\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aden_Emergency\" >Aden Emergency<\/a>: The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_the_Crater_%28Aden%29\" >Battle of the Crater<\/a> in which the British <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Argyll_and_Sutherland_Highlanders\" >Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders<\/a> retake the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crater,_Yemen\" >Crater district<\/a> following the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arab_Police_Mutiny\" >Arab Police Mutiny<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1952\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constitution_of_Puerto_Rico\" >Constitution of Puerto Rico<\/a> is approved by the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Congress_of_the_United_States\" >Congress of the United States<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Puerto_Rico\" >Puerto Rico \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1944\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minsk\" >Minsk<\/a> is liberated from Nazi control by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Red_Army\" >Soviet troops<\/a> during <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Bagration\" >Operation Bagration<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1940\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>: In order to stop the ships from falling into German hands the French fleet of the Atlantic based at <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mers_El_K%C3%A9bir\" >Mers El K\u00e9bir<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Attack_on_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir\" >is bombarded by the British fleet<\/a>, coming from <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gibraltar\" >Gibraltar<\/a>, causing the loss of three battleships: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_battleship_Dunkerque\" >Dunkerque<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_battleship_Provence\" >Provence<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_battleship_Bretagne\" >Bretagne<\/a>. One thousand two hundred sailors perish.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1938\u00a0 <\/strong>United States President <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Franklin_D._Roosevelt\" >Franklin D. Roosevelt<\/a> dedicates the Eternal Light Peace Memorial and lights the eternal flame at <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gettysburg_Battlefield\" >Gettysburg Battlefield<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1938\u00a0 <\/strong>World speed record for a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steam_engine\" >steam<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Railway\" >railway<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Locomotive\" >locomotive<\/a> is set in England, by the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mallard_%28locomotive%29\" ><em>Mallard<\/em><\/a>, which reaches a speed of 125.88 miles per hour (202.58\u00a0km\/h).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1913\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Confederate_States_of_America\" >Confederate<\/a> veterans at the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Reunion_of_1913\" >Great Reunion of 1913<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Civil_War_reenactment\" >reenact<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pickett%27s_Charge\" >Pickett&#8217;s Charge<\/a>; upon reaching the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/High-water_mark_of_the_Confederacy\" >high-water mark of the Confederacy<\/a> they are met by the outstretched hands of friendship from <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Union_%28American_Civil_War%29\" >Union<\/a> survivors.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1898\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War\" >Spanish\u2013American War<\/a>: The Spanish fleet, led by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pascual_Cervera_y_Topete\" >Pascual Cervera y Topete<\/a>, is destroyed by the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U.S._Navy\" >U.S. Navy<\/a> in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Santiago_de_Cuba\" >Santiago<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cuba\" >Cuba<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1886\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_York_Tribune\" ><em>New York Tribune<\/em><\/a> becomes the first <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Newspaper\" >newspaper<\/a> to use a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Linotype_machine\" >linotype machine<\/a>, eliminating <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Typesetting\" >typesetting<\/a> by hand.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1886\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karl_Benz\" >Karl Benz<\/a> officially unveils the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benz_Patent_Motorwagen\" >Benz Patent Motorwagen<\/a> \u2013 the first purpose-built <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Automobile\" >automobile<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1884\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dow_Jones_and_Company\" >Dow Jones and Company<\/a> publishes its first stock average.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1866\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Austro-Prussian_War\" >Austro-Prussian War<\/a> is decided at the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_K%C3%B6niggratz\" >Battle of K\u00f6niggratz<\/a>, resulting in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prussia\" >Prussia<\/a> taking over as the prominent German nation from Austria.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1849\u00a0 <\/strong>The French enter Rome in order to restore <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pope_Pius_IX\" >Pope Pius IX<\/a> to power. This would prove a major obstacle to <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italian_unification\" >Italian unification<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1848\u00a0 <\/strong>Slaves are freed in the Danish West Indies (now <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U.S._Virgin_Islands\" >U.S. Virgin Islands<\/a>) by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peter_von_Scholten\" >Peter von Scholten<\/a> in the culmination of a year-long plot by enslaved Africans.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1844\u00a0 <\/strong>The last pair of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_auk\" >great auks<\/a> is killed.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.audubon.org\/birds-of-america\" >John J. Audubon\u2019s Birds of America<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>JULY 4<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2014\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.eba.europa.eu\/\" >European Banking Authority<\/a> cautions banks against accepting or trading in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Virtual_currency\" >virtual currencies<\/a> such as <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bitcoin\" >Bitcoin<\/a> until such <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.transaction.net\/money\/\" >transactions<\/a> can be regulated by the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/\" >European Commission<\/a>; <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Regulatory_agency\" >regulators<\/a> cited the risk of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fraud\" >fraud<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Money_laundering\" >money laundering<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2013\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Death_of_Hung_Chung-chiu\" >Death of Hung Chung-chiu<\/a>: A <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republic_of_China_Army\" >Republic of China Army<\/a> corporal dies under suspicious circumstances while serving a detention sentence during his <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Conscription_in_Taiwan\" >enlisted service<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2012\u00a0 <\/strong>The discovery of particles consistent with the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Higgs_boson\" >Higgs boson<\/a> at the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Large_Hadron_Collider\" >Large Hadron Collider<\/a> is announced at <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CERN\" >CERN<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2009\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statue_of_Liberty\" >Statue of Liberty<\/a>&#8216;s crown reopens to the public after eight years of closure due to security concerns following the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/September_11_attacks\" >September 11 attacks<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2005\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Deep_Impact_%28spacecraft%29\" >Deep Impact<\/a> collider hits the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Comet\" >comet<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tempel_1\" >Tempel 1<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1994\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rwandan_Genocide\" >Rwandan Genocide<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kigali\" >Kigali<\/a>, the Rwandan capital, is captured by the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front\" >Rwandan Patriotic Front<\/a>, ending the genocide in the city.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/rwandan-genocide\" >The Rwandan Genocide \u2013 Facts &amp; Summary \u2013 History.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/history1900s.about.com\/od\/rwandangenocide\/a\/Rwanda-Genocide.htm\" >A Short History of the Rwanda Genocide \u2013 About Education<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.unitedhumanrights.org\/Genocide\/genocide_in_rwanda.htm\" >Genocide in Rwanda \u2013 United Human Rights Council<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.rwanda-genocide.org\/\" >Rwanda \u2013 The wake of a genocide \u2013 Rwanda-Genocide.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-26875506\" >Rwanda Genocide: 100 days of slaughter \u2013 BBC News<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.hrw.org\/reports\/1999\/rwanda\/Geno15-8-03.htm\" >The Rwandan Patriotic Front \u2013 Human Rights Watch<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/EBchecked\/topic\/514458\/Rwandan-Patriotic-Front\" >Rwandan Patriotic Front \u2013 Encyclopedia Britannica<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/rwandainformation.blogspot.com\/2008\/10\/rwandan-patriotic-front.html\" >Rwanda Genocide \u2013 Rwandan Patriotic Front \u2013 RwandanInformation.Blogspot.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/nsarchive.wordpress.com\/2014\/01\/09\/genocidefaxdeconstructed\/\" >The Rwanda \u201cGenocide Fax\u201d Deconstructed, by Emily Willard \u2013 NSArchive.WordPress.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/nsarchive.gwu.edu\/NSAEBB\/NSAEBB53\/press.html\" >The US and Genocide in Rwanda 1994 \u2013 The National Security Archive<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2014\/feb\/28\/clinton-documents-rwanda-genocide-response\" >Clinton documents reveal response to Rwanda genocide criticism \u2013 The Guardian<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.democracynow.org\/2014\/4\/7\/refusing_to_call_it_genocide_documents\" >Refusing to Call It Genocide: Documents Show Clinton Administration Ignored Mass Killing in Rwanda \u2013 DemocracyNow.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/umuvugizi.wordpress.com\/2014\/01\/22\/the-uns-response-to-the-genocide-fax-was-an-insult-to-intelligence-rwanda-and-humankind\/\" >The UN\u2019s Response To The \u201cGenocide Fax\u201d Was An Insult To Intelligence, Rwanda And Humankind \u2013 Umuvugizi.WordPress.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/simon-adams\/rwanda-genocide-anniversary_b_4613571.html\" >The UN, Rwanda and \u2018Genocide Fax\u2019 \u2013 20 Years Later \u2013 Huffington Post<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/sudanreeves.org\/2014\/06\/10\/the-genocide-fax-from-un-force-commander-major-general-romeo-dallaire-january-11-1994\/\" >THE GENOCIDE FAX\u201d from UNAMIR Commander Romeo Dallaire \u2013 SudanReeves.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/therwandangenocide.wordpress.com\/timeline\/\" >The Rwanda Genocide Timeline \u2013 TheRwandaGenocide.WordPress.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1987\u00a0 <\/strong>In France, former <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gestapo\" >Gestapo<\/a> chief <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Klaus_Barbie\" >Klaus Barbie<\/a> (a.k.a. the &#8220;Butcher of Lyon&#8221;) is convicted of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crimes_against_humanity\" >crimes against humanity<\/a> and sentenced to life imprisonment.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1982\u00a0 <\/strong>Four <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iran\" >Iranian<\/a> diplomats <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iranian_diplomats_kidnapping_%281982%29\" >are abducted<\/a> by Lebanese militia in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lebanon\" >Lebanon<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1982\u00a0 <\/strong>USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh\/Semipalitinsk USSR.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1977\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_Jackson_Brigade\" >George Jackson Brigade<\/a> plants a bomb at the main power substation for the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Washington_%28state%29\" >Washington<\/a> state capitol in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Olympia,_Washington\" >Olympia<\/a>, in solidarity with a prison strike at the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Walla_Walla_State_Penitentiary\" >Walla Walla State Penitentiary<\/a> Intensive Security Unit<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1976\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Israel_Defense_Forces\" >Israeli commandos<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Entebbe\" >raid Entebbe<\/a> airport in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uganda\" >Uganda<\/a>, rescuing all but four of the passengers and crew of an <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Air_France\" >Air France<\/a> jetliner seized by Palestinian terrorists.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1969\u00a0 <\/strong>USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh\/Semipalitinsk USSR.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1966\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_the_United_States\" >U.S. President<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lyndon_B._Johnson\" >Lyndon B. Johnson<\/a> signs the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Freedom_of_Information_Act_%28United_States%29\" >Freedom of Information Act<\/a> into <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_law\" >United States law<\/a>. The act went into effect the next year.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1951\u00a0 <\/strong>A court in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic\" >Czechoslovakia<\/a> sentences American journalist <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_N._Oatis\" >William N. Oatis<\/a> to ten years in prison on charges of espionage.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1950\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radio_Free_Europe\" >Radio Free Europe<\/a> first broadcasts.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1947\u00a0 <\/strong>The &#8220;Indian Independence Bill&#8221; is presented before the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom\" >British House of Commons<\/a>, proposing the independence of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India\" >Provinces of British India<\/a> into two sovereign countries: India and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pakistan\" >Pakistan<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1946\u00a0 <\/strong>After 381 years of near-continuous colonial rule by various powers, the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippines\" >Philippines<\/a> attains full independence from the United States.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1943\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: In <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gibraltar\" >Gibraltar<\/a>, a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Royal_Air_Force\" >Royal Air Force<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Consolidated_B-24_Liberator\" >B-24 Liberator<\/a> bomber <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1943_Gibraltar_B-24_crash\" >crashes<\/a> into the sea in an apparent accident moments after takeoff, killing sixteen passengers on board; only the pilot survives.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1943\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>: The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Kursk\" >Battle of Kursk<\/a>, the largest full-scale battle in history and the world&#8217;s largest tank battle, begins in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prokhorovka\" >Prokhorovka<\/a> village.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1942\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>: the 250 day <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siege_of_Sevastopol_%281941%E2%80%9342%29\" >Siege of Sevastopol<\/a> in the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crimea\" >Crimea<\/a> ends when the city falls to <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Axis_powers\" >Axis<\/a> forces.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1941\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>, the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burning_of_the_Riga_synagogues\" >Burning of the Riga synagogues<\/a>: the Great Choral Synagogue in German occupied <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Riga\" >Riga<\/a> was burned with 300 Jews locked in the basement.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1941 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nazi_Germany\" >Nazi<\/a> troops <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Massacre_of_Lw%C3%B3w_professors\" >massacre Polish scientists and writers<\/a> in the captured <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic\" >Ukrainian<\/a> city of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lviv\" >Lviv<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1939\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_Ph%C3%BA_S%E1%BB%95\" >Hu\u1ef3nh Ph\u00fa S\u1ed5<\/a> founds <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o\" >H\u00f2a H\u1ea3o Buddhism<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1934\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leo_Szilard\" >Leo Szilard<\/a> patented the chain-reaction design for the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atomic_bomb\" >atomic bomb<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1918\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bolshevik\" >Bolsheviks<\/a> killed Tsar <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nicholas_II_of_Russia\" >Nicholas II of Russia<\/a> and his family (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Julian_calendar\" >Julian calendar<\/a> date).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1918\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_I\" >World War I<\/a>: The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Hamel\" >Battle of Hamel<\/a>, a successful attack by the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Australian_Corps\" >Australian Corps<\/a> against German positions near the town of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Le_Hamel,_Somme\" >Le Hamel<\/a> on the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Western_Front_%28World_War_I%29\" >Western Front<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1918\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ottoman_sultan\" >Ottoman sultan<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mehmed_VI\" >Mehmed VI<\/a> ascended to the throne.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1914\u00a0 <\/strong>The funeral of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria\" >Archduke Franz Ferdinand<\/a> and his wife <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sophie,_Duchess_of_Hohenberg\" >Sophie<\/a> takes place in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vienna\" >Vienna<\/a>, six days after their assassinations in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sarajevo\" >Sarajevo<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1913\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_the_United_States\" >President<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Woodrow_Wilson\" >Woodrow Wilson<\/a> addresses <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Civil_War\" >American Civil War<\/a> veterans at the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Reunion_of_1913\" >Great Reunion of 1913<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1903\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dorothy_Levitt\" >Dorothy Levitt<\/a> is reported as the first English woman to compete in a &#8216;motor race&#8217;.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1903\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippine%E2%80%93American_War\" >Philippine\u2013American War<\/a> officially is concluded.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1894\u00a0 <\/strong>The short-lived <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republic_of_Hawaii\" >Republic of Hawaii<\/a> is proclaimed by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sanford_B._Dole\" >Sanford B. Dole<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1892\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Western_Samoa\" >Western Samoa<\/a> changes the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Date_Line\" >International Date Line<\/a>, so that year it had 367 days, with two occurrences of Monday, July 4.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1887\u00a0 <\/strong>The founder of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pakistan\" >Pakistan<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jinnah\" >Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah<\/a>, joins <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sindh-Madrasa-tul-Islam\" >Sindh-Madrasa-tul-Islam<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karachi\" >Karachi<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1886\u00a0 <\/strong>The people of France offer the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statue_of_Liberty\" >Statue of Liberty<\/a> to the people of the United States.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1881\u00a0 <\/strong>In <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alabama\" >Alabama<\/a>, the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tuskegee_Institute\" >Tuskegee Institute<\/a> opens.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1879\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anglo-Zulu_War\" >Anglo-Zulu War<\/a>: The Zululand capital of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ulundi\" >Ulundi<\/a> is captured by British troops and burned to the ground, ending the war and forcing King <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cetshwayo\" >Cetshwayo<\/a> to flee.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1776\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Revolution\" >American Revolution<\/a>: The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence\" >United States Declaration of Independence<\/a> is adopted by the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Continental_Congress\" >Second Continental Congress<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>JULY 5<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2009\u00a0 <\/strong>The largest hoard of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anglo-Saxon\" >Anglo-Saxon<\/a> gold ever discovered, consisting of more than 1,500 items, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Staffordshire_Hoard\" >is found<\/a> near the village of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hammerwich\" >Hammerwich<\/a>, near <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lichfield\" >Lichfield<\/a>, in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Staffordshire\" >Staffordshire<\/a>, England.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2009\u00a0 <\/strong>A series of violent riots <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/July_2009_%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi_riots\" >break out<\/a> in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%9Cr%C3%BCmqi\" >\u00dcr\u00fcmqi<\/a>, the capital city of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Xinjiang_Uyghur_Autonomous_Region\" >Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region<\/a> in the People&#8217;s Republic of China.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2006\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_Korea\" >North Korea<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_Korean_missile_test,_2006\" >tests four short-range missiles<\/a>, one medium-range missile and a long-range <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taepodong-2\" >Taepodong-2<\/a>. The long-range Taepodong-2 reportedly failed in mid-air over the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sea_of_Japan\" >Sea of Japan<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2004\u00a0 <\/strong>The first <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indonesian_presidential_election,_2004\" >Indonesian presidential election<\/a> is held.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1999\u00a0 <\/strong>U.S. President <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bill_Clinton\" >Bill Clinton<\/a> imposes trade and economic <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UN_Security_Council_Resolution_1267\" >sanctions against the Taliban regime in Afghanistan<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1996\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dolly_%28sheep%29\" >Dolly the sheep<\/a> becomes the first mammal cloned from an adult cell.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1995\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Armenia\" >Republic of Armenia<\/a> adopts its constitution, four years after its independence from the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union\" >Soviet Union<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1989\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair\" >Iran\u2013Contra affair<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oliver_North\" >Oliver North<\/a> is sentenced by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U.S._District_Judge\" >U.S. District Judge<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gerhard_A._Gesell\" >Gerhard A. Gesell<\/a> to a three-year suspended prison term, two years probation, $150,000 in fines and 1,200 hours community service. His convictions were later overturned.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1987\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam\" >LTTE<\/a> uses suicide attacks on the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sri_Lankan_Army\" >Sri Lankan Army<\/a> for the first time. The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Black_Tigers\" >Black Tigers<\/a> were born and, in the following years, continued to kill with the tactic.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1977\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Military_coup\" >Military coup<\/a> in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pakistan\" >Pakistan<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto\" >Zulfikar Ali Bhutto<\/a>, the first elected <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_Minister_of_Pakistan\" >Prime Minister of Pakistan<\/a>, is overthrown.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1975\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cape_Verde\" >Cape Verde<\/a> gains its independence from Portugal.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1975\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arthur_Ashe\" >Arthur Ashe<\/a> becomes the first black man to win the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Championships,_Wimbledon\" >Wimbledon<\/a> singles title.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.aaanet.org\/stmts\/racepp.htm\" >American Anthropological Association Statement on \u201cRace\u201d, May 17, 1998<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Race_and_sports\" >Race and sports \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/serendip.brynmawr.edu\/local\/scisoc\/sports02\/papers\/aalexander.html\" >Culture, Race, and Gender in Sports, by Alisa Alexander<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.athleticinsight.com\/Vol9Iss3\/RaceDifference.htm\" >White Americans\u2019 Genetic Explanations for a Perceived Race Difference in Athleticism: The Relation to Prejudice toward and Stereotyping of Blacks, Jane P. Sheldon \u2013 Athletic Insight<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www-personal.umich.edu\/~bawa\/race.htm\" >Ethnicity and racism in sports \u2013 personal.umich.edu<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1962\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Algeria\" >Algeria<\/a> becomes independent from France.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Algeria_%281962%E2%80%9399%29\" >History of Algeria (1962 \u2013 99) \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/EBchecked\/topic\/15052\/history-of-Algeria\" >History of Algeria \u2013 Encyclopedia Britannica<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.infoplease.com\/encyclopedia\/world\/algeria-history.html\" >Algeria \u2013 infoplease.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nationsonline.org\/oneworld\/History\/Algeria-history.htm\" >History of Algeria \u2013 NationsOnline.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.algeria.com\/history\/\" >A Synopsis of History of Algeria \u2013 Algeria.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.factmonster.com\/country\/algeria.html\" >Algeria \u2013 FactMonster.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1950\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zionism\" >Zionism<\/a>: The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Knesset\" >Knesset<\/a> passes the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Law_of_Return\" >Law of Return<\/a> which grants all <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jews\" >Jews<\/a> the right to immigrate to <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Israel\" >Israel<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Israeli_nationality_law\" >Israeli national law \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org\/jsource\/Politics\/Other_Law_Law_of_Return.html\" >Israel\u2019s Basic Laws: The Law of Return (July 5, 1950) \u2013 Jewish Virtual Library<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mfa.gov.il\/mfa\/mfa-archive\/1950-1959\/pages\/law%20of%20return%205710-1950.aspx\" >Law of Return 5710 \u2013 1950 \u2013 Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.palestinefacts.org\/pf_1948to1967_lawofreturn.php\" >Israel\u2019s Law of Return \u2013 PalestineFact.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.thedailybeast.com\/articles\/2013\/05\/10\/law-of-return.html\" >Is the Law of Return Unjust? \u2013 The Daily Beast<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/articles.latimes.com\/2014\/jan\/14\/opinion\/la-oe-myers-israel-citizenship-arabs-20140114\" >Israel\u2019s dilemma?: Who can be an Israeli? \u2013 Los Angeles Times<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1950\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Korean_War\" >Korean War<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Task_Force_Smith\" >Task Force Smith<\/a>: American and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_Korea\" >North Korean<\/a> forces first clash, in the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Osan\" >Battle of Osan<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1945\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: The liberation of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippines\" >Philippines<\/a> is declared.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1943\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: German forces begin a massive offensive against the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union\" >Soviet Union<\/a> at the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Kursk\" >Battle of Kursk<\/a>, also known as Operation Citadel.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1941\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Barbarossa\" >Operation Barbarossa<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nazi_Germany\" >German<\/a> troops reach the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dnieper_River\" >Dnieper River<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1940\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>: The United Kingdom and the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vichy_France\" >Vichy France<\/a> government break off <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diplomatic_relations\" >diplomatic relations<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1935\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Labor_Relations_Act\" >National Labor Relations Act<\/a>, which governs labor relations in the United States, is signed into law by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President\" >President<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Franklin_D._Roosevelt\" >Franklin D. Roosevelt<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1884\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/German_Empire\" >Germany<\/a> takes possession of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kamerun\" >Cameroon<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1878\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coat_of_arms\" >coat of arms<\/a> of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Baku_Governorate\" >Baku Governorate<\/a> is established.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1841\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thomas_Cook\" >Thomas Cook<\/a> organises the first package excursion, from <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leicester\" >Leicester<\/a> to <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Loughborough\" >Loughborough<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1833\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Admiral\" >Admiral<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_John_Napier\" >Charles Napier<\/a> vanquishes the navy of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kingdom_of_Portugal\" >Portuguese<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Usurper\" >usurper<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dom_Miguel\" >Dom Miguel<\/a> at the third <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_%281833%29\" >Battle of Cape St. Vincent<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1833\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Kh%C3%B4i\" >L\u00ea V\u0103n Kh\u00f4i<\/a> along with 27 soldiers stage a mutiny taking over the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Citadel_of_Saigon\" >Phi\u00ean An citadel<\/a>, developing into the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/L%C3%AA_V%C4%83n_Kh%C3%B4i_revolt\" >L\u00ea V\u0103n Kh\u00f4i revolt<\/a> against Emperor <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minh_M%E1%BA%A1ng\" >Minh M\u1ea1ng<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1814\u00a0 <\/strong>War of 1812: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Chippawa\" >Battle of Chippawa<\/a> \u2013 American <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Major_General\" >Major General<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jacob_Brown\" >Jacob Brown<\/a> defeats <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland\" >British<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/General\" >General<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Phineas_Riall\" >Phineas Riall<\/a> at <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chippawa,_Ontario\" >Chippawa, Ontario<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1813\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_of_1812\" >War of 1812<\/a>: Three weeks of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland\" >British<\/a> raids on <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fort_Schlosser\" >Fort Schlosser<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Black_Rock,_Buffalo,_New_York\" >Black Rock<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plattsburgh_%28city%29,_New_York\" >Plattsburgh, New York<\/a> commence.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1811\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Venezuela\" >Venezuela<\/a> declares independence from Spain.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1809\u00a0 <\/strong>The largest battle of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Napoleonic_Wars\" >Napoleonic Wars<\/a>, the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Wagram\" >Battle of Wagram<\/a> is fought between the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_First_Empire\" >French<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Austrian_Empire\" >Austrian Empires<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1803\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Convention_of_Artlenburg\" >Convention of Artlenburg<\/a> is signed, leading to the French occupation of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hanover\" >Hanover<\/a> (which had been ruled by the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland\" >British<\/a> king).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>______________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>Satoshi Ashikaga is a member of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/\" >TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><em> (Sources and references:<\/em><\/strong> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/June_29\" ><em>http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/June_29<\/em><\/a><em> to July_5; <\/em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.historyorb.com\/events\/june\/29\" ><em>http:\/\/www.historyorb.com\/events\/june\/29<\/em><\/a><em> to july\/5; <\/em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.brainyhistory.com\/days\/june_29.html\" ><em>http:\/\/www.brainyhistory.com\/days\/june_29.html<\/em><\/a><em> to july_5.html; and other pertinent web sites and\/or documents, mentioned above.<strong>)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><em> The views expressed in the cited or quoted websites and\/or documents in this article do not necessarily reflect those of the author of this article. These websites and\/or documents are cited or quoted for academic or educational purposes. Neither the author of this article nor the Transcend Media Service (TMS) is responsible for the contents, information, or whatsoever contained in these websites and\/or documents.<\/em><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><em> One of the primary purposes of this article is to provide the readers with opportunities to think about \u201cpeace\u201d, including positive peace and negative peace as well as external\/outer peace and internal\/inner peace, and more, directly or indirectly, from various angles and\/or in the broadest sense, through historical events. It is because this article is prepared specifically for the TMS whose main objective is to address \u201cpeace\u201d through peace journalism.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>June 29\u2013July 5 &#8211; QUOTE OF THE WEEK: \u201cIf one dream should fall and break into a thousand pieces, never be afraid to pick one of those pieces up and begin again.\u201d \u2013 Flavia Weedn<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[148],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-59638","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59638","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=59638"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/59638\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=59638"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=59638"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=59638"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}