{"id":60795,"date":"2015-07-13T12:00:20","date_gmt":"2015-07-13T11:00:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=60795"},"modified":"2015-07-11T18:11:28","modified_gmt":"2015-07-11T17:11:28","slug":"this-week-in-history-32","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2015\/07\/this-week-in-history-32\/","title":{"rendered":"This Week in History"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>July 13 -19<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>QUOTE OF THE WEEK:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.brainyquote.com\/quotes\/quotes\/h\/helenkelle101340.html?src=t_strength\" ><em>\u201c<\/em><em>Character cannot be developed in ease and quiet. Only through experience of trial and suffering can the soul be strengthened, ambition inspired, and success achieved.\u201d<\/em><\/a> \u2013 Helen Keller<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>JULY 13<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2008\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Wanat\" >Battle of Wanat<\/a> begins when <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taliban\" >Taliban<\/a> &amp; <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Al-Qaeda\" >al-Qaeda<\/a> guerrillas attack <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/US_Army\" >US Army<\/a> &amp; <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Afghan_National_Army\" >Afghan National Army<\/a> troops in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_in_Afghanistan_%282001%E2%80%93present%29\" >Afghanistan<\/a>. The U.S. deaths were, at that time, the most in a single battle since the beginning of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Enduring_Freedom\" >operations in 2001<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2003\u00a0 <\/strong>French <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Directorate-General_for_External_Security\" >DGSE<\/a> personnel abort <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Op%C3%A9ration_14_juillet\" >an operation<\/a> to rescue <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%8Dngrid_Betancourt\" >\u00cdngrid Betancourt<\/a> from <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia\" >FARC<\/a> rebels in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colombia\" >Colombia<\/a>, causing a political scandal when details are leaked to the press.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1985\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Live_Aid\" >Live Aid<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benefit_concert\" >benefit concert<\/a> takes place in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/London\" >London, England, United Kingdom<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philadelphia\" >Philadelphia, Pennsylvania<\/a>, as well as other venues such as <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sydney\" >Sydney, Australia<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moscow\" >Moscow, Russia, Soviet Union<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1980\u00a0 <\/strong>USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh\/<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Semipalatinsk_Test_Site\" >Semipalitinsk<\/a> USSR.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=A--r7jbXEgs\" >YouTube video (4 min. 21 sec.): Semipalatinsk Test Site \u2013 Kazakhstan \u2013 Nuclear Threat Initiative<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ctbto.org\/nuclear-testing\/the-effects-of-nuclear-testing\/the-soviet-unionsnuclear-testing-programme\/\" >THE SOVIET UNION\u2019S NUCLEAR TESTING PROGRAMME &#8211; CTBTO<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/nuclearweaponarchive.org\/Russia\/Sovtestsum.html\" >Soviet Nuclear Test Summary \u2013 NuclearWeaponArchive.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.historyorb.com\/war-history\/weapons\/nuclear-weapon\/nuclear-testing?p=8\" >Nuclear weapons tests in history \u2013 HistoryOrb.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><em>Health, and Ecological Issues in Kazakhstan\/Semipalatinsk:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/reference.allrefer.com\/country-guide-study\/kazakhstan\/kazakhstan17.html\" >Kazakstan\/Kazakhstan \u2013 Environmental Problems \u2013 Reference.AllRefer.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nuclear-risks.org\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/pdfs\/HBWW_EN\/Semipalatinsk_EN_web.pdf\" >\u201c<em>In Semipalatinsk, the local population was exposed to high levels of radioactivity from nuclear weapon tests for several decades<\/em>\u2026\u201d \u2013 Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan: Nuclear test site \u2013 Nuclear-Risk.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/large.stanford.edu\/courses\/2014\/ph241\/powell2\/docs\/vakulchuk.pdf\" >Semipalatinsk nuclear testing: the humanitarian consequences \u2013 Norwegian Institute of International Affairs<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nuclearfiles.org\/menu\/key-issues\/nuclear-weapons\/issues\/testing\/PDFs\/JC-143920%5B1%5D.pdf\" ><em>Radionuclide Contamination at Kazakhstan\u2019s Semipalatinsk Test Site Implications on Human and Ecological Heath<\/em>, by T.M. Carlsen, L.E. Peterson, B.A. Ulsh, C.A. Werner, K.L.Purvis, A.C. Sharber<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.irpa.net\/irpa10\/cdrom\/00504.pdf\" ><em>Radiation Exposure on Residents due to Semipalatinsk Nuclear Tests<\/em> \u2013 IRPA.net<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nukefreetexas.org\/downloads\/plutominum_uranium_semipalatinsk_test_site.pdf\" ><em>Plutonium and Uranium in Human Bones from Areas surrounding the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site<\/em> \u2013 NukeFreeTexas.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.csmonitor.com\/World\/Asia-South-Central\/2013\/0828\/Secrets-of-Semipalatinsk-How-nuclear-theft-was-averted-in-Central-Asia\" >\u201c<em>Their research done on sample villages near the test site found cancer mortality rates 2-1\/2 times greater than those in a control village. The agency says some 356,000 people face radiation risk, with 70 percent of those being descendants of exposed villagers<\/em>\u2026\u201d \u2013 Secrets of Semipalatinsk: How nuclear theft was averted in Central Asia \u2013 The Christian Science Monitor<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cajgh.pitt.edu\/ojs\/index.php\/cajgh\/article\/view\/127\/0\" ><em>Studies of Health Effects from Nuclear Testing near the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site Kazakhstan<\/em>, by Bernd Grosche, Tamara Zhunussova, Kazbek Apsalikov, Ausrele Kesminiene<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.idosi.org\/wasj\/wasj23%285%2913\/19.pdf\" ><em>Information Report on Biological Studies Conducted At the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site<\/em> \u2013 IDOSI.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/europepmc.org\/articles\/PMC3866702\" ><em>Mortality from Cardiovascular Disease in the Semipalatinsk Historical Cohort, 1960 \u2013 1999, and its Relationship to Radiation Exposure<\/em> \u2013 Europe PubMed Central<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1977\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Somalia\" >Somalia<\/a> declares war on <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethiopia\" >Ethiopia<\/a>, starting the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethiopian-Somali_War\" >Ethiopian-Somali War<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1973\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexander_Butterfield\" >Alexander Butterfield<\/a> reveals the existence of the &#8220;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nixon_White_House_tapes\" >Nixon tapes<\/a>&#8221; to the special <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Senate\" >Senate<\/a> committee investigating the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Watergate_scandal\" >Watergate break in<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1962\u00a0 <\/strong>US performs nuclear test at <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nevada_Test_Site\" >Nevada Test Site<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.globalsecurity.org\/wmd\/facility\/nts.htm\" >Nevada Test Site \u2013 GlobalSecurity.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ufomind.com\/area51\/org\/nts\/\" >\u201c<em>The Nevada Test Site is a Rhode Island-sized testing ground northwest of Las Vegas where the U.S. conducted the majority of its nuclear weapons tests during the Cold War. From its founding in 1951 until the final Divider test in 1992, over 900 atomic explosions were detonated in this barren desert<\/em>.\u201d &#8211; Nevada Site \u2013 UFOMind.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/about\/projects\/archive\/nucweapons\/nts\" >Nuclear Testing at the Nevada Site \u2013 Brookings.edu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/commondreams.org\/views01\/0105-06.htm\" >50 Years Later, The Tragedy of Nuclear Tests in Nevada \u2013 CommonDreams.org<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><em>Ecological and Health Issues in and around the Nevada Test Site:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/cdclv.unlv.edu\/healthnv\/environment.html\" >Environment and the Quality of Life in Nevada \u2013 UNLV.edu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nv.doe.gov\/library\/publications\/Environmental\/DOENV_11718_594.pdf\" ><em>ECONLGOY OF THE NEVADA TEST SITE: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH NARRATIVE SUMMARY, KEY WORD INDEX, AND SPECIES LISTS<\/em> \u2013 DOE\/NEV\/11718-594<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.osti.gov\/scitech\/biblio\/6458066\" ><em>Nevada Applied Ecology Information Center: a review of technical information support provided to the Nevada Applied Ecology Group<\/em> \u2013 Sci-Tech Connect<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/ecologycenter.org\/terrainmagazine\/summer-2002\/sovereignty-at-shoshone-mountain\/\" >\u201c<em>Between 1951 and 1992, the United States bombed its own soil with nuclear weapons \u2014 945 times. All but 17 of those explosions took place on a stretch of basin-and-range desert northwest of Las Vegas called the Nevada Test Site (NTS),\u2026<\/em>\u201d \u2013 Sovereignty at Shoshone Mountain \u2013 EcologyCenter.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.princeton.edu\/~ota\/disk1\/1989\/8909\/8909.PDF\" ><em>The Containment of Underground Nuclear Explosions<\/em> \u2013 Princeton.edu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nevadatestsite.info\/\" >Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation \u2013 National Cancer Benefits Center<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1942\u00a0 <\/strong>5,000 Jews of Rovno Polish Ukraine, executed by Nazis.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland\" >History of Jews in Poland \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/ww2today.com\/13th-july-1942-horror-of-the-liquidation-of-the-rovno-ghetto\" >Horror of the Liquidation of the Rovno Ghetto \u2013 World War II Today<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.collive.com\/show_news.rtx?id=17139\" >Memorial held for Rovno Massacre \u2013 Collive.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.holocaustforgotten.com\/non-jewishvictims.htm\" >Who were the five-million non-Jews Holocaust victims? \u2013 HolocaustForgotten.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.yadvashem.org\/yv\/en\/righteous\/stories\/historical_background\/volhynia_dubno.asp\" >Volhynia and Rovno \u2013 Vad Vashem<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1941\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montenegro\" >Montenegrins<\/a> begin a popular <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Uprising_in_Montenegro\" >uprising<\/a> against the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Axis_powers\" >Axis powers<\/a> (<em>Trinaestojulski ustanak<\/em>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1919\u00a0 <\/strong>The British <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Airship\" >airship<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/R33_class_airship\" >R34<\/a> lands in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Norfolk\" >Norfolk<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/England\" >England<\/a>, completing the first airship return journey across the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlantic_Ocean\" >Atlantic<\/a> in 182 hours of flight.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1905\u00a0 <\/strong>The verdict in the six-month-long <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smarthavicharam\" >Smarthavicharam<\/a> trial of Kuriyedath Thathri is pronounced, leading to the excommunication of 65 men of various castes.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1878\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Berlin_%281878%29\" >Treaty of Berlin<\/a>: The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Europe\" >European<\/a> powers redraw the map of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Balkans\" >Balkans<\/a>. <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serbia\" >Serbia<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Montenegro\" >Montenegro<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romania\" >Romania<\/a> become completely independent of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ottoman_Empire\" >Ottoman Empire<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1854\u00a0 <\/strong>In the Battle of Guaymas, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mexico\" >Mexico<\/a>, General <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Y%C3%A1%C3%B1ez\" >Jos\u00e9 Mar\u00eda Y\u00e1\u00f1ez<\/a> stops the French invasion led by Count <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gaston_de_Raousset-Boulbon\" >Gaston de Raousset-Boulbon<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>JULY 14<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2003\u00a0 <\/strong>In an effort to discredit U.S. Ambassador <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_C._Wilson\" >Joseph C. Wilson<\/a>, who had written an article critical of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2003_invasion_of_Iraq\" >2003 invasion of Iraq<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Washington_Post\" ><em>Washington Post<\/em><\/a> columnist <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robert_Novak\" >Robert Novak<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plame_affair\" >reveals<\/a> that Wilson&#8217;s wife <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valerie_Plame\" >Valerie Plame<\/a> is a CIA &#8220;operative&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2002\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_President\" >French President<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jacques_Chirac\" >Jacques Chirac<\/a> escapes an assassination attempt unscathed during <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bastille_Day\" >Bastille Day<\/a> celebrations.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2000\u00a0 <\/strong>A powerful <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Solar_flare\" >solar flare<\/a>, later named the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bastille_Day_event\" >Bastille Day event<\/a>, causes a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geomagnetic_storm\" >geomagnetic storm<\/a> on <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Earth\" >Earth<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1992\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/386BSD\" >386BSD<\/a> is released by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lynne_Jolitz\" >Lynne Jolitz<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_Jolitz\" >William Jolitz<\/a> beginning the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Open-source_software\" >Open Source<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operating_System\" >Operating System<\/a> Revolution. <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Linus_Torvalds\" >Linus Torvalds<\/a> releases his <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Linux\" >Linux<\/a> soon afterwards.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1984\u00a0 <\/strong>USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh\/<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Semipalatinsk_Test_Site\" >Semipalitinsk<\/a> USSR.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nti.org\/facilities\/732\/\" >Semipalitinsk Test Site \u2013 NTI.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/io9.com\/5988266\/the-tragic-story-of-the-semipalatinsk-nuclear-test-site\" >The Tragic Story of the Semipalitinsk Nuclear Test Site \u2013 IO9.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/aboutkazakhstan.com\/blog\/history\/semipalatinsk-nuclear-test-site-20-years-after-the-closure\/\" >Semipalitinsk nuclear test site \u2013 20 years after the closure \u2013 AboutKazakhstan.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.rferl.org\/content\/soviet_nuclear_testing_semipalatinsk_20th_anniversary\/24311518.html\" >Slow Death In Kazakhstan\u2019s Land Of Nuclear Tests \u2013 Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/prosites-kazakhembus.homestead.com\/nuc_h.html\" >SEMIPALATINSK: NUCLEAR NIGHTMARE OF KAZAKHSTAN<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1979\u00a0 <\/strong>USSR performs nuclear test.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1976\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Canada\" >Capital punishment<\/a> is abolished <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Capital_punishment_in_Canada\" >in Canada<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.amnesty.ca\/our-work\/issues\/abolish-the-death-penalty\/death-penalty-in-canada\" >Death penalty in Canada \u2013 Amnesty International Canada<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/canadaonline.about.com\/cs\/crime\/a\/cappuntimeline.htm\" >History of Capital Punishment in Canada \u2013 CanadaOnline.About.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca\/en\/article\/capital-punishment\/\" >Death Penalty \u2013 Canadian Encyclopedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/EN\/ProfessionalInterest\/Pages\/2ndOPCCPR.aspx\" >Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty, adopted 15 December 1989<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/treaties.un.org\/Pages\/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&amp;mtdsg_no=IV-12&amp;chapter=4&amp;lang=en\" >State parties to the Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1972\u00a0 <\/strong>USSR performs underground nuclear test.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1969\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Large_denominations_of_United_States_currency\" >The United States $500, $1,000, $5,000 and $10,000 bills<\/a> are officially withdrawn from circulation.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1962\u00a0 <\/strong>US performs nuclear test <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nevada_Test_Site\" >at Nevada Test Site<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.globalsecurity.org\/wmd\/facility\/nts.htm\" >NEVADA TEST SITE \u2013 GlobalSecuirty.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/about\/projects\/archive\/nucweapons\/nts\" >Nuclear Testing at the Nevada Site \u2013 Brookings.edu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ufomind.com\/area51\/org\/nts\/\" >Nevada Test Site \u2013 UFOMind.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nevadatestsite.info\/\" >Nevada Test Site Workers Exposed to Radiation \u2013 National Cancer Benefits Center<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1958\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/14_July_Revolution\" >Iraqi Revolution<\/a>: In <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iraq\" >Iraq<\/a> the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monarchy\" >monarchy<\/a> is overthrown by popular forces led by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abdul_Karim_Kassem\" >Abdul Karim Kassem<\/a>, who becomes the nation&#8217;s new leader.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/14_July_Revolution\" >The 14<sup>th<\/sup> July Revolution or the 1958 Iraqi coup d\u2019\u00e9tat \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.globalsecurity.org\/military\/world\/war\/iraq-coup.htm\" >Iraqi Revolution and Coups \u2013 GlobalSecurity.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/adst.org\/2014\/07\/the-iraqi-revolution-of-1958\/\" >The Iraqi Revolution \u2013 of 1958 \u2013 Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.quora.com\/What-were-the-causes-of-the-1958-Iraqi-revolution\" >What were the causes of the 1958 Iraqi revolution? \u2013 Quora.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.historytoday.com\/antony-hornyold\/iraqs-revolution-bastille-day-baghdad\" >Iraq\u2019s revolution: Bastille Day in Bagdad \u2013 HistoryToday.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1957\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rawya_Ateya\" >Rawya Ateya<\/a> takes her seat in the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parliament_of_Egypt\" >National Assembly<\/a> of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Egypt\" >Egypt<\/a>, thereby becoming the first female parliamentarian in the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arab_World\" >Arab world<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1950\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Korean_War\" >Korean War<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_Korea\" >North Korean<\/a> troops initiate the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Taejon\" >Battle of Taejon<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/jeffreymillerwrites.com\/battle-of-taejon-july-14-1950\/\" >Battle of Taejon \u2013 July 14, 1950 \u2013 JeffreyMillerWrites.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.history.army.mil\/books\/korea\/20-2-1\/sn11.htm\" >Chapter XI \u2013 Taejon \u2013 History.Army.mil<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.usmilitarybattles.com\/taejon.html\" >July 14 \u2013 21, 1950 \u2013 Korean War \u2013 USMilitaryBattles.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1948\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Palmiro_Togliatti\" >Palmiro Togliatti<\/a>, leader of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italian_Communist_Party\" >Italian Communist Party<\/a>, is shot and wounded near the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italian_Parliament\" >Italian Parliament<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1944\u00a0 <\/strong>US assault on Coutances Cotentin.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1943\u00a0 <\/strong>In <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diamond,_Missouri\" >Diamond, Missouri<\/a>, the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_Washington_Carver_National_Monument\" >George Washington Carver National Monument<\/a> becomes the first <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_National_Monument\" >United States National Monument<\/a> in honor of an <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/African_American\" >African American<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1933\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nazi_eugenics\" >Nazi eugenics<\/a> begins with the proclamation of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Law_for_the_Prevention_of_Hereditarily_Diseased_Offspring\" >Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring<\/a> that calls for the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compulsory_sterilization\" >compulsory sterilization<\/a> of any citizen who suffers from alleged genetic disorders.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1933\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gleichschaltung\" >Gleichschaltung<\/a>: In <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germany\" >Germany<\/a>, all <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Political_party\" >political parties<\/a> are outlawed except the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nazi_Party\" >Nazi Party<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1928\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/T%C3%A2n_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Revolutionary_Party\" >New Vietnam Revolutionary Party<\/a> is founded in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hu%E1%BA%BF\" >Hu\u1ebf<\/a> amid providing some of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Communist_Party_of_Vietnam\" >communist party<\/a>&#8216;s most important leaders in its early years.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1916\u00a0 <\/strong>Start of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Delville_Wood\" >Battle of Delville Wood<\/a> as an action within the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_the_Somme\" >Battle of the Somme<\/a>, which was to last until 3 September 1916.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1900\u00a0 <\/strong>Armies of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eight-Nation_Alliance\" >Eight-Nation Alliance<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siege_of_the_International_Legations\" >capture<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tianjin\" >Tientsin<\/a> during the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boxer_Rebellion\" >Boxer Rebellion<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1881\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Billy_the_Kid\" >Billy the Kid<\/a> is shot and killed by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pat_Garrett\" >Pat Garrett<\/a> outside <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fort_Sumner\" >Fort Sumner<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1874\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chicago_Fire_of_1874\" >Chicago Fire of 1874<\/a> burns down 47 acres of the city, destroying 812 buildings, killing 20, and resulting in the fire insurance industry demanding municipal reforms from Chicago&#8217;s city council.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>JULY 15<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2014\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2014\/07\/15\/world\/africa\/nigeria-boko-haram-arrest\/\" >Mohammed Zakari, a leader of Islamist militant group Boko Haram, has been arrested by Nigerian police<\/a>; <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boko_Haram\" >Boko Haram<\/a> is implicated in hundreds of deaths and kidnappings, and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.africareview.com\/News\/Nigeria-police-capture-senior-Boko-Haram-commander\/-\/979180\/2384898\/-\/15qnvqs\/-\/index.html\" >Zakari<\/a> is wanted for the recent killings of seven people.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.saharasamay.com\/world-news\/676557182\/zakari-boko-haram-s-chief-butcher-arrested.html\" >Zakari, Boko Haram\u2019s \u2018Chief Butcher\u2019 Arrested \u2013 sharasamay.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/news.nationalgeographic.com\/news\/2014\/05\/140507-boko-haram-nigeria-borno-state-maiduguri-mohammed-yusuf-abubukar-shekau-goodluck-jonathan-world\/\" >Nigeria\u2019s Boko Haram: Who Are They and What They Want? \u2013 National Geographic<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.gatestoneinstitute.org\/4232\/boko-haram-nigeria\" >Boko Haram: How a Militant Islamist Group Emerged in Nigeria \u2013 GatestoneInstitute.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-13809501\" >Who are Nigeria\u2019s Boko Haram Islamists? \u2013 BBC News<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2006\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twitter\" >Twitter<\/a> is launched, becoming one of the largest <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_media\" >social media<\/a> platforms in the world.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Twitter_Revolution\" >Twitter revolution \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.webpronews.com\/a-nobel-peace-prize-for-twitter-2009-07\" >Nobel Peace Prize for Twitter? \u2013 WebProNews.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/readwrite.com\/2009\/07\/07\/does_twitter_deserve_a_nobel_peace_prize_not_yet_b\" >Does Twitter Deserve a Nobel Peace Prize? Maybe Not Yet, But It Could Someday \u2013 ReadWrite.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.csmonitor.com\/World\/Global-Issues\/2011\/0630\/Social-media-Did-Twitter-and-Facebook-really-build-a-global-revolution\" >Did Twitter and Facebook really build a global revolution? \u2013 Christian Science Monitor<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.wired.com\/2010\/09\/weak-ties-twitter-and-revolutions\/\" >Weak Ties, Twitter and Revolution \u2013 The Wire<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.thewire.com\/global\/2011\/01\/the-twitter-revolution-debate-the-egyptian-test-case\/21296\/\" >The \u2018Twitter Revolution\u2019 Debate: The Egyptian Test Case \u2013 The Wire<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.slate.com\/articles\/technology\/future_tense\/2012\/02\/syria_uprising_twitter_and_social_media_revolution_fatigue_.html\" >Western social media users were enthralled by the protests in Iran and Egypt. Why aren\u2019t they paying attention to Syria? \u2013 Slate.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2011\/01\/15\/the-first-twitter-revolution-2\/\" >The First Twitter Revolution? \u2013 Foreign Policy<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/mic.com\/articles\/10642\/twitter-revolution-how-the-arab-spring-was-helped-by-social-media\" >Twitter Revolution: How the Arab Spring Was Helped by Social Media \u2013 Mic.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.internationalpeaceandconflict.org\/profiles\/blogs\/a-guide-to-tweeting-for-peace-and-social-change#.VYU0iEaufX4\" >A GUIDE TO TWEETING FOR PEACE and SOCIAL CHANGE \u2013 pcdn<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2003\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Time_Warner\" >AOL Time Warner<\/a> disbands <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Netscape\" >Netscape<\/a>. The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mozilla_Foundation\" >Mozilla Foundation<\/a> is established on the same day<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2002\u00a0 <\/strong>Anti-Terrorism Court of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pakistan\" >Pakistan<\/a> hands down the death sentence to <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom\" >British<\/a> born <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ahmed_Omar_Saeed_Sheikh\" >Ahmed Omar Saeed Sheikh<\/a> and life terms to three others suspected of murdering <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Wall_Street_Journal\" ><em>The Wall Street Journal<\/em><\/a> reporter <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Daniel_Pearl\" >Daniel Pearl<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2002\u00a0 <\/strong>&#8220;American <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taliban\" >Taliban<\/a>&#8221; <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Walker_Lindh\" >John Walker Lindh<\/a> pleads guilty to supplying aid to the enemy and to possession of explosives during the commission of a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Felony\" >felony<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1991\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.brainyhistory.com\/events\/1991\/july_15_1991_165322.html\" >US troops leave northern Iraq.<\/a><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Provide_Comfort\" >Operation Provide Comfort \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1991\/07\/13\/world\/last-troops-begin-withdrawing-from-northern-iraq.html\" >\u201c<em>The pullout of the 3,300 troops, including about 1,500 Americans, is scheduled to be completed by Monday<\/em> [15 July 1991].\u201d \u2013 The New York Times<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/history.state.gov\/milestones\/1989-1992\/gulf-war\" >The Gulf War \u2013 1991 \u2013 Milestones: 1989 \u2013 1992 \u2013 Office of the Historian<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1979\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States\" >US<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_the_United_States\" >President<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jimmy_Carter\" >Jimmy Carter<\/a> gives his so-called <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malaise_speech\" >malaise speech<\/a>, where he characterizes the greatest threat to the country as &#8220;this crisis in the growing doubt about the meaning of our own lives and in the loss of a unity of purpose for our nation&#8221; but in which he never uses the word <em>malaise<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1975\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Space_Race\" >Space Race<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz_Test_Project\" >Apollo\u2013Soyuz Test Project<\/a> features the dual launch of an <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apollo_program\" >Apollo spacecraft<\/a> and a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_%28spacecraft%29\" >Soyuz spacecraft<\/a> on the first joint Soviet-United States human-crewed flight. It was both the last launch of an Apollo spacecraft, and the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saturn_%28rocket_family%29\" >Saturn family of rockets<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1974\u00a0 <\/strong>In <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nicosia\" >Nicosia<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyprus\" >Cyprus<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_military_junta_of_1967%E2%80%931974\" >Greek Junta<\/a>-sponsored nationalists launch a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat\" >coup d&#8217;\u00e9tat<\/a>, deposing <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President\" >President<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Makarios_III\" >Makarios<\/a> and installing <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nikos_Sampson\" >Nikos Sampson<\/a> as <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyprus\" >Cypriot<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President\" >president<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1971\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Red_Army\" >United Red Army<\/a> is founded in Japan.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1967\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_the_soviet_union\" >USSR performs nuclear test<\/a> at Eastern Kazakh\/<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Semipalatinsk_Test_Site\" >Semipalitinsk<\/a> USSR.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1966\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam_War\" >Vietnam War<\/a>: The United States and South Vietnam begin <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Hastings\" >Operation Hastings<\/a> to push the North Vietnamese out of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnamese_Demilitarized_Zone\" >Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1957\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_the_United_States\" >US performs nuclear test<\/a> at <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nevada_Test_Site\" >Nevada Test Site<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1955\u00a0 <\/strong>Eighteen <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nobel_Prize\" >Nobel laureates<\/a> sign the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mainau_Declaration\" >Mainau Declaration<\/a> against <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuclear_weapon\" >nuclear weapons<\/a>, later co-signed by thirty-four others.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1954\u00a0 <\/strong>First flight of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boeing_367-80\" >Boeing 367-80<\/a>, prototype for both the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boeing_707\" >Boeing 707<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boeing_C-135_Stratolifter\" >C-135<\/a> series.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1927\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/July_Revolt_of_1927\" >Massacre of July 15, 1927<\/a>: Eighty-nine protesters are killed by the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Austria\" >Austrian<\/a> police in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vienna\" >Vienna<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1922\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japanese_Communist_Party\" >Japanese Communist Party<\/a> is established in Japan.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1920\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Polish_Republic\" >Polish<\/a> Parliament establishes <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Silesian_Voivodeship_%281920%E2%80%931939%29\" >Silesian Voivodeship<\/a> before the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Upper_Silesia_plebiscite\" >Polish-German plebiscite<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1918\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_I\" >World War I<\/a>: The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Battle_of_the_Marne\" >Second Battle of the Marne<\/a> begins near the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marne_%28river%29\" >River Marne<\/a> with a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germany\" >German<\/a> attack.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1916\u00a0 <\/strong>In <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seattle\" >Seattle, Washington<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_Boeing\" >William Boeing<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_Conrad_Westervelt\" >George Conrad Westervelt<\/a> incorporate Pacific Aero Products (later renamed <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boeing\" >Boeing<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1910\u00a0 <\/strong>\u2013 In his book <em>Clinical Psychiatry<\/em>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emil_Kraepelin\" >Emil Kraepelin<\/a> gives a name to <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alzheimer%27s_disease\" >Alzheimer&#8217;s disease<\/a>, naming it after his colleague <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alois_Alzheimer\" >Alois Alzheimer<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1838\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson\" >Ralph Waldo Emerson<\/a> delivers the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Divinity_School_Address\" >Divinity School Address<\/a> at <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harvard_Divinity_School\" >Harvard Divinity School<\/a>, discounting Biblical miracles and declaring Jesus a great man, but not God. The Protestant community reacts with outrage.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1834\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spanish_Inquisition\" >Spanish Inquisition<\/a> is officially disbanded after nearly 356 years.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1815\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Napoleonic_Wars\" >Napoleonic Wars<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Napoleon_Bonaparte\" >Napoleon Bonaparte<\/a> surrenders aboard <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HMS_Bellerophon_%281786%29\" >HMS\u00a0<em>Bellerophon<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1799\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rosetta_Stone\" >Rosetta Stone<\/a> is found in the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Egypt\" >Egyptian<\/a> village of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rosetta\" >Rosetta<\/a> by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/France\" >French<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Captain_%28OF-2%29\" >Captain<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pierre-Fran%C3%A7ois_Bouchard\" >Pierre-Fran\u00e7ois Bouchard<\/a> during <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Napoleon\" >Napoleon<\/a>&#8216;s <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria\" >Egyptian Campaign<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1789\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gilbert_du_Motier,_marquis_de_Lafayette\" >Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette<\/a>, is named by acclamation <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colonel_General\" >Colonel General<\/a> of the new <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Guard_%28France%29\" >National Guard<\/a> of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paris\" >Paris<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1741\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aleksei_Chirikov\" >Aleksei Chirikov<\/a> sights land in Southeast <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alaska\" >Alaska<\/a>. He sends men ashore in a longboat, making them the first Europeans to visit Alaska.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>JULY 16<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2014\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.brainyhistory.com\/days\/july_16.html\" >The US adds new sanctions against Russia, prohibiting certain Russian international businesses from accessing US capital markets; the move extends previous sanctions targeting specific individuals and their companies.<\/a><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.reedsmith.com\/July-Sanctions-Update-Ukraine-and-Iran-07-17-2014\/\" >Sanctions Update: the U.S. and the E.U. impose further measures against Russia \u2013 ReadSmith.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2009\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.thepeoplehistory.com\/july16th.html\" >Industrial espionage by Chinese: \u201c<em>Dongfan Chung, a former engineer employed by Boeing and Rockwell International, was found guilty of economic espionage on this day. Chung, a Chinese born naturalized United States citizen was accused of giving secretive information about space shuttle technology to China.<\/em>\u201d \u2013 ThePeopleHistory.com<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1999\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_F._Kennedy,_Jr.#Death\" >John F. Kennedy, Jr.<\/a>, piloting a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Piper_PA-32\" >Piper Saratoga<\/a> aircraft, dies when his plane crashes into the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlantic_Ocean\" >Atlantic Ocean<\/a> off the coast of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Martha%27s_Vineyard\" >Martha&#8217;s Vineyard<\/a>. His wife <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carolyn_Bessette-Kennedy\" >Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy<\/a> and sister-in-law <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_F._Kennedy,_Jr._plane_crash\" >Lauren Bessette<\/a> are also killed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1990\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Verkhovna_Rada\" >Parliament of the Ukrainian SSR<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Declaration_of_State_Sovereignty_of_Ukraine\" >declares state sovereignty<\/a> over the territory of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic\" >Ukrainian SSR<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Ukraine\" >History of Ukraine \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Modern_history_of_Ukraine\" >Modern History of Ukraine &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.syrucc.org\/history.html\" >A Brief History of Ukraine \u2013 syrucc.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Politics_of_Ukraine\" >Politics of Ukraine \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/ukraineanalysis.wordpress.com\/\" >Current Politics of Ukraine \u2013 UkraineAnalysis.WordPress.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nationsonline.org\/oneworld\/map\/ukraine-political-map.htm\" >Political Map of Ukraine \u2013 NationsOnline.org<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1981\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mahathir_Mohamad\" >Mahathir Mohamad<\/a> becomes <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malaysia\" >Malaysia<\/a>&#8216;s 4th <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia\" >Prime Minister<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1979\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_Iraq\" >Iraqi President<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr\" >Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr<\/a> resigns and is replaced by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saddam_Hussein\" >Saddam Hussein<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.newworldencyclopedia.org\/entry\/Saddam_Hussein\" >Saddam Hussein \u2013 New World Encyclopedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.infoplease.com\/encyclopedia\/people\/hussein-saddam.html\" >Saddam Hussein \u2013 infoplease.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/novaonline.nvcc.edu\/eli\/evans\/HIS135\/Events\/Hussein\/Hussein.html\" >Saddam Hussein \u2013 NovaOnline.NVCC.edu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Politics_of_Iraq\" >Politics of Iraq &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1973\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Watergate_scandal\" >Watergate scandal<\/a>: Former <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/White_House\" >White House<\/a> aide <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alexander_Butterfield\" >Alexander Butterfield<\/a> informs the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Senate\" >United States Senate<\/a> that <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_the_United_States\" >President<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Nixon\" >Richard Nixon<\/a> had secretly recorded potentially incriminating conversations.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1969\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apollo_program\" >Apollo program<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apollo_11\" ><em>Apollo 11<\/em><\/a>, the first <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_spaceflight\" >mission<\/a> to land astronauts on the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moon\" >Moon<\/a>, is launched from the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kennedy_Space_Center\" >Kennedy Space Center<\/a> at <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cape_Canaveral\" >Cape Kennedy<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Florida\" >Florida<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1965\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam\" >outh Vietnamese<\/a> Colonel <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_Th%E1%BA%A3o\" >Ph\u1ea1m Ng\u1ecdc Th\u1ea3o<\/a>\u2014an undetected <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam\" >communist spy<\/a>\u2014was hunted down and killed after being sentenced to death <em>in absentia<\/em> for a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1965_South_Vietnamese_coup\" >February 1965 coup attempt<\/a> against <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Kh%C3%A1nh\" >Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u00e1nh<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1951\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Catcher_in_the_Rye\" ><em>The Catcher in the Rye<\/em><\/a> by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/J._D._Salinger\" >J. D. Salinger<\/a> is published for the first time by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Little,_Brown_and_Company\" >Little, Brown and Company<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/studentacademichelp.blogspot.com\/2009\/03\/historical-background-of-catcher-in-rye.html\" >Historical Background of The Catcher in the Rye \u2013 Academic Help<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.reviewessays.com\/English\/Comparison-And-Contrast-Of-A-Separate-Peace-And\/24492.html\" >\u201c<em>Separate Peace was actually written during the time of World War II, while The Cather in the Rye was written after World War II. As a result, different time periods probably differentiated their lifestyles\u2026<\/em>\u201d \u2013 A Comparison and Contrast Of A Separate Peace And [The] Catcher in the Rye<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikiquote.org\/wiki\/The_Catcher_in_the_Rye\" ><em>The Catcher in the Rye<\/em> &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.imdb.com\/video\/wab\/vi1487340057\/\" >Full movie \u2013 The Catcher in the Rye (1h. 15 min. 06 sec.)\u2013 IMDb.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1950\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chaplain%E2%80%93Medic_massacre\" >Chaplain\u2013Medic massacre<\/a>: American POWs were massacred by North Korean Army.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1948\u00a0 <\/strong>The storming of the cockpit of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Miss_Macao\" ><em>Miss Macao<\/em><\/a> passenger seaplane, operated by a subsidiary of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cathay_Pacific\" >Cathay Pacific<\/a> Airways, marks the first <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aircraft_hijacking\" >aircraft hijacking<\/a> of a commercial plane.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1948\u00a0 <\/strong>Following token resistance, the city of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nazareth\" >Nazareth<\/a>, revered by Christians as the hometown of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jesus\" >Jesus<\/a>, capitulates to <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Israel\" >Israeli<\/a> troops during <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Dekel\" >Operation Dekel<\/a> in the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War\" >1948 Arab\u2013Israeli War<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1945\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manhattan_Project\" >Manhattan Project<\/a>: The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atomic_Age\" >Atomic Age<\/a> begins when the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States\" >United States<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trinity_%28nuclear_test%29\" >successfully detonates<\/a> a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plutonium\" >plutonium<\/a>-based test <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuclear_weapon\" >nuclear weapon<\/a> near <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alamogordo,_New_Mexico\" >Alamogordo, New Mexico<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1942\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Holocaust\" >Holocaust<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup\" >Vel&#8217; d&#8217;Hiv Roundup<\/a> (<em>Rafle du Vel&#8217; d&#8217;Hiv<\/em>): The government of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vichy_France\" >Vichy France<\/a> orders the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mass_arrest\" >mass arrest<\/a> of 13,152 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jews\" >Jews<\/a> who are held at the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/V%C3%A9lodrome_d%27hiver\" >Winter Velodrome<\/a> in Paris before deportation to <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Auschwitz_concentration_camp\" >Auschwitz<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1931\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Emperor_of_Ethiopia\" >Emperor<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Haile_Selassie_I\" >Haile Selassie I<\/a> signs the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1931_Constitution_of_Ethiopia\" >first constitution of Ethiopia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1927\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Augusto_C%C3%A9sar_Sandino\" >Augusto C\u00e9sar Sandino<\/a> leads a raid on U.S. Marines and Nicaraguan Guardia Nacional that had been sent to apprehend him in the village of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ocotal\" >Ocotal<\/a>, but is repulsed by one of the first <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dive_bomber\" >dive-bombing<\/a> attacks in history.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1909\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution\" >Persian Constitutional Revolution<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mohammad_Ali_Shah_Qajar\" >Mohammad Ali Shah Qajar<\/a> is forced out as Shah of Persia and is replaced by his son <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ahmad_Shah_Qajar\" >Ahmad Shah Qajar<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1809\u00a0 <\/strong>The city of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/La_Paz\" >La Paz<\/a>, in what is today <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bolivia\" >Bolivia<\/a>, declares its independence from the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monarchy_of_Spain\" >Spanish Crown<\/a> during the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/La_Paz_revolution\" >La Paz revolution<\/a> and forms the Junta Tuitiva, the first independent government in Spanish America, led by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedro_Domingo_Murillo\" >Pedro Domingo Murillo<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>JULY 17<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2014\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17\" >Malaysia Airlines Flight 17<\/a>, a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boeing_777\" >Boeing 777<\/a>, crashes near the border of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ukraine\" >Ukraine<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russia\" >Russia<\/a> after being shot down. All 298 people on board are killed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1998\u00a0 <\/strong>A diplomatic conference adopts the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court\" >Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court<\/a>, establishing a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Criminal_Court\" >permanent international court<\/a> to prosecute individuals for <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genocide\" >genocide<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crimes_against_humanity\" >crimes against humanity<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_crime\" >war crimes<\/a>, and the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crime_of_aggression\" >crime of aggression<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.icc-cpi.int\/en_menus\/icc\/Pages\/default.aspx\" >International Criminal Court \u2013 Official Site<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/legal.un.org\/icc\/general\/overview.htm\" >Establishment of the International Criminal Court<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.icc-cpi.int\/NR\/rdonlyres\/ADD16852-AEE9-4757-ABE7-9CDC7CF02886\/283503\/RomeStatutEng1.pdf\" >Full Text of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.icc-cpi.int\/en_menus\/icc\/legal%20texts%20and%20tools\/Pages\/legal%20tools.aspx\" >Basic Legal Texts of the International Criminal Court<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.rfa.org\/english\/news\/cambodia\/war-crime-01072009155210.html\" >Background: War Crimes Tribunal in History \u2013 Radio Free Asia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/library.law.yale.edu\/international-criminal-law\" >International Criminal Law Research Guide \u2013 Yale Law School<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.law.georgetown.edu\/library\/research\/guides\/WarCrimes.cfm#war-crimes-research-guide\" >War Crimes Research Guide \u2013 Georgetown Law University<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1380&amp;context=auilr\" >History and Future of the International Criminal Tribunals for former Yugoslavia and Rwanda, Louise Arbour \u2013 American University International Law Review<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.iccnow.org\/?mod=icchistory\" >History of the ICC \u2013 ICCNow.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/pov\/reckoning\/icc_history.php\" >Video: History of the International Criminal Court \u2013 PBS.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.internationalpolicydigest.org\/2012\/03\/23\/international-criminal-court-successes-and-failures-of-the-past-and-goals-for-the-future\/\" >International Criminal Court: Successes and Failures, by Daniel Donovan \u2013 InternatinalPolicyDigest.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.roberthjackson.org\/the-man\/speeches-articles\/speeches\/speeches-related-to-robert-h-jackson\/the-influence-of-the-nuremberg-trial-on-international-criminal-law\/\" >The Influence of The Nuremberg Trial On International Criminal Robert H. Jackson &#8211; RobertHJackson.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/law.jrank.org\/pages\/1369\/International-Criminal-Courts-Historical-background.html\" >International Criminal Courts \u2013 Historical Background \u2013 Law.JRank.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/digitalcommons.law.scu.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1441&amp;context=lawreview\" >The International Criminal Court: History, Development and Status, by J. Holms Armstead Jr. \u2013 Santa Clara Law Review<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\">Also visit <a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2015\/06\/this-week-in-history-30\/\" ><strong>This Week in History<em>: July 1,<\/em><\/strong><em> <strong>2002<\/strong><\/em><\/a><strong>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Criminal_Court\" >International Criminal Court<\/a> is established to prosecute individuals for <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Genocide\" >genocide<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crimes_against_humanity\" >crimes against humanity<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/War_crimes\" >war crimes<\/a>, and the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crime_of_aggression\" >crime of aggression<\/a>. (= The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court\" >Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court<\/a> comes into force.)<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1998\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1998_Papua_New_Guinea_earthquake\" >Papua New Guinea earthquake<\/a>: A <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tsunami\" >tsunami<\/a> triggered by an undersea <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Earthquake\" >earthquake<\/a> destroys 10 villages in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Papua_New_Guinea\" >Papua New Guinea<\/a> killing an estimated 3,183, leaving 2,000 more unaccounted for and thousands more homeless.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1996\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/TWA_Flight_800\" >TWA Flight 800<\/a>: Off the coast of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Long_Island\" >Long Island, New York<\/a>, a Paris-bound TWA <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boeing_747\" >Boeing 747<\/a> explodes, killing all 230 on board.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1989\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Holy_See%E2%80%93Poland_relations\" >Holy See\u2013Poland relations<\/a> are restored.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1989\u00a0 <\/strong>First flight of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit\" >B-2 Spirit<\/a> Stealth Bomber.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1985\u00a0 <\/strong>Founding of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/EUREKA\" >EUREKA<\/a> Network by former head of states <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand\" >Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand<\/a> (France) and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Helmut_Kohl\" >Helmut Kohl<\/a> (Germany).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1981\u00a0 <\/strong>USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh\/<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Semipalatinsk_Test_Site\" >Semipalitinsk<\/a> USSR.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/io9.com\/5988266\/the-tragic-story-of-the-semipalatinsk-nuclear-test-site\" >The Tragic Story of the Semipalitinsk Nuclear Test Site<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nti.org\/facilities\/732\/\" >Semipalitinsk Test Site \u2013 NTI.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.rferl.org\/content\/soviet_nuclear_testing_semipalatinsk_20th_anniversary\/24311518.html\" >\u201c<em>From 1949 to 1989, residents of the former Soviet oblast of Semipalatinsk lived under the shadow of a mushroom cloud<\/em>.\u201d \u2013 Slow Death of Kazakhstan\u2019s Land Of Nuclear Tests \u2013 Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/thebulletin.org\/lasting-toll-semipalatinsks-nuclear-testing\" >The lasting toll of Semipalatinsk\u2019s nuclear testing \u2013 TheBulltin.org<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1979\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nicaragua\" >Nicaraguan<\/a> dictator General <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle\" >Anastasio Somoza Debayle<\/a> resigns and flees to <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Miami\" >Miami<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Florida\" >Florida<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1976\u00a0 <\/strong>The opening of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1976_Summer_Olympics\" >Summer Olympics<\/a> in Montreal is marred by 25 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/African_people\" >African<\/a> teams boycotting the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_Zealand_Cavaliers\" >New Zealand team.<\/a> \u201c<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1976_Summer_Olympics\" ><em>Most sovereign African, and a few other, nations boycotted the Montreal Games when the International Olympic Committee (IOC) would not support, as had other international sporting organizations, the banning from competition of those countries whose athletes had participated in sporting events in South Africa as long as apartheid continued. The New Zealand rugby team had been touring South Africa during apartheid and were excluded from international sporting events due to implementation of the anti-apartheid policy<\/em><\/a>.\u201d<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rugby_union_and_apartheid\" >Rugby union and apartheid \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nzhistory.net.nz\/keyword\/protest-apartheid\" >Apartheid \u2013 NZHistory.net.nz<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nzhistory.net.nz\/media\/photo\/no-maoris-no-tour-poster\" >No Marios \u2013 No Tour \u2013 NZHistory.net.nz<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/blogs.loc.gov\/law\/2014\/01\/rugby-apartheid-and-the-law\/\" >\u201c<em>For example, I knew that for many years the New Zealand rugby team (called the All Blacks due to the color of the uniform) had been asked not to include Maori players for tours of South Africa<\/em>.\u201d \u2013 Rugby, Apartheid, and the Law, by Kelly Buchanan \u2013 Library of Congress \u2013 Blogs.Loc.gov<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/newzeelend.wordpress.com\/apartheid-nz\/\" >Apartheid Fort New Zealand \u2013 WordPress.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.academia.edu\/203082\/Anti-apartheid_boycotts_and_the_affective_economies_of_struggle_the_case_of_Aotearoa_New_Zealand\" >Anti-apartheid boycotts and the affective economies of struggle:the case of Aotearoa New Zealand, by Malcolm MacLean \u2013 Academia.edu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.co.uk\/yasmine-ryan\/apartheid-new-zealand_b_4411734.html\" >New Zealand\u2019s Leader Questioned Over Apartheid Amnesia \u2013 Huffington Post<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1976\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_Timor\" >East Timor<\/a> is <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Annexation\" >annexed<\/a>, and becomes the 27th <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Provinces_of_Indonesia\" >province<\/a> of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indonesia\" >Indonesia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_East_Timor\" >History of East Timor \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor\" >Indonesian occupation of East Timor \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/?title=Indonesian_invasion_of_East_Timor\" >Indonesia invasion of East Timor \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Portuguese_Timor\" >Portuguese Timor \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Culture_of_East_Timor\" >Culture of East Timor \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Outline_of_East_Timor\" >Online of East Timor &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.infoplease.com\/country\/east-timor.html\" >East Timor \u2013 infoplease.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/timor-leste.gov.tl\/?p=29&amp;lang=en\" >Government of Timor-Leste<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_rights_in_East_Timor\" >Human rights in East Timor \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.amnestyusa.org\/our-work\/countries\/asia-and-the-pacific\/timor-leste\" >Timor-Lest\u00e9 Human Rights \u2013 Amnesty International<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/asia\/east-timor\" >East Timor \u2013 Human Rights Watch<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1975\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apollo%E2%80%93Soyuz_Test_Project\" >Apollo\u2013Soyuz Test Project<\/a>: An American <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apollo_program\" >Apollo<\/a> and a Soviet <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soyuz_%28spacecraft%29\" >Soyuz spacecraft<\/a> dock with each other in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Orbit\" >orbit<\/a> marking the first such link-up between spacecraft from the two nations.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1973\u00a0 <\/strong>King <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mohammed_Zahir_Shah\" >Mohammed Zahir Shah<\/a> of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Afghanistan\" >Afghanistan<\/a> is deposed by his cousin <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mohammed_Daoud_Khan\" >Mohammed Daoud Khan<\/a> while in Italy undergoing eye surgery.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1968\u00a0 <\/strong>A revolution occurs in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iraq\" >Iraq<\/a> when <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abdul_Rahman_Arif\" >Abdul Rahman Arif<\/a> is overthrown and the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ba%27ath_Party\" >Ba&#8217;ath Party<\/a> is installed as the governing power in Iraq with <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ahmed_Hassan_al-Bakr\" >Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr<\/a> as the new Iraqi President.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1962\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuclear_weapons_testing\" >Nuclear weapons testing<\/a>: The &#8220;Small Boy&#8221; test shot <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Little_Feller_%28nuclear_tests%29\" >Little Feller I<\/a> becomes the last atmospheric test detonation at the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nevada_National_Security_Site\" >Nevada National Security Site<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1958\u00a0 <\/strong>US performs <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/abomb1.org\/atmosphr\/index.html\" >atmospheric nuclear test<\/a> at <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enewetak_Atoll#List_of_nuclear_tests_at_Eniwetok\" >Enwetak<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pacific_Proving_Grounds\" >Pacific Proving Grounds \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.amusingplanet.com\/2013\/01\/runit-dome-radioactive-trash-can-on.html\" >Runit Dome: The Radioactive Trash Can on Enewetak Atoll \u2013 Amusing Planet<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/marshallislands.llnl.gov\/enewetak.php\" >Marshall Islands Dose Assessment &amp; Radioactive Program \u2013 Enewetak<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.artificialowl.net\/2008\/11\/nuclear-trash-can-of-pacific-on.html\" >The nuclear trashcan in the pacific on Enewetak Atoll \u2013 ArtificialLow.net<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/mragheb.com\/NPRE%20457%20CSE%20462%20Safety%20Analysis%20of%20Nuclear%20Reactor%20Systems\/Environmental%20Remediation%20of%20Radioactive%20Contamination.pdf\" ><em>\u201cNuclear testing was conducted in the northern Bikini, Enewetak and Rongelap atolls.\u201d<\/em> \u2013 Chapter 6: ENVIRONMENTAL REMEDIATION OF RADIOACTIVE CONTAMINATION<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1948\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Constitution_of_South_Korea\" >South Korean constitution<\/a> is proclaimed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1945\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: The main three leaders of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allies_of_World_War_II\" >Allied<\/a> nations, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Winston_Churchill\" >Winston Churchill<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harry_S._Truman\" >Harry S. Truman<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_Stalin\" >Joseph Stalin<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Potsdam_Conference\" >meet<\/a> in the German city of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Potsdam\" >Potsdam<\/a> to decide the future of a defeated Germany.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1944\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Napalm\" >Napalm<\/a> incendiary bombs are dropped for the first time by American <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lockheed_P-38_Lightning\" >P-38<\/a> pilots on a fuel depot at Coutances, near <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saint-L%C3%B4\" >Saint-L\u00f4<\/a>, France.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1936\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spanish_Civil_War\" >Spanish Civil War<\/a>: An <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spanish_coup_of_July_1936\" >Armed Forces rebellion<\/a> against the recently elected leftist <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Popular_Front_%28Spain%29\" >Popular Front<\/a> government of Spain starts the civil war.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1932\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Altona_Bloody_Sunday\" >Altona Bloody Sunday<\/a>: A riot between the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nazi_Party\" >Nazi Party<\/a> paramilitary forces, the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schutzstaffel\" >SS<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sturmabteilung\" >SA<\/a>, and the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Communist_Party_of_Germany\" >German Communist Party<\/a> ensues.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1918\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nicholas_II_of_Russia\" >Tsar Nicholas II<\/a> of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_Empire\" >Russia<\/a> and his immediate family and retainers <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shooting_of_the_Romanov_family\" >are murdered<\/a> by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bolshevik\" >Bolshevik<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cheka\" >Chekists<\/a> at the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ipatiev_House\" >Ipatiev House<\/a> in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yekaterinburg\" >Yekaterinburg<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic\" >Russia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1899\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NEC\" >NEC Corporation<\/a> is organized as the first Japanese joint venture with foreign capital.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1896\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bhagavan_Sri_Ramana_Maharshi\" >Bhagavan Sri Ramana Maharshi<\/a>, the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indian_people\" >Indian<\/a> sage, at age 16, spontaneously initiates a process of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Self-enquiry\" >self-enquiry<\/a> that culminates within a few minutes in his own permanent <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enlightenment_%28spiritual%29\" >awakening<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1867\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harvard_School_of_Dental_Medicine\" >Harvard School of Dental Medicine<\/a> is established in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boston\" >Boston, Massachusetts<\/a>. It is the first dental school in the U.S. that is affiliated with a university.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1791\u00a0 <\/strong>Members of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Guard_%28France%29\" >French National Guard<\/a> under the command of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gilbert_du_Motier,_marquis_de_Lafayette\" >General Lafayette<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Champ_de_Mars_Massacre\" >open fire<\/a> on a crowd of radical <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jacobin_%28politics%29\" >Jacobins<\/a> at the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Champ_de_Mars\" >Champ de Mars<\/a>, Paris, during the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_Revolution\" >French Revolution<\/a>, killing as many as 50 people.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1771\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bloody_Falls_Massacre\" >Bloody Falls Massacre<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chipewyan_people\" >Chipewyan<\/a> chief <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Matonabbee\" >Matonabbee<\/a>, traveling as the guide to <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samuel_Hearne\" >Samuel Hearne<\/a> on his <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arctic\" >Arctic<\/a> overland journey, massacres a group of unsuspecting <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Inuit\" >Inuit<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1794\u00a0 <\/strong>The sixteen <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carmelites\" >Carmelite<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Martyrs_of_Compi%C3%A8gne\" >Martyrs of Compi\u00e8gne<\/a> are executed 10 days prior to the end of the French Revolution&#8217;s <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reign_of_Terror\" >Reign of Terror<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>JULY 18<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2013\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Government_of_Detroit\" >Government of Detroit<\/a>, with up to $20 billion in debt, files for the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Detroit_bankruptcy\" >largest municipal bankruptcy<\/a> in U.S. history.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2012\u00a0 <\/strong>At least seven people are killed and 32 others are injured after a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2012_Burgas_bus_bombing\" >bomb explodes<\/a> on an <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Israelis\" >Israeli<\/a> tour bus at <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burgas_Airport\" >Burgas Airport<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bulgaria\" >Bulgaria<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1996\u00a0 <\/strong>\u2013 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Mullaitivu_%281996%29\" >Battle of Mullaitivu<\/a>: the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Liberation_Tigers_of_Tamil_Eelam\" >Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam<\/a> capture the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sri_Lanka_Army\" >Sri Lanka Army<\/a>&#8216;s base, killing over 1200 soldiers.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1995\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dreaming_of_You_%28album%29\" ><em>Dreaming of You<\/em><\/a> by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Selena\" >Selena<\/a>, released posthumously, became the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_best-selling_Latin_albums_in_the_United_States\" >best-selling Latin album in the United States<\/a>. It was noted by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Billboard_%28magazine%29\" ><em>Billboard<\/em><\/a> magazine as a &#8220;historic event&#8221; for Latin music.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1994\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rwandan_Genocide\" >Rwandan Genocide<\/a>: The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rwandan_Patriotic_Front\" >Rwandan Patriotic Front<\/a> takes control of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gisenyi\" >Gisenyi<\/a> and north western <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rwanda\" >Rwanda<\/a>, forcing the interim government into <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zaire\" >Zaire<\/a> and ending the genocide.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/rwandan-genocide\" >The Rwanda Genocide \u2013 History.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.rwanda-genocide.org\/\" >Rwanda: The wake of genocide \u2013 Rwanda-Genocide.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-africa-26875506\" >Rwanda genocide: 100 days of slaughter \u2013 BBC News<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pbs.org\/wgbh\/pages\/frontline\/shows\/evil\/etc\/slaughter.html\" >100 days of slaughter \u2013 The Triumph of Evil \u2013 PBS.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.securitycouncilreport.org\/atf\/cf\/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D\/POC%20S19991257.pdf\" >UN Security Council Report on Rwandan Genocide S\/1999\/1257 of 16 December 1999<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.un.org\/events\/rwanda\/backgrounder.html\" >Genocide in Rwanda \u2013 Backgrounder \u2013 International Day of Reflection on the 1994<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.preventgenocide.org\/prevent\/UNdocs\/#actionplan\" >United Nations Documents on Genocide Prevention<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1994\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1994_AMIA_bombing\" >bombing<\/a> of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asociaci%C3%B3n_Mutual_Israelita_Argentina\" >Asociaci\u00f3n Mutual Israelita Argentina<\/a> (Argentine Jewish Community Center) in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buenos_Aires\" >Buenos Aires<\/a> kills 85 people (mostly Jewish) and injures 300.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1992\u00a0 <\/strong>The ten victims of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/La_Cantuta_massacre\" >La Cantuta massacre<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Forced_disappearance\" >disappear<\/a> from their university in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lima\" >Lima<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1984\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Ysidro_McDonald%27s_massacre\" >McDonald&#8217;s massacre<\/a> in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Ysidro,_San_Diego\" >San Ysidro, California<\/a>: in a fast-food restaurant, James Oliver Huberty opens fire, killing 21 people and injuring 19 others before being shot dead by police.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1982\u00a0 <\/strong>Two hundred sixty-eight <em>campesinos<\/em> (&#8220;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peasant\" >peasants<\/a>&#8221; or &#8220;country people&#8221;) are slain in the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Plan_de_S%C3%A1nchez_massacre\" >Plan de S\u00e1nchez massacre<\/a> in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Efra%C3%ADn_R%C3%ADos_Montt\" >R\u00edos Montt<\/a>&#8216;s <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guatemala\" >Guatemala<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1968\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intel\" >Intel<\/a> is founded in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mountain_View,_California\" >Mountain View, California<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1966\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_spaceflight\" >Human spaceflight<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gemini_10\" >Gemini 10<\/a> is launched from <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cape_Canaveral\" >Cape Kennedy<\/a> on a 70-hour mission that includes docking with an orbiting <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Agena_target_vehicle\" >Agena target vehicle<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1944\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hideki_T%C5%8Dj%C5%8D\" >Hideki T\u014dj\u014d<\/a> resigns as <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_Minister_of_Japan\" >Prime Minister of Japan<\/a> because of numerous setbacks in the war effort.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.pacificwar.org.au\/historicalbackground\/JapWarPreps2.html\" >JAPAN\u2019S MILITARIST GOVERNMENT DECIDES TO ATTACK THE UNITED STATES \u2013 PacificWar.org.au<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2009\/sep\/07\/japan-imperialism-militarism\" >Japan\u2019s gigantic second world war gamble \u2013 TheGuardian.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.japanfocus.org\/-Richard_J_-Smethurst\/3825\/article.html\" >Japan, the United States, and the Road to World War II in the Pacific, by Richard J. Smethrust<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/world-war-ii\/tojo-hideki\" >T\u00f4j\u00f4 Hideki \u2013 History.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/topic\/Hideki_Tojo.aspx\" >Hideki Tojo \u2013 Encyclopedia.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/spartacus-educational.com\/2WWtojo.htm\" >Hideki Tojo \u2013 Spartacus Educational<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.toddlertime.com\/bobbystringer\/unit-731.htm\" >\u201c<em>There was a fierce debate in Tokyo, and a document discovered recently suggests that at a crucial meeting in late July 1944 it was Hideki Tojo &#8211; whom the United States later hanged for war crimes &#8211; who rejected the proposal to use germ warfare against the United States\u2026.Yet the Japanese Army was apparently willing to use biological weapons against the Allies in some circumstances<\/em>.\u201d \u2013 Unit 731 \u2013 Unlocking a Deadly Secret<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ihr.org\/jhr\/v12\/v12p-31_Tojo.html\" >Hideki Tojo\u2019s Prison Diary \u2013 Institute for Historical Review<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.japantimes.co.jp\/news\/2014\/01\/23\/national\/china-envoy-tojo-hitler-of-asia\/#.VYaUy0aufX4\" >Chinese envoy: Tojo \u2018Hitler of Asia\u2019 \u2013 The Japan Times<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/eng.the-liberty.com\/2014\/5091\/\" >Was Hideki Tojo, Who Saved Jews, the \u201cHitler of Asia\u201d? \u2013 The Liberty Web<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/eng.the-liberty.com\/2013\/4894\/\" >Spiritual Message of Hideki Tojo: Discussing \u201cThe Truth of the Greater East Asia War\u201d \u2013 The Liberty Web<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.findagrave.com\/cgi-bin\/fg.cgi?page=gr&amp;GRid=20880\" >\u201c<em>His ashes are divided between the Yasukuni Shrine and the Zoshigaya Cemetery<\/em>.\u201d &#8211; Hideki Tojo \u2013 FindaGrave.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.china.org.cn\/english\/features\/135371.htm\" >The 14 Class-A War Criminals Enshrined at Yasukuni \u2013 China.org.cn<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/worldnews\/asia\/japan\/10538086\/Yasukuni-war-shrine-what-is-its-importance.html\" >Yasukuni war shrine: what is its importance? \u2013 The Telegraph<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shinto\" >Shinto &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yasukuni_Shrine\" >Yasukuni Shrine &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.japantimes.co.jp\/news\/2006\/08\/06\/national\/politics-diplomacy\/tojo-yasukuni-solely-for-those-killed-in-war\/#.VYaVK0aufX4\" >\u201c<em>Wartime Prime Minister Gen. Hideki Tojo gave orders in a secret document that Yasukuni Shrine should honor only those who are killed in battle, according to the document made available Saturday <\/em>[6 August 2006]<em>\u2026.The document says those who died in places other than on the battlefield are in principle not entitled to be honored at the war-related Shinto shrine. If his orders were observed, Tojo and other Class-A war criminals should not have been entitled<\/em>.\u201d \u2013 The Japan Times<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.gwu.edu\/~memory\/issues\/museums\/Yasukuni.html\" >Yasukuni Shrine \u2013 Memory &amp; Reconciliation in the Asia-Pacific \u2013 gwu.edu<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1942\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>: the Germans test fly the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Messerschmitt_Me_262\" >Messerschmitt Me 262<\/a> using its <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jet_engine\" >jet engines<\/a> for the first time.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1936\u00a0 <\/strong>An army uprising in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spanish_Morocco\" >Spanish Morocco<\/a> starts <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spanish_Civil_War\" >Spanish Civil War<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1925\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adolf_Hitler\" >Adolf Hitler<\/a> publishes his personal manifesto <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mein_Kampf\" ><em>Mein Kampf<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.hitler.org\/writings\/Mein_Kampf\/\" >Mein Kamph by Adolf Hitler<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.greatwar.nl\/books\/meinkampf\/meinkampf.pdf\" >Mein Kamph (PDF)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org\/jsource\/Holocaust\/kampf.html\" >Excerpts from Mein Kamph \u2013 Jewish Virtual Library<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/world\/europe\/mein-kampf-a-historical-tool-or-hitlers-voice-from-beyond-the-grave\/2015\/02\/24\/f7a3110e-b950-11e4-bc30-a4e75503948a_story.html\" >Mein Kampf\u2019: A historical tool, or Hitler\u2019s voice from beyond the grave? \u2013 The Washington Post<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1914\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Congress\" >U.S. Congress<\/a> forms the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aviation_Section,_U.S._Signal_Corps\" >Aviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps<\/a>, giving official status to aircraft within the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Army\" >U.S. Army<\/a> for the first time.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1870\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Vatican_Council\" >First Vatican Council<\/a> decrees the dogma of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Papal_infallibility\" >papal infallibility<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1862\u00a0 <\/strong>First ascent of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dent_Blanche\" >Dent Blanche<\/a>, one of the highest summits in the Alps.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1857\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis_Faidherbe\" >Louis Faidherbe<\/a>, French <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Governor\" >governor<\/a> of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Senegal\" >Senegal<\/a>, arrives to relieve French forces at <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kayes\" >Kayes<\/a>, effectively ending El Hajj <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/El_Hadj_Umar_Tall\" >Umar Tall<\/a>&#8216;s war against the French.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1841\u00a0 <\/strong>Coronation of Emperor <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pedro_II_of_Brazil\" >Pedro II of Brazil<\/a>, on 18 July.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1812\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Orebro\" >Treaties of Orebro<\/a> ends both the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anglo-Russian_War_%281807%E2%80%931812%29\" >Anglo-Russian<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anglo-Swedish_War_%281810%E2%80%931812%29\" >Anglo-Swedish Wars<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>JULY 19<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2001\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michel_Brunet_%28paleontologist%29\" >Michael Brunet<\/a> discovers the skull of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sahelanthropus\" >Sahelanthropus tchadensis<\/a>, thought to be the oldest known species in the human family tree, in the Djurab Desert, Chad. It lived 6-7 million years ago, about the same time as the last common ancestor to apes and humans.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/humanorigins.si.edu\/evidence\/human-fossils\/species\/sahelanthropus-tchadensis\" >Sahelanthropus tchdensis \u2013 Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.fas.harvard.edu\/~skeleton\/pdfs\/2005b.pdf\" >Virtual cranial reconstruction of Sahelanthropus tchadensis \u2013 Harvard University<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1997\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Troubles\" >The Troubles<\/a>: The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army\" >Provisional Irish Republican Army<\/a> resumes a ceasefire to end their <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army_campaign_1969%E2%80%931997\" >25-year campaign<\/a> to end British rule in Northern Ireland.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1992\u00a0 <\/strong>A car bomb placed by mafia with collaboration of Italian intelligence <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Massacre_of_Via_D%27Amelio\" >kills Judge Paolo Borsellino<\/a> and five members of his escort<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1983\u00a0 <\/strong>The first <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Michael_W._Vannier\" >three-dimensional reconstruction<\/a> of a human head in a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/X-ray_computed_tomography\" >CT<\/a> is published.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1981\u00a0 <\/strong>In a private meeting with U.S. President <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ronald_Reagan\" >Ronald Reagan<\/a>, French Prime Minister <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand\" >Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand<\/a> reveals the existence of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Farewell_Dossier\" >Farewell Dossier<\/a>, a collection of documents showing that the Soviets had been stealing American technological research and development.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1979\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sandinista_National_Liberation_Front\" >Sandinista<\/a> rebels overthrow the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Government\" >government<\/a> of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anastasio_Somoza_Debayle\" >Somoza<\/a> family in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nicaragua\" >Nicaragua<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1976\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sagarmatha_National_Park\" >Sagarmatha National Park<\/a> in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nepal\" >Nepal<\/a> is created.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1972\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dhofar_Rebellion\" >Dhofar Rebellion<\/a>: British <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Special_Air_Service\" >SAS<\/a> units help the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Oman\" >Omani<\/a> government against <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Oman\" >Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman<\/a> rebels in the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Mirbat\" >Battle of Mirbat<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1964\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam_War\" >Vietnam War<\/a>: at a rally in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ho_Chi_Minh_City\" >Saigon<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Vietnam\" >South Vietnamese<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_minister\" >Prime Minister<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Kh%C3%A1nh\" >Nguy\u1ec5n Kh\u00e1nh<\/a> calls for expanding the war into <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_Vietnam\" >North Vietnam<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1964\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_the_soviet_union\" >USSR performs nuclear test<\/a> at Eastern Kazakh\/<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Semipalatinsk_Test_Site\" >Semipalitinsk<\/a> USSR.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nti.org\/facilities\/732\/\" >Semipalitinsk Test Site \u2013 NTI.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/io9.com\/5988266\/the-tragic-story-of-the-semipalatinsk-nuclear-test-site\" >The Tragic Story of the Semipalitinsk Nuclear Test Site \u2013 IO9.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/aboutkazakhstan.com\/blog\/history\/semipalatinsk-nuclear-test-site-20-years-after-the-closure\/\" >Semipalitinsk nuclear test site \u2013 20 years after the closure \u2013 AboutKazakhstan.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.rferl.org\/content\/soviet_nuclear_testing_semipalatinsk_20th_anniversary\/24311518.html\" >Slow Death In Kazakhstan\u2019s Land Of Nuclear Tests \u2013 Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/prosites-kazakhembus.homestead.com\/nuc_h.html\" >SEMIPALATINSK: NUCLEAR NIGHTMARE OF KAZAKHSTAN<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1963\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_A._Walker\" >Joe Walker<\/a> flies a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_American_X-15\" >North American X-15<\/a> to a record altitude of 106,010 meters (347,800 feet) on <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/X-15_Flight_90\" >X-15 Flight 90<\/a>. Exceeding an altitude of 100\u00a0km, this flight qualifies as a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Human_spaceflight\" >human spaceflight<\/a> under international convention.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1961\u00a0 <\/strong>Tunisia <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bizerte_crisis\" >imposes a blockade<\/a> on the French naval base at <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bizerte\" >Bizerte<\/a>; the French would capture the entire town four days later.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1957\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_the_United_States\" >US performs nuclear test<\/a> at <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nevada_Test_Site\" >Nevada Test Site<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ctbto.org\/nuclear-testing\/the-effects-of-nuclear-testing\/the-united-states-nuclear-testing-programme\/\" >THE UNITED STATES\u2019 NUCLEAR TESTING PROGRAMME &#8211; CTBTO<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1947\u00a0 <\/strong>Korean politician <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lyuh_Woon-hyung\" >Lyuh Woon-hyung<\/a> is assassinated.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1947\u00a0 <\/strong>The Prime Minister of the shadow <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Burma\" >Burmese<\/a> government, Bogyoke <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aung_San\" >Aung San<\/a> and 6 of his <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cabinet_%28government%29\" >cabinet<\/a> and 2 non-cabinet members are <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Assassination\" >assassinated<\/a> by Galon U Saw.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1943\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: Rome is <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bombing_of_Rome_in_World_War_II\" >heavily bombed<\/a> by more than 500 Allied aircraft, inflicting thousands of casualties.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1942\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_the_Atlantic\" >Battle of the Atlantic<\/a> \u2013 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kriegsmarine\" >German<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grand_admiral\" >Grand Admiral<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz\" >Karl D\u00f6nitz<\/a> orders the last <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/U-boat\" >U-boats<\/a> to withdraw from their United States <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlantic_Ocean\" >Atlantic<\/a> coast positions in response to the effective American convoy system.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1940\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: Army order 112 forms the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intelligence_Corps_%28United_Kingdom%29\" >Intelligence Corps<\/a> of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Army\" >British Army<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1940\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1940_Field_Marshal_Ceremony\" >Field Marshal Ceremony<\/a>: First occasion in World War II, that Hitler appointed field marshals due to military achievements.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1940\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Cape_Spada\" >Battle of Cape Spada<\/a> \u2013 The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Royal_Navy\" >Royal Navy<\/a> and the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Regia_Marina\" >Regia Marina<\/a> clash; the Italian light cruiser <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bartolomeo_Colleoni#Italian_cruiser_Bartolomeo_Colleoni\" >Bartolomeo Colleoni<\/a> sinks, with 121 casualties.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1919\u00a0 <\/strong>Following Peace Day celebrations marking the end of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_I\" >World War I<\/a>, ex-servicemen riot and burn down <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Luton_Town_Hall\" >Luton Town Hall<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1916\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_I\" >World War I<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Fromelles\" >Battle of Fromelles<\/a> \u2013 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/61st_%282nd_South_Midland%29_Division\" >British<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Australian_Imperial_Force\" >Australian<\/a> troops attack <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/German_Empire\" >German<\/a> trenches in a prelude to the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_the_Somme\" >Battle of the Somme<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1870\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Franco-Prussian_War\" >Franco-Prussian War<\/a>: France declares war on <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prussia\" >Prussia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1864\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taiping_Rebellion\" >Taiping Rebellion<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Third_Battle_of_Nanking\" >Third Battle of Nanking<\/a> \u2013 The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qing_dynasty\" >Qing dynasty<\/a> finally defeats the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taiping_Heavenly_Kingdom\" >Taiping Heavenly Kingdom<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1848\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Women%27s_rights\" >Women&#8217;s rights<\/a>: a two-day <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seneca_Falls_Convention\" >Women&#8217;s Rights Convention<\/a> opens in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Seneca_Falls_%28hamlet%29,_New_York\" >Seneca Falls, New York<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1702\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Northern_War\" >Great Northern War<\/a>: A numerically superior Polish-Saxon army of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Augustus_II_the_Strong\" >Augustus II the Strong<\/a>, operating from an advantageous defensive position, is defeated by a Swedish army half its size under the command of King <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_XII_of_Sweden\" >Charles XII<\/a> in the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Klissow\" >Battle of Klissow<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>______________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>Satoshi Ashikaga, having worked as researcher, development program\/project officer, legal protection\/humanitarian assistance officer, human rights monitor-negotiator, managing-editor, and more, prefers a peaceful and prudent life, especially that in communion with nature.\u00a0 His previous work-experiences, including those in war-zones and war-torn zones, remind him of the invaluableness of peace.\u00a0 His interest and\/or expertise includes international affairs, international law, jurisprudence, economic and business affairs, project\/operations or organizational management, geography, history, the environmental\/ecological issues, visual\/audio documentation of nature and culture, and more. Being a member of the <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/\" ><em>TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment<\/em><\/a><em>, he is currently compiling <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/category\/history\/\" >This Week in History<\/a> <em>on <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/\" >TMS<\/a><em>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><em>(Sources and references:<\/em><\/strong> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/July_13\" ><em>http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/July_13<\/em><\/a><em>\u00a0\u00a0 to 19; <\/em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.historyorb.com\/events\/july\/13\" ><em>http:\/\/www.historyorb.com\/events\/july\/13<\/em><\/a><em> to 19; <\/em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.brainyhistory.com\/days\/july_13.html\" ><em>http:\/\/www.brainyhistory.com\/days\/july_13.html<\/em><\/a><em> to 19.html; and other pertinent web sites and\/or documents, mentioned above.<strong>)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>The views expressed in the cited or quoted websites and\/or documents in this article do not necessarily reflect those of the author of this article. These websites and\/or documents are cited or quoted for academic or educational purposes. Neither the author of this article nor the Transcend Media Service (TMS) is responsible for the contents, information, or whatsoever contained in these websites and\/or documents.<\/em><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>One of the primary purposes of this article is to provide the readers with opportunities to think about \u201cpeace\u201d, including positive peace and negative peace as well as external\/outer peace and internal\/inner peace, and more, directly or indirectly, from various angles and\/or in the broadest sense, through historical events. It is because this article is prepared specifically for the TMS whose main objective is to address \u201cpeace\u201d through peace journalism.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>July 13 -19 &#8211; QUOTE OF THE WEEK: \u201cCharacter cannot be developed in ease and quiet. Only through experience of trial and suffering can the soul be strengthened, ambition inspired, and success achieved.\u201d \u2013 Helen Keller<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[148],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-60795","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60795","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=60795"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60795\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=60795"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=60795"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=60795"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}