{"id":61101,"date":"2015-07-27T12:00:14","date_gmt":"2015-07-27T11:00:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=61101"},"modified":"2015-07-17T14:56:50","modified_gmt":"2015-07-17T13:56:50","slug":"this-week-in-history-34","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2015\/07\/this-week-in-history-34\/","title":{"rendered":"This Week in History"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>Jul 27\u2013Aug 2<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>QUOTE OF THE WEEK:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.brainyquote.com\/quotes\/quotes\/d\/deniswaitl146923.html?src=t_happiness\" >\u201cHappiness cannot be traveled to, owned, earned, worn or consumed. Happiness is the spiritual experience of living every minute with love, grace, and gratitude.\u201d<\/a><\/em> \u2013 Denis Waitley<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>JULY 27<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2006\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germany\" >Federal Republic of Germany<\/a> is deemed guilty in the loss of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%9Cberlingen_mid-air_collision\" >Bashkirian 2937<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%C3%9Cberlingen_mid-air_collision\" >DHL Flight 611<\/a>, because it is illegal to outsource flight surveillance.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1996\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Centennial_Olympic_Park_bombing\" >Centennial Olympic Park bombing<\/a>: In <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Atlanta\" >Atlanta, United States<\/a>, a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pipe_bomb\" >pipe bomb<\/a> explodes at <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Centennial_Olympic_Park\" >Centennial Olympic Park<\/a> during the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1996_Summer_Olympics\" >1996 Summer Olympics<\/a>. One woman (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.findagrave.com\/cgi-bin\/fg.cgi?page=gr&amp;GRid=5860418\" >Alice Hawthorne<\/a>) is killed, and a cameraman suffers a heart attack fleeing the scene. One hundred eleven are injured.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1990\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jamaat_al_Muslimeen\" >Jamaat al Muslimeen<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jamaat_al_Muslimeen_coup_attempt\" >attempt a <em>coup d&#8217;\u00e9tat<\/em><\/a> in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trinidad_and_Tobago\" >Trinidad and Tobago<\/a>, occupying the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parliament_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago\" >Trinidad<\/a> and the studios of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Trinidad_and_Tobago_Television\" >Trinidad and Tobago Television<\/a>, holding <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prime_minister\" >Prime Minister<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/A._N._R._Robinson\" >A. N. R. Robinson<\/a> and most of his <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cabinet_%28government%29\" >Cabinet<\/a> as well as the staff at the television station hostage for six days.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1990\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_Soviet\" >Supreme Soviet<\/a> of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic\" >Belarusian Soviet Republic<\/a> declares independence of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Belarus\" >Belarus<\/a> from the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union\" >Soviet Union<\/a>. Until <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1996\" >1996<\/a> the day is celebrated as the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Independence_Day_%28Belarus%29\" >Independence Day of Belarus<\/a>; after a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Belarusian_referendum,_1996\" >referendum<\/a> held that year the celebration of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Independence\" >independence<\/a> is moved to <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/June_3\" >June 3<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1987\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Premier_Exhibitions#RMS_Titanic_Inc.\" >RMS Titanic Inc.<\/a> begins the first expedited salvage of wreckage of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RMS_Titanic\" >RMS\u00a0<em>Titanic<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1986\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1986_world_oil_market_chronology\" >Iraqi jets attack central Iranian city of Arak; Iran threatens missile attack of gulf states supporting Iraq.<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1983\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Black_July\" >Black July<\/a>: Eighteen <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_people\" >Tamil<\/a> political prisoners at the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Welikada\" >Welikada<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Welikada_Prison\" >high security prison<\/a> in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Colombo\" >Colombo<\/a> are <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Welikada_prison_massacre\" >massacred<\/a> by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sinhalese_people\" >Sinhalese<\/a> prisoners, the second such massacre in two days.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1974\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Watergate_scandal\" >Watergate scandal<\/a>: The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_House_of_Representatives\" >House of Representatives<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary\" >Judiciary Committee<\/a> votes 27 to 11 to recommend the first article of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Impeachment\" >impeachment<\/a> (for obstruction of justice) against <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_the_United_States\" >President<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Nixon\" >Richard Nixon<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1967\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nuclear_weapons_and_the_United_States\" >US performs nuclear test<\/a> at <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nevada_Test_Site\" >Nevada Test Site<\/a><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ZWSMoE3A5DI\" >YouTube video (8 min. 31 sec.): Color footage of atomic bomb test in Nevada \u2013 Soldiers being exposed to high levels of radiation<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=3mrqeWSuxPM\" >YouTube video (10 min. 59 sec.): Nevada Test Site \u2013 Hidden Secrets<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"..\/..\/..\/..\/..\/AppData\/Local\/Temp\/fas.org\/nuke\/guide\/usa\/facility\/nts.htm\">NEVADA TEST SITE \u2013 United States Nuclear Forces<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.onlinenevada.org\/articles\/underground-nuclear-testing-nevada-test-site\" >Underground Nuclear Testing at the Nevada Site \u2013 Online Nevada Encyclopedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.answers.com\/Q\/What_is_the_difference_between_a_conventional_bomb_and_an_atomic_bomb\" >What is the difference between a conventional bomb and an atomic bomb? \u2013 Answers.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nucleardarkness.org\/nuclear\/\" >Facts about nuclear weapons \u2013 NuclearDarkness.org<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1964\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam_War\" >Vietnam War<\/a>: Five thousand more <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Military_Assistance_Advisory_Group\" >American military advisers<\/a> are sent to <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Vietnam\" >South Vietnam<\/a> bringing the total number of United States forces in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam\" >Vietnam<\/a> to 21,000.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/olive-drab.com\/od_history_vietnam_advisors.php\" >Vietnam: US Advisors 1955 &#8211; 1965 \u2013 Olive-Drab.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/aquila.usm.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1187&amp;context=honors_theses\" >Just Good Advice: The American Advisors in the Vietnam War, by Anna Rikki Nelson \u2013 University of Sothern Mississippi<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/smallwarsjournal.com\/blog\/military-advisors-reflect-on-vietnam-war-experiences\" >Military Advisors Reflect in Vietnam War Experience, by Dave Dilegge \u2013 SmallWarsJournal.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/exiledonline.com\/phantom-military-advisors-and-fair-fighting\/\" >PHANTOM MILITARY ADVISORS AND \u201cFAIR\u201d FIGHTING, by Mark Ames \u2013 TheExiledOnline.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1962\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1962_Soviet_nuclear_tests\" >USSR performs nuclear test<\/a> at <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.globalsecurity.org\/wmd\/world\/russia\/novaya_zemlya_nuc.htm\" >Novaya Zemlya<\/a> USSR.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www1.american.edu\/ted\/ice\/novalya.htm\" >ICE Case Studies \u2013 Novaya Zemlya, by Carrie McVicker \u2013 American.edu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.atlasobscura.com\/places\/novaya-zemlya\" >Novaya Zemlya \u2013 AltasObscura.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nti.org\/facilities\/924\/\" >Central Test Site of Russia on Novaya Zemlya \u2013 NTI.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/novayazemlya.net\/\" >\u201c<em>Between 1955 and 1990, Novaya Zemlya was also the site of nuclear testing. Overall, 224 nuclear tests were conducted here<\/em>.\u201d &#8211; Novaya Zemlya Archipelago \u2013 NovayaZemlya.net<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/tass.ru\/en\/russia\/743105\" >Novaya Zemlya: test site for most powerful nuclear bomb ever detonated \u2013 TASS<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nuclearno.com\/text.asp?11073\" >\u201c<em>After the end of World War II, in 1947, efforts were made to set up a branch of the Seven Islands Nature Reserve on Novaya Zemlya. In 1950, this plan was sacrificed for the country`s military interests. So far, a compromise has been maintained between the nuclear test site and wildlife<\/em>.\u201d \u2013 Novaya Zemlya: birds, animals adopt to nuclear test site &#8211; NuclearNo.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/siberiantimes.com\/ecology\/casestudy\/news\/expedition-leaves-to-monitor-nuclear-pollution-on-novaya-zemlya\/\" >Expedition leaves to monitor nuclear pollution on Nova Zemlya \u2013 The Siberian Times<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/russiaprofile.org\/politics\/a1222867298\/print_edition\/\" >\u201c<em>To this day, the Russian state denies that any radiation-related problems plague the Novaya Zemlya archipelago, while research in the area is virtually nonexistent<\/em>.\u201d \u2013 A Waste of a Land \u2013 RussiaProfile.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.tititudorancea.net\/z\/novaya_zemlya.htm\" >\u201c<em>Over its entire history as a nuclear test site, Novaya Zemlya hosted 224 nuclear detonations with a total explosive energy equivalent to 265 megatons of TNT. For comparison, all explosives used in World War II, including the detonations of two U.S. nuclear bombs, amounted to only two megatons<\/em>.\u201d \u2013 Novaya Zemlya \u2013 Titi Todorancea Knowledge<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.arctic-info.com\/news\/21-08-2012\/a-russian-norwegian-expedition-will-measure-radiation-at-novaya-zemlya\" >A Russian-Norwegian expedition will measure radiation at Novaya Zemlya \u2013 Arctic-Info.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1955\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allied-occupied_Austria\" >Allied occupation of Austria<\/a> stemming from World War II, ends.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1953\u00a0 <\/strong>Fighting in the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Korean_War\" >Korean War<\/a> ends when the United States, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China\" >China<\/a>, and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_Korea\" >North Korea<\/a> sign <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ourdocuments.gov\/doc.php?flash=true&amp;doc=85\" >an armistice agreement<\/a>. <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Syngman_Rhee\" >Syngman Rhee<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_South_Korea\" >President of South Korea<\/a>, refuses to sign but pledges to observe <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Korean_Armistice_Agreement\" >the armistice<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/eisenhower.archives.gov\/research\/online_documents\/korean_war.html\" >Korean War \u2013 Eisenhower.Archives.gov<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1949\u00a0 <\/strong>Initial flight of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/De_Havilland_Comet\" >de Havilland Comet<\/a>, the first jet-powered airliner.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1942\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allies_of_World_War_II\" >Allied<\/a> forces <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein\" >successfully halt<\/a> the final <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Axis_powers\" >Axis<\/a> advance into <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Egypt_during_World_War_II\" >Egypt<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1941\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina\" >Japanese troops occupy<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_Indochina\" >French Indochina<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1929\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geneva_Convention_%281929%29\" >Geneva Convention of 1929<\/a>, dealing with treatment of prisoners-of-war, is signed by 53 nations.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/applic\/ihl\/ihl.nsf\/INTRO\/305?OpenDocument\" >Text of the Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. Geneva, 27 July 1929.<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1929\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geneva_Convention_for_the_Amelioration_of_the_Condition_of_the_Wounded_and_Sick_in_Armies_in_the_Field_%281929%29\" >Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field, consisting of 39 articles in French, was adopted on 27 July 1929<\/a>, at the end of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www1.umn.edu\/humanrts\/instree\/1929a.htm\" >Diplomatic Conference of Geneva of 1929<\/a>, which met <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.icrcvideonewsroom.org\/icrc150\/partials\/_lightbox-photo.asp?ID=220\" >from the 27 July until the 1 August of that year<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/applic\/ihl\/ihl.nsf\/INTRO\/300?OpenDocument\" >Text of the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1921\u00a0 <\/strong>Researchers at the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/University_of_Toronto\" >University of Toronto<\/a> led by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biochemist\" >biochemist<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Frederick_Banting\" >Frederick Banting<\/a> prove that the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hormone\" >hormone<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Insulin\" >insulin<\/a> regulates <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Blood_sugar\" >blood sugar<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.clinchem.org\/content\/48\/12\/2270.full\" >Insulin: Discovery and Controversy, by Louis Rosenfeld \u2013 Clinical Chemistry<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1919\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chicago_Race_Riot_of_1919\" >Chicago Race Riot<\/a> erupts after a racial incident occurred on a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Side,_Chicago\" >South Side<\/a> beach, leading to 38 fatalities and 537 injuries over a five-day period.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1917\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allies_of_World_War_I\" >Allies<\/a> reach the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yser\" >Yser Canal<\/a> at the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Passchendaele\" >Battle of Passchendaele<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1914\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Felix_Manalo\" >Felix Manalo<\/a> registers the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iglesia_ni_Cristo\" >Iglesia ni Cristo<\/a> with the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philippines\" >Philippine<\/a> government.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1900\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.history.com\/topics\/world-war-i\/kaiser-wilhelm-ii\" >Kaiser<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor\" >Wilhelm II<\/a> makes a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/germanhistorydocs.ghi-dc.org\/pdf\/eng\/503_Wilhelm%20II_Hun%20Speech_84.pdf\" >speech comparing Germans<\/a> to <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Huns\" >Huns<\/a>; for years afterwards, &#8220;Hun&#8221; would be a disparaging name for Germans.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1890\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vincent_van_Gogh\" >Vincent van Gogh<\/a> shoots himself and dies two days later.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1880\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War\" >Second Anglo-Afghan War<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Maiwand\" >Battle of Maiwand<\/a> \u2013 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Afghanistan\" >Afghan<\/a> forces led by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mohammad_Ayub_Khan_%28Emir_of_Afghanistan%29\" >Mohammad Ayub Khan<\/a> defeat the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Army\" >British Army<\/a> in battle near <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maiwand\" >Maiwand<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Afghanistan\" >Afghanistan<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1866\u00a0 <\/strong>The first permanent <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transatlantic_telegraph_cable\" >transatlantic telegraph cable<\/a> is successfully completed, stretching from <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Valentia_Island\" >Valentia Island<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ireland\" >Ireland<\/a>, to <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Heart%27s_Content,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador\" >Heart&#8217;s Content<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Newfoundland_%28island%29\" >Newfoundland<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1865\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Y_Wladfa\" >Welsh settlers<\/a> arrive at <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chubut_River\" >Chubut<\/a> in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Argentina\" >Argentina<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1794\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_Revolution\" >French Revolution<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maximilien_Robespierre\" >Maximilien Robespierre<\/a> is <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Thermidorian_Reaction\" >arrested<\/a> after encouraging the execution of more than 17,000 &#8220;enemies of the Revolution&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1789\u00a0 <\/strong>The first <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States\" >U.S.<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal_government_of_the_United_States\" >federal government<\/a> agency, the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Department_of_State#History\" >Department of Foreign Affairs<\/a>, is established (it will be later renamed <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Department_of_State\" >Department of State<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1720\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Grengam\" >Battle of Grengam<\/a> marks the second important victory of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_Navy\" >Russian Navy<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>JULY 28<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2008\u00a0 <\/strong>The historic <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grand_Pier,_Weston-super-Mare\" >Grand Pier<\/a> in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Weston-super-Mare\" >Weston-super-Mare<\/a> burns down for the second time in 80 years.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2005\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army\" >Provisional Irish Republican Army<\/a> calls an end to its thirty-year-long armed campaign in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland\" >Northern Ireland<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1996\u00a0 <\/strong>The remains of a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Prehistory\" >prehistoric<\/a> man are discovered near <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kennewick,_Washington\" >Kennewick, Washington<\/a>. Such remains will be known as the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kennewick_Man\" >Kennewick Man<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1993\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Andorra\" >Andorra<\/a> joins the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations\" >United Nations<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1988\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1988\/07\/29\/world\/israeli-diplomats-arrive-in-moscow.html\" >Israeli diplomats arrive in Moscow for 1st visit in 21 years.<\/a><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.themoscowtimes.com\/sitemap\/free\/1992\/10\/article\/israels-diplomatic-warrior\/220558.html\" >\u201c<em>When Aryeh Levin leaves his posting as Israeli ambassador on Wednesday <\/em>[October 28, 1992],<em> he will not dwell on his four-year, historic tenure in Moscow\u2026.Levin arrived in Moscow in 1988 without diplomatic status. The Soviet Union had severed official ties with Israel in 1967 over the Arab-Israeli war, and it took until Oct. 18, 1991, before the Jewish state was permitted to raise its blue-and-white flag over the embassy building on Bolshaya Ordynka, even though it had paid $2 million in rent during the 21-year period of frozen relations<\/em>.\u201d \u2013 Israel\u2019s Diplomatic Warrior, by Joanne Levine \u2013 The Moscow Times, October 26, 1992<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1983\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nuclearfiles.org\/menu\/key-issues\/nuclear-weapons\/issues\/testing\/soviet-testing.htm\" >USSR performs nuclear test<\/a> at Eastern Kazakh\/<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Semipalatinsk_Test_Site\" >Semipalitinsk<\/a> USSR.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/large.stanford.edu\/courses\/2014\/ph241\/powell2\/docs\/vakulchuk.pdf\" >Semipalitinsk nuclear testing: the humanitarian consequences \u2013 Norwegian Institute of International Affairs<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/thebulletin.org\/lasting-toll-semipalatinsks-nuclear-testing\" >The lasting toll of Semipalitinsk\u2019s nuclear testing \u2013 TheBulletin.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/12566948_External_doses_of_residents_near_Semipalatinsk_nuclear_test_site\" >External Doses of Residents near Semipalitinsk Nuclear Test Site \u2013 ResearchGate.net<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.irpa.net\/irpa10\/cdrom\/00504.pdf\" >Radiation Exposure on Residents due to Semipalitinsk Nuclear Tests \u2013 IRPA.net<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1978\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/nuclearweaponarchive.org\/Russia\/Sovtestsum.html\" >USSR performs nuclear test<\/a> at Eastern Kazakh\/<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Semipalatinsk_Test_Site\" >Semipalitinsk<\/a> USSR.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1976\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1976_Tangshan_earthquake\" >Tangshan earthquake<\/a> measuring between 7.8 and 8.2 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moment_magnitude_scale\" >moment magnitude<\/a> flattens <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tangshan\" >Tangshan<\/a> in the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/China\" >People&#8217;s Republic of China<\/a>, killing 242,769 and injuring 164,851.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1974\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spetsgruppa_A\" >Spetsgruppa A<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.incredible-adventures.com\/russian_ops1.html\" >Russia&#8217;s elite special force<\/a>, was formed.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1965\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam_War\" >Vietnam War<\/a>: U.S. President <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lyndon_B._Johnson\" >Lyndon B. Johnson<\/a> announces <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/johnson-announces-more-troops-to-vietnam\" >his order to increase the number of United States troops<\/a> in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Vietnam\" >South Vietnam<\/a> from 75,000 to 125,000.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1957\u00a0 <\/strong>Heavy rain and a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mudflow\" >mudslide (aka mudflow)<\/a> in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Isahaya,_Nagasaki\" >Isahaya<\/a>, western <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kyushu\" >Kyushu, Japan<\/a>, kills 992.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1955\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Union_Mundial_pro_Interlingua\" >Union Mundial pro Interlingua<\/a> is founded at the first <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Interlingua\" >Interlingua<\/a> congress in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tours\" >Tours, France<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_auxiliary_language\" >International auxiliary language \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lingua_franca\" >Lingua franca \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/geography.about.com\/od\/culturalgeography\/a\/linguafranca.htm\" >Lingua Franca \u2013 An overview of Lingua Franca, Pidgins, and Creole \u2013 About Education<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.historyworld.net\/wrldhis\/PlainTextHistoriesB.asp?historyid=099\" >History of Lingua Franca \u2013 HistoryWorld.net<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/thehistoryofenglish.com\/issues_global.html\" >What is a Global Language? \u2013 The History of English<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_language\" >World language \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/aboutworldlanguages.com\/international-languages\" >International Languages \u2013 About World Languages<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1951\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Convention_relating_to_the_Status_of_Refugees\" >Convention relating to the Status of Refugees<\/a> is adopted.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/3b66c2aa10.html\" >Full Text of the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees (PDF)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/pages\/49da0e466.html\" >The 1951 Refugee Convention \u2013 UNHCR website<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.aph.gov.au\/About_Parliament\/Parliamentary_Departments\/Parliamentary_Library\/pubs\/rp\/rp0001\/01RP05\" >The Problems with the 1951 Refugee Convention \u2013 PARLIAMENT of AUSTRALIA<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/3f5857d24.html\" >Background Note on the Application of the Exclusion Clauses: Article 1F of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees \u2013 Refworld.org<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><em>International Refugee Law:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.unhcr-centraleurope.org\/en\/resources\/legal-documents\/international-refugee-law.html\" >International Refugee Law \u2013 Tools for the Protection of the Displaced &#8211; UNHCR<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.refworld.org\/pdfid\/3ae6b32710.pdf\" >UNHCR Information Package \u2013 On Accession to the 1951 Convention and the 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees \u2013 Refworld.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/3ae6bd5a0.pdf\" >An Introduction to International Protection &#8211; UNHCR<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ipu.org\/PDF\/publications\/refugee_en.pdf\" >REFUGEE PROTECTION: A Guide to International Refugee Law \u2013 IPU.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www1.umn.edu\/humanrts\/edumat\/studyguides\/refugees.htm\" >STUDY GUIDE: Rights of Refugees \u2013 University of Minnesota Human Rights Library<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><em>Refugee Definition, Determination of the Refugee Status:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/43144dc52.pdf\" >Refugee Status Determination \u2013 identifying who is a refugee &#8211; UNHCR<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n<li><em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jrs.net\/Assets\/Publications\/File\/refugee%20status%20determination.pdf\" >Refugee Status Determination, Conducted by UNHCR, by Michael Alexander &#8211; JRS.net<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.uscis.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/USCIS\/About%20Us\/Directorates%20and%20Program%20Offices\/RAIO\/Refugee%20Definition%20LP%20%28RAIO%29.pdf\" >Refugee Definition \u2013 U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><em>Right of Asylum:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Right_of_asylum\" >Right of asylum &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/ccnmtl.columbia.edu\/projects\/mmt\/udhr\/article_14.html\" >Article 14 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights \u2013 Columbia.edu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/legal.un.org\/ilc\/summaries\/6_2.htm\" >Right of Asylum \u2013 International Law Commission<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.humanrights.com\/what-are-human-rights\/videos\/right-to-asylum.html\" >The Right to Asylum \u2013 United for Human Rights<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/legal.ceu.edu\/courses\/asylum-refugees\" >Asylum, Refugees \u2013 Central European University<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/internationallawu.blogspot.com\/2012\/11\/asylum.html\" >Asylum \u2013 InternationalLawU.BlogSpot.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><em>Territorial Asylum:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/legal.un.org\/avl\/ha\/dta\/dta.html\" >Declaration of Territorial Asylum of 14 December 1967 \u2013 Audiovisual Library of International Law<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/3b00f05a2c.html\" >Declaration on Territorial Asylum \u2013 RefWorld.org<\/a> or the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www1.umn.edu\/humanrts\/instree\/v4dta.htm\" >same Declaration on the website of University Minnesota Human Right Library<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/3ae68c023.html\" >Note on International Protection Addendum 1: Draft Convention on Territorial Asylum (submitted by the High Commissioner) \u2013 UNHCR.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.oas.org\/juridico\/english\/Treaties\/a-47.html\" >Text of the Convention on Territorial Asylum \u2013 Organization of American States \u2013 OAS.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/kjzz.org\/content\/43308\/did-you-know-territorial-insane-asylum-caused-tension-between-cities\" >Did You Know: Territorial Insane Asylum Caused Tension Between Cities, by Nadine Arroyo Rodriguez \u2013 Kizz.org<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><em>Extraterritorial Asylum:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/extraterritorial-asylum\" >Extraterritorial asylum \u2013 Encyclopedia Britannica<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/openaccess.leidenuniv.nl\/bitstream\/handle\/1887\/16699\/04.pdf?sequence=12\" >4 <em>Extraterritorial asylum under international law<\/em> \u2013 OpenAccess.LeidenUniv.nl<\/a><\/li>\n<li><em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/epthinktank.eu\/2015\/06\/10\/extraterritorial-processing-of-asylum-claims\/\" >Extraterritorial Processing of Asylum Claims \u2013 European Parliamentary Research Service<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.amnesty.org.nz\/files\/regional-processing-centre-briefing.pdf\" >BRIEFING ON EXTRA TERRITORIAL PROCESSING OF ASYLUM CLAIMS AS THEY RELATE TO A REGIONAL PROCESSING CENTRE PROPOSAL \u2013 Amnesty International New Zealand<\/a><\/li>\n<li><em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.migrationpolicy.org\/news\/potential-and-pitfalls-extraterritorial-processing-asylum-claims\" >The Potential and Pitfalls of Extraterritorial Processing of Asylum Claims, by Madeline Carlick \u2013 Migration Policy Institute<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n<li><em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/ijrl.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/25\/4\/847\" >Europe and Extraterritorial Asylum, by Conny Rijken \u2013 International Journal of Refugee Law \u2013 Oxford<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Extraterritorial_jurisdiction\" >Extraterritorial jurisdiction \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Extraterritoriality\" >Extraterritoriality &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><em>Diplomatic Asylum:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diplomatic_law#Diplomatic_asylum\" >Diplomatic asylum &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/diplomatic-asylum\" >Diplomatic asylum \u2013 Encyclopedia Britannica<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.oas.org\/juridico\/english\/treaties\/a-46.html\" >CONVENTION ON DIPLOMATIC ASYLUM \u2013 Organization of American States \u2013 OAS.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.americanforeignrelations.com\/A-D\/Asylum-Diplomatic-asylum.html\" >Asylum \u2013 Diplomatic asylum \u2013 Encyclopedia of New American Nation<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.kaieteurnewsonline.com\/2012\/08\/17\/diplomatic-asylum-is-not-universally-accepted-as-part-of-customary-international-law\/\" >DIPLOMATIC ASYLUM IS NOT UNIVERSALLY ACCEPTED AS PART OF CUTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW \u2013 Kaieteur News Online<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><em>Principle of <\/em><\/strong><strong>Non-<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.duhaime.org\/LegalDictionary\/R\/Refoulement.aspx\" >refoulement<\/a><em>:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Non-refoulement\" >Non-refoulement \u2013 Wikipeida<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/438c6d972.html\" >UNHCR Note on the Principle of Non-refoulement \u2013 Refworld \u2013 Refworld.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.refugee.org.nz\/Reference\/JessicaR.htm\" >DEFINING THE PARAMETERS OF THE NON-REFOULEMENT PRINCIPLE, by Jessica Rodger \u2013 Refugee.org.nz<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.unesco.org\/new\/en\/social-and-human-sciences\/themes\/international-migration\/glossary\/refoulement\/\" >Refoulement \u2013 UNESCO.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.unhcr.org\/419c75ce4.html\" >The scope and content of the principle of <em>non-refoulement<\/em>: Opinion, by Sir Elihu Lauterpacht and Daniel Bethlehem \u2013 UNHCR.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.judicialmonitor.org\/archive_0306\/generalprinciples.html\" >Non-refoulement \u2013 International Judicial Monitor<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2004\/01\/28\/torture-and-non-refoulement\" >Torture and Non-Refoulement \u2013 Human Rights Watch<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.academia.edu\/2326541\/The_principle_of_non-refoulement_subsidiary_protection_and_legal_limbos_especially_in_the_EU_Context\" >The principle of non-refoulement, subsidiary protection and legal limbos, especially in the EU Context. \u2013 Acaedmia.edu<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>Jus Cogens<em> and the Principle of <\/em>Non-refoulement<em>:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peremptory_norm\" >Peremptory norm (<em>jus cogens<\/em>) &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/ijrl.oxfordjournals.org\/content\/13\/4\/533.abstract\" >The jus cogens Nature of non-refoulement, by Jean Allain \u2013 International Journal of Refugee Law &#8211; Oxford<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n<li><em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.hrw.org\/node\/108468\" >Non-Refoulement and Jus Cogens: Limiting Anti-Terror-Measures That Threaten Refugee Protection, by Alice Farmer \u2013 Human Rights Watch<\/a><\/em>.<\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.asylumlawdatabase.eu\/en\/keywords\/non-refoulement\" >Non-refoulement \u2013 European Database of Asylum Law<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1948\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metropolitan_Police_Service\" >Metropolitan Police<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flying_Squad\" >Flying Squad<\/a> foils a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Precious_metal#Bullion\" >bullion<\/a> robbery in the &#8220;Battle of London Airport&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1945\u00a0 <\/strong>A US Army <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_American_B-25_Mitchell\" >B-25<\/a> bomber <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/B-25_Empire_State_Building_crash\" >crashes<\/a> into the 79th floor of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Empire_State_Building\" >Empire State Building<\/a> killing 14 and injuring 26.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/B-25_Empire_State_Building_crash\" >B25 Empire State Building crash &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.tms.org\/pubs\/journals\/jom\/0112\/news\/news8-0112.html\" >Empire State Building Withstood Airplane Impact \u2013 TMS.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.aerospaceweb.org\/question\/history\/q0311.shtml\" >B25 Empire State Building Collision \u2013 AerospaceWeb.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/symonsez.wordpress.com\/2009\/07\/28\/empire-state-bldg-and-twin-towers-were-hit-by-planes-but-only-the-towers-fell-why\/\" >Empire State Bldg and Twin Tower were hit by planes but only the Towers Fell, Why? \u2013 WordPress.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/prezi.com\/i2kgy3uhzwnh\/empire-state-building-vs-world-trade-center\/\" >Why did a plane crash cause less damage to the Empire State Building (ESB) to than to the World Trade Center (WTC)? \u2013 Prezi.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=CodLDGhTe0k\" >YouTube video (1 min. 29 sec.): 1945 Airplane Crashes Into The Empire State Building Killing 14<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1943\u00a0 <\/strong>World War II: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II\" >Operation Gomorrah<\/a> \u2013 The Royal Air Force bombs <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hamburg\" >Hamburg, Germany<\/a> causing a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Firestorm\" >firestorm<\/a> that kills 42,000 German civilians.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1942\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>: Soviet leader <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_Stalin\" >Joseph Stalin<\/a> issues <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Order_No._227\" >Order No. 227<\/a> in response to alarming <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nazi_Germany\" >German<\/a> advances into the Soviet Union. <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.thehistoryreader.com\/modern-history\/stalins-order-227-step-back\/\" >Under the order all those who retreat or otherwise leave their positions without orders to do so are to be tried in a military court, with punishments including duty in a penal battalion, imprisonment in a gulag, or execution<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1935\u00a0 <\/strong>First flight of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress\" >Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1933\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Diplomacy#Diplomatic_relations\" >Diplomatic relations<\/a> between the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union\" >Soviet Union<\/a> and Spain are established.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1932\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_the_United_States\" >US President<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Herbert_Hoover\" >Herbert Hoover<\/a> orders the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Army\" >United States Army<\/a> to forcibly evict the &#8220;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bonus_Army\" >Bonus Army<\/a>&#8221; of World War I veterans gathered in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Washington,_D.C.\" >Washington, D.C.<\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1914\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_I\" >World War I<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Austria-Hungary\" >Austria-Hungary<\/a> declares war on <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Serbia\" >Serbia<\/a> after Serbia rejects the conditions of an ultimatum sent by Austria on <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/July_23\" >July 23<\/a> following the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria\" >assassination<\/a> of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria\" >Archduke Franz Ferdinand<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1868\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution\" >14th Amendment<\/a> to the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Constitution\" >United States Constitution<\/a> is certified, establishing <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/African_American\" >African American<\/a> citizenship and guaranteeing <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Due_process\" >due process<\/a> of law.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1866\u00a0 <\/strong>At the age of 18, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vinnie_Ream\" >Vinnie Ream<\/a> becomes the first and youngest female artist to receive a commission from the United States government for a statue (of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Abraham_Lincoln\" >Abraham Lincoln<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1821\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jos%C3%A9_de_San_Mart%C3%ADn\" >Jos\u00e9 de San Mart\u00edn<\/a> declares the independence of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peru\" >Peru<\/a> from <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Spain\" >Spain<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1809\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peninsular_War\" >Peninsular War<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Talavera\" >Battle of Talavera<\/a> \u2013 Sir <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington\" >Arthur Wellesley<\/a>&#8216;s British, Portuguese and Spanish army defeats a French force led by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_Bonaparte\" >Joseph Bonaparte<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1808\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mahmud_II\" >Mahmud II<\/a> became <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sultan_of_the_Ottoman_Empire\" >Sultan of the Ottoman Empire<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caliph_of_Islam\" >Caliph of Islam<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1794\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_Revolution\" >French Revolution<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Maximilien_Robespierre\" >Maximilien Robespierre<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just\" >Louis Antoine de Saint-Just<\/a> are executed by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Guillotine\" >guillotine<\/a> in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paris\" >Paris, France<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>JULY 29<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2012\u00a0 <\/strong>Scientists reveal new research identifying a mechanism by which <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/carboncycle.aos.wisc.edu\/\" >Earth-warming carbon<\/a> is pulled deep into the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Southern_Ocean\" >Southern Ocean<\/a>, and locked away; scientists claim this process may be threatened by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Global_warming\" >global warming<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/news.mongabay.com\/news-index\/carbon%20sequestration1.html\" >com news articles on carbon sequestration in blog format.<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.skepticalscience.com\/empirical-evidence-for-co2-enhanced-greenhouse-effect.htm\" >How do we know CO2 is causing warming? \u2013 SkepticalScience.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.oceanscientists.org\/index.php\/topics\/ocean-warming\" >Ocean Warming \u2013 OceanScientist.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/thiniceclimate.org\/the-southern-ocean\" >The Southern Ocean \u2013 ThinIceClimate.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.neaq.org\/conservation_and_research\/climate_change\/climate_change_and_the_oceans.php\" >Climate change and oceans \u2013 New Zealand Aquarium<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/earthobservatory.nasa.gov\/Features\/OceanCarbon\/page4.php\" >\u201c<em>Like Feely saw in the equatorial Pacific, stronger winds made the Southern Ocean vent more carbon dioxide in areas where deep water upwelled to the surface<\/em>\u2026\u201d \u2013 Humanity\u2019s Unexpected Impact \u2013 Earth Observatory &#8211; NASA<\/a><\/li>\n<li><em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/news.sciencemag.org\/earth\/2013\/03\/warming-world-caused-southern-ocean-exhale\" >Warming World Caused Sothern Ocean to Exhale, by Carolyn Gramling \u2013 ScienceMag.org<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/takvera.blogspot.com\/2012\/09\/southern-ocean-warming-impact-on.html\" >Southern Ocean warming impact on Antarctic Ice Sheet and global sea level rise \u2013 Climate Citizen<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2014-10-scientists-ocean-southern-hemisphere-underestimated.html\" >Scientist suggest ocean warming in Southern Hemisphere underestimated \u2013 Phys.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.atsummit50.org\/media\/book-23.pdf\" >The Southern Ocean in the Earth System, by Stephen R. Rintoul<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.learner.org\/courses\/envsci\/unit\/pdfs\/textbook.pdf\" >\u201c<em>Eventually, the limestone heats up and turns the limestone back into CO, which travels back up to the surface with magma. Volcanic activity then returns to <\/em><em>CO<sub>2 <\/sub>to the atmosphere<\/em>.\u201d \u2013 4. Carbon Cycling and Earth\u2019s Atmosphere; Unit 1: Many Planets, One Earth \u2013 The Habitable Planet \u2013 Learner.org<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2005\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/darkstarastrology.com\/eris\/\" >Astronomers announce their discovery<\/a> of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dwarf_planet\" >dwarf planet<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eris_%28dwarf_planet%29\" >Eris<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1993\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_Court_of_Israel\" >Supreme Court of Israel<\/a> acquits alleged <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nazism\" >Nazi<\/a> death camp guard <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_Demjanjuk\" >John Demjanjuk<\/a> of all charges and he is set free.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1987\u00a0 <\/strong>Prime Minister of India <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rajiv_Gandhi\" >Rajiv Gandhi<\/a> and President of Sri Lanka <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/J._R._Jayewardene\" >J. R. Jayewardene<\/a> sign the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indo-Sri_Lanka_Accord\" >Indo-Sri Lanka Accord<\/a> on <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/archive.unu.edu\/unupress\/unupbooks\/uu12ee\/uu12ee0j.htm\" >ethnic issues<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1987\u00a0 <\/strong>British Prime Minister <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Margaret_Thatcher\" >Margaret Thatcher<\/a> and President of France <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand\" >Fran\u00e7ois Mitterrand<\/a> sign the agreement to build a tunnel under the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/English_Channel\" >English Channel<\/a> (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eurotunnel\" >Eurotunnel<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1980\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Iran#Khomeini_Takes_Power_.281979.E2.80.931989.29\" >Iran<\/a> adopts a new <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Flag_of_Iran\" >&#8220;holy&#8221; flag<\/a> after the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islamic_Revolution\" >Islamic Revolution<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1976\u00a0 <\/strong>In <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_York_City\" >New York<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www1.nyc.gov\/\" >City<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Berkowitz\" >David Berkowitz<\/a> (aka the &#8220;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/crime.about.com\/od\/murder\/p\/sonofsam.htm\" >Son of Sam<\/a>&#8220;) kills one person and seriously wounds another in the first of a series of attacks.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Son_of_Sam_law\" >Son of Sam Law &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1976\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/nuclearweaponarchive.org\/Russia\/Sovwpnprog.html\" >USSR performs underground nuclear test<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1974\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ctbto.org\/nuclear-testing\/the-effects-of-nuclear-testing\/frances-nuclear-testing-programme\/\" >France performs nuclear test<\/a> at <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moruroa\" >Muruora Island<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1973\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Greek_republic_referendum,_1973\" >Greeks vote to abolish the monarchy<\/a>, beginning the first period of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Metapolitefsi\" >Metapolitefsi<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1967\u00a0 <\/strong>During the fourth day of celebrating <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Venezuela_%281958%E2%80%9399%29\" >its 400th anniversary<\/a>, the city of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Caracas\" >Caracas, Venezuela<\/a> is shaken by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1967_Caracas_earthquake\" >an earthquake<\/a>, leaving approximately 500 dead.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1967\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam_War\" >Vietnam War<\/a>: Off the coast of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_Vietnam\" >North Vietnam<\/a> the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Forrestal_%28CV-59%29\" >USS\u00a0<em>Forrestal<\/em><\/a> catches on <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1967_USS_Forrestal_fire\" >fire<\/a> in the worst US naval disaster since World War II, killing 134.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1965\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam_War\" >Vietnam War<\/a>: The first 4,000 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/101st_Airborne_Division\" >101st Airborne Division<\/a> paratroopers arrive in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam\" >Vietnam<\/a>, landing at <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cam_Ranh_Bay\" >Cam Ranh Bay<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1965\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ctbto.org\/nuclear-testing\/the-effects-of-nuclear-testing\/the-soviet-unionsnuclear-testing-programme\/\" >USSR performs nuclear test<\/a> at Eastern Kazakh\/<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Semipalatinsk_Test_Site\" >Semipalitinsk<\/a> USSR.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1958\u00a0 <\/strong>US President <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dwight_D._Eisenhower\" >Dwight D. Eisenhower<\/a> signs into law the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/National_Aeronautics_and_Space_Act\" >National Aeronautics and Space Act<\/a>, which creates the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NASA\" >National Aeronautics and Space Administration<\/a> (NASA).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1957\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency\" >International Atomic Energy Agency<\/a> is established.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1955\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/nuclearweaponarchive.org\/Russia\/Sovwpnprog.html\" >USSR performs nuclear test<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1950\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Korean_War\" >Korean War<\/a>: After four days, the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/No_Gun_Ri_Massacre\" >No Gun Ri Massacre<\/a> ends when the US Army <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/7th_Cavalry_Regiment\" >7th Cavalry Regiment<\/a> is withdrawn.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1948\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Olympic_Games\" >Olympic Games<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1948_Summer_Olympics\" >The Games of the XIV Olympiad<\/a> \u2013 After a hiatus of 12 years caused by World War II, the first <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Summer_Olympic_Games\" >Summer Olympics<\/a> to be held since the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1936_Summer_Olympics\" >1936 Summer Olympics<\/a> in Berlin, open in London.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1937\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tungchow_Mutiny\" >T\u014dngzh\u014du Incident<\/a>: In <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tongzhou_District,_Beijing\" >T\u014dngzh\u014du, China<\/a>, the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/East_Hopei_Army\" >East Hopei Army<\/a> attacks Japanese troops and civilians.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1932\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Depression\" >Great Depression<\/a>: In Washington, D.C., troops disperse the last of the &#8220;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bonus_Army\" >Bonus Army<\/a>&#8221; of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_I\" >World War I<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Veteran\" >veterans<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/loc.gov\/vets\/stories\/ex-war-wwi.html\" >Experiencing War \u2013 World War I: The Great War \u2013 Stories from the Veterans History Project<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/worldwar1veterans.blogspot.com\/\" >World War I Veterans 1914 \u2013 1918 \u2013 WordWar1Veterans.BlogSpot.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_last_surviving_World_War_I_veterans_by_country\" >List of last surviving World War I veterans by country &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.militaryindexes.com\/worldwarone\/\" >Online World War I Indexes and Records \u2013 USA<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/maketheconnection.net\/conditions\/ptsd?utm_source=adcenter&amp;utm_medium=cpc&amp;utm_term=ptsd%20for%20vets&amp;utm_content=ptsdveterans&amp;utm_campaign=ptsd\" >Veterans\u2019 Voices on PTSD \u2013 MakeTheConnection.net<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.va.gov\/opa\/vetsday\/vetdayhistory.asp\" >History of Veterans Day \u2013 US Department of Veterans Affairs<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1921\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adolf_Hitler\" >Adolf Hitler<\/a> becomes leader of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nazi_Party\" >National Socialist German Workers Party<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1914\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cape_Cod_Canal\" >Cape Cod Canal<\/a> opened.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1900\u00a0 <\/strong>In Italy, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/libcom.org\/history\/1900-assassination-king-umberto-i-italy\" >King<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Umberto_I_of_Italy\" >Umberto I of Italy<\/a> is assassinated by the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anarchism\" >anarchist<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gaetano_Bresci\" >Gaetano Bresci<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1899\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907\" >First Hague Convention<\/a> is signed.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Hague-Conventions\" >Hague Convention 1899, 1907 \u2013 Encyclopedia Britannica<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.haguepeace.org\/index.php?action=history&amp;subAction=conf&amp;selection=when\" >Hague Appeals for Peace \u2013 HaguePeace.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.cfr.org\/international-law\/hague-conventions-1899-1907\/p9597\" >Hague Conventions 1899 &amp; 1907 \u2013 CFR.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.opcw.org\/chemical-weapons-convention\/related-international-agreements\/chemical-warfare-and-chemical-weapons\/hague-convention-of-1899\/\" >Text of the Convention (II) with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague, II) (29 July 1899) \u2013 Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1858\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/core.ecu.edu\/hist\/tuckerjo\/harris.html\" >United States and Japan<\/a> sign the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce_%28United_States%E2%80%93Japan%29\" >Harris Treaty<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/event\/Harris-Treaty\" >Harris Treaty \u2013 Encyclopedia Britannica<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1851\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Annibale_de_Gasparis\" >Annibale de Gasparis<\/a> discovers <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Asteroid\" >asteroid<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/15_Eunomia\" >15 Eunomia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1848\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Great_Famine_%28Ireland%29\" >Irish Potato Famine<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Young_Irelander_Rebellion_of_1848\" >Tipperary Revolt<\/a> \u2013 In <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tipperary\" >Tipperary<\/a>, Ireland, then in the United Kingdom, an unsuccessful <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irish_nationalism\" >nationalist<\/a> revolt against British rule is put down by police.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1693\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nine_Years%27_War\" >War of the Grand Alliance<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Landen\" >Battle of Landen<\/a> \u2013 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Early_modern_France#France_in_the_17th_and_18th_centuries\" >France<\/a> wins a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pyrrhic_victory\" >Pyrrhic victory<\/a> over Allied forces <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dutch_Golden_Age\" >in the Netherlands<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>JULY 30<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1982\u00a0 <\/strong>USSR performs <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Underground_nuclear_weapons_testing\" >underground nuclear test<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ctbto.org\/nuclear-testing\/the-effects-of-nuclear-testing\/the-soviet-unionsnuclear-testing-programme\/\" >THE SOVIET UNION\u2019S NUCLEAR TESTING PROGRAMME \u2013 CTBTO<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_atomic_bomb_project\" >Soviet atomic bomb project &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_nuclear_weapons_tests_of_the_Soviet_Union\" >List of nuclear weapons tests of the Soviet Union &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/nuclearweaponarchive.org\/Russia\/\" >Soviet and Russia Nuclear Weapons and History \u2013 NuclearWeaponArchive.org<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1980\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org\/jsource\/Politics\/knesset.html\" >Israel<\/a>&#8216;s <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Knesset\" >Knesset<\/a> passes the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jerusalem_Law\" >Jerusalem Law<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1980\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vanuatu\" >Vanuatu<\/a> gains independence.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/vanuatuinformation.com\/information\/independance\/\" >Vanuatu Independence \u2013 VanuatuInformation.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.mapsofworld.com\/vanuatu\/independence-day.html\" >Independence Day of Vanuatu \u2013 MapsOfWorld.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Vanuatu\" >History of Vanuatu \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Culture_of_Vanuatu\" >Culture of Vanuatu \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/vanuatu.peacecorps.gov\/content\/history-culture\" >Vanuatu \u2013 History and Culture \u2013 PeaceCorps.gov<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.travelonline.com\/vanuatu\/information\/culture-and-history.html\" >Vanuatu \u2013 Culture &amp; History \u2013 TravelOnline.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.myvanuatu.com.au\/\" >My Vanuatu \u2013 MyVanuatu.com.au<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1974\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Watergate_scandal\" >Watergate scandal<\/a>: US President Richard Nixon releases subpoenaed <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/White_House\" >White House<\/a> recordings after being ordered to do so by the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States\" >Supreme Court of the United States<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1971\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apollo_program\" >Apollo program<\/a>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apollo_15\" >Apollo 15<\/a><\/em> Mission \u2013 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/David_Scott\" >David Scott<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/James_Irwin\" >James Irwin<\/a> on the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Apollo_Lunar_Module\" >Apollo Lunar Module<\/a> the module <em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Falcon\" >Falcon<\/a><\/em> land on the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moon\" >Moon<\/a> with the first <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle\" >Lunar Rover<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1969\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam_War\" >Vietnam War<\/a>: US President <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Richard_Nixon\" >Richard Nixon<\/a> makes an unscheduled visit to <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/South_Vietnam\" >South Vietnam<\/a> and meets with President <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_V%C4%83n_Thi%E1%BB%87u\" >Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Thi\u1ec7u<\/a> and U.S. military commanders.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1965\u00a0 <\/strong>US President <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lyndon_B._Johnson\" >Lyndon B. Johnson<\/a> signs the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_Security_Act_of_1965\" >Social Security Act of 1965<\/a> into law, establishing <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medicare_%28United_States%29\" >Medicare<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Medicaid\" >Medicaid<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1956\u00a0 <\/strong>A <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joint_resolution\" >joint resolution<\/a> of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Congress\" >U.S. Congress<\/a> is signed by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_the_United_States\" >President<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dwight_D._Eisenhower\" >Dwight D. Eisenhower<\/a>, authorizing <em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/In_God_we_trust\" >In God we trust<\/a><\/em> as the U.S. national <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Motto\" >motto<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1945\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japanese_submarine_I-58_%281943%29\" >Japanese submarine\u00a0<em>I-58<\/em><\/a> sinks the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Indianapolis_%28CA-35%29\" >USS\u00a0<em>Indianapolis<\/em><\/a>, killing 883 seamen.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1865\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Steamboat\" >steamboat<\/a> <em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brother_Jonathan_%28steamer%29\" >Brother Jonathan<\/a><\/em> sinks off the coast of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Crescent_City,_California\" >Crescent City, California<\/a>, killing 225 passengers, the deadliest shipwreck on the Pacific Coast of the US at the time.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1863\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/American_Indian_Wars\" >American Indian Wars<\/a>: Representatives of the United States and tribal leaders including <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chief_Pocatello\" >Chief Pocatello<\/a> (of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shoshone\" >Shoshone<\/a>) sign the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Box_Elder_Treaty\" >Treaty of Box Elder<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1859\u00a0 <\/strong>First ascent of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Grand_Combin\" >Grand Combin<\/a>, one of the highest summits in the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alps\" >Alps<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1825\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malden_Island\" >Malden Island<\/a> is discovered by captain <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_Byron,_7th_Baron_Byron\" >George Byron, 7th Baron Byron<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1676\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nathaniel_Bacon_%28colonist%29\" >Nathaniel Bacon<\/a> issues the &#8220;Declaration of the People of Virginia&#8221;, beginning <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bacon%27s_Rebellion\" >Bacon&#8217;s Rebellion<\/a> against the rule of Governor <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/William_Berkeley_%28governor%29\" >William Berkeley<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>JULY 31<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2007\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Banner\" >Operation Banner<\/a>, the presence of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Army\" >British Army<\/a> in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland\" >Northern Ireland<\/a>, and the longest-running British Army operation ever, comes to an end.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2006\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fidel_Castro\" >Fidel Castro<\/a> hands over power to brother <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ra%C3%BAl_Castro\" >Ra\u00fal Castro<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1999\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Discovery_Program\" >Discovery Program<\/a>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lunar_Prospector\" >Lunar Prospector<\/a><\/em> \u2013 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NASA\" >NASA<\/a> intentionally crashes the spacecraft into the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moon\" >Moon<\/a>, thus ending its mission to detect frozen <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Water\" >water<\/a> on the moon&#8217;s surface.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1992\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Georgia_%28country%29\" >Georgia<\/a> joins the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations\" >United Nations<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.infoplease.com\/country\/georgia.html\" >Georgia: Maps, History, Geography, Government, Culture, Facts, Guide &amp; Travel \u2013 Infoplease.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.dmoz.org\/Regional\/Asia\/Georgia\" >Regional: Asia: Georgia \u2013 DMOZ.org<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1991\u00a0 <\/strong>The United States and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union\" >Soviet Union<\/a> both sign the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/START_I\" >START I<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nti.org\/treaties-and-regimes\/treaties-between-united-states-america-and-union-soviet-socialist-republics-strategic-offensive-reductions-start-i-start-ii\/\" >Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty<\/a>, the first to reduce (with verification) both countries&#8217; stockpiles.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1988\u00a0 <\/strong>32 people are killed and 1,674 injured when a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Sultan_Abdul_Halim_ferry_terminal_bridge_collapse\" >bridge at the Sultan Abdul Halim ferry terminal collapses<\/a> in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Butterworth,_Penang\" >Butterworth, Penang<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malaysia\" >Malaysia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1972\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Troubles\" >The Troubles<\/a>: In <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Motorman\" >Operation Motorman<\/a>, the British Army re-takes the urban <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/No-go_area\" >no-go areas<\/a> of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Northern_Ireland\" >Northern Ireland<\/a>. It is the biggest British military operation since the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Suez_Crisis\" >Suez Crisis<\/a> of 1956, and the biggest in Ireland since the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Irish_War_of_Independence\" >Irish War of Independence<\/a>. Later that day, nine civilians are <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Claudy_bombing\" >killed by car bombs<\/a> in the village of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Claudy\" >Claudy<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1964\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ranger_program\" >Ranger program<\/a>: <em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ranger_7\" >Ranger 7<\/a><\/em> sends back the first close-up photographs of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moon\" >moon<\/a>, with images 1,000 times clearer than anything ever seen from earth-bound <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Telescope\" >telescopes<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1954\u00a0 <\/strong>First ascent of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/K2\" >K2<\/a>, by an Italian expedition led by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ardito_Desio\" >Ardito Desio<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/sweclimber.wordpress.com\/climbing\/stories\/k2\/\" >K2 History &#8211; WordPress<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1948\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Nevada_%28BB-36%29\" >USS\u00a0<em>Nevada<\/em><\/a> is sunk by an aerial torpedo after surviving hits from two atomic bombs (as part of post-war tests) and being used for target practice by three other ships.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1945\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pierre_Laval\" >Pierre Laval<\/a>, the fugitive former leader of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vichy_France\" >Vichy France<\/a>, surrenders to <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Allies_of_World_War_II\" >Allied<\/a> soldiers in Austria.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1941\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Holocaust\" >The Holocaust<\/a>: under instructions from <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adolf_Hitler\" >Adolf Hitler<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nazism\" >Nazi<\/a> official <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring\" >Hermann G\u00f6ring<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.historyplace.com\/worldwar2\/timeline\/order1.htm\" >orders<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Schutzstaffel\" >SS<\/a> General <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Reinhard_Heydrich\" >Reinhard Heydrich<\/a> to &#8220;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.history.com\/this-day-in-history\/goering-orders-heydrich-to-prepare-for-the-final-solution\" >submit to me as soon as possible a general plan of the administrative material and financial measures necessary<\/a> for carrying out the desired <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Final_Solution\" >Final Solution<\/a> of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jewish_question\" >Jewish question<\/a>.&#8221;<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/avalon.law.yale.edu\/imt\/03-13-46.asp#Goering1\" >Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 9 &#8211; Transcript of Goering&#8217;s testimony at the trial \u2013 Avalon Project \u2013 Yale Law School<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org\/jsource\/Holocaust\/final.html\" >The Holocaust \u2013 The \u201cFinal Solution\u201d \u2013 Jewish Virtual Library<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org\/jsource\/Holocaust\/finalsolution.html\" >The Final Solution: Background &amp; Overview \u2013 Jewish Virtual Library<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.holocaust-history.org\/short-essays\/final-solution.shtml\" >What Was the Final Solution \u2013 Holocaust-History.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ushmm.org\/wlc\/en\/article.php?ModuleId=10005151\" >FINAL SOLUTION: OVERVIEW \u2013 Holocaust Encyclopedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.historyplace.com\/worldwar2\/defeat\/final-solution.htm\" >The History Place \u2013 Defeat of Hitler \u2013 The Final Solution<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1938\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com\/archaeologist\" >Archaeologists<\/a> discover engraved <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gold\" >gold<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Silver\" >silver<\/a> plates from King <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Darius_I\" >Darius the Great<\/a> in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Persepolis\" >Persepolis<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/archaeology.about.com\/od\/pethroughpg\/qt\/persepolis.htm\" >Persepolis (Iran) \u2013 About.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/archive.org\/stream\/PersepolisInRetrospectHistoriesOfDiscoveryAndArchaeologicalExploration\/PersepolisInRetrospectHistoriesOfDiscoveryAndArchaeologicalExplorationAtTheRuinsofAncientParseh_djvu.txt\" >Full text of \u201cPersepolis in Retrospect Histories of Discovery and Archaeological Exploration at the Ruins of Ancient Parseh\u201d<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1938\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bulgaria\" >Bulgaria<\/a> signs <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salonika_Agreement\" >a non-aggression pact (aka <em>Salonika Agreement<\/em> or <em>Thessaloniki Accord<\/em>)<\/a> with Greece and other states of Balkan Antanti (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turkey\" >Turkey<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Romania\" >Romania<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Yugoslavia\" >Yugoslavia<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1932\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/spartacus-educational.com\/GERnazi.htm\" >NSDAP<\/a> (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nazi_Party\" >Nazi Party<\/a>) wins more than 38% of the vote in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/German_federal_election,_July_1932\" >German elections<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org\/jsource\/Holocaust\/nsdap.html\" >The Nazi Party \u2013 Jewish Virtual Library<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1931\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/New_York_City\" >New York, New York<\/a> experimental television station W2XAB (now known as <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WCBS-TV\" >WCBS<\/a>) begins broadcasts.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1919\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Weimar_National_Assembly\" >German national assembly<\/a> adopts the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Weimar_Constitution\" >Weimar Constitution<\/a>, which comes into force on August 14.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1913\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Balkans\" >Balkan States<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/war-memorial.net\/2nd-Balkan-War--3.26\" >sign an armistice<\/a> in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bucharest\" >Bucharest<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1904\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russo-Japanese_War\" >Russo-Japanese War<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_Hsimucheng\" >Battle of Hsimucheng<\/a>: Units of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imperial_Japanese_Army\" >Imperial Japanese Army<\/a> defeat units of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imperial_Russian_Army\" >Imperial Russian Army<\/a> in a strategic confrontation.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1741\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_VII,_Holy_Roman_Emperor\" >Charles Albert of Bavaria<\/a> invades <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Upper_Austria\" >Upper Austria<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bohemia\" >Bohemia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>AUGUST 1<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2008\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2008\/08\/04\/world\/asia\/04iht-05k2.14983120.html?_r=0\" >Eleven mountaineers from international expeditions died<\/a> on <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/K2\" >K2<\/a>, the second-highest mountain on Earth in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2008_K2_disaster\" >the worst single accident in the history of K2 mountaineering<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>2001\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alabama_Supreme_Court\" >Alabama Supreme Court<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chief_Justice\" >Chief Justice<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roy_Moore\" >Roy Moore<\/a> has a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ten_Commandments\" >Ten Commandments<\/a> monument installed in the judiciary building, leading to a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Glassroth_v._Moore\" >lawsuit<\/a> to have it removed and his own removal from office.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1984\u00a0 <\/strong>Commercial <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Peat\" >peat<\/a>-cutters discover the preserved <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bog_body\" >bog body<\/a> of a man, called <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lindow_Man\" >Lindow Man<\/a>, at <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lindow_Moss\" >Lindow Moss<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cheshire\" >Cheshire<\/a>, northwest England<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1980\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vigd%C3%ADs_Finnbogad%C3%B3ttir\" >Vigd\u00eds Finnbogad\u00f3ttir<\/a> is elected <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/President_of_Iceland\" >President of Iceland<\/a> and becomes the world&#8217;s first democratically elected female head of state.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1975\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Helsinki_Accords\" >CSCE Final Act<\/a> creates the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe\" >Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li>\u201c<em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Helsinki_Accords\" >The Helsinki Accords, Helsinki Final Act, or Helsinki Declaration was the final act of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe held in Finlandia Hall of Helsinki, Finland, during July and August 1, 1975.\u201d \u2013 Helsinki Accords \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.osce.org\/mc\/39501?download=true\" >CONFERENCE ON SECURITY AND CO-OPERATION IN EUROPE \u2013 FINAL ACT (pdf)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe\" >Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org\/collection\/29\/conference-on-security-and-cooperation-in-europe\" >CONFERENCE ON SECURTY AND COOPERATION IN EUROPE &#8211; Wilson Center \u2013 Digital Archive \u2013 International History Declassified<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.osce.org\/\" >Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) \u2013 Official Site<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1974\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyprus_dispute\" >Cyprus dispute<\/a>: The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_Security_Council\" >United Nations Security Council<\/a> authorizes the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_Peacekeeping_Force_in_Cyprus\" >UNFICYP<\/a> to create the &#8220;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Nations_Buffer_Zone_in_Cyprus\" >Green Line<\/a>&#8220;, dividing <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cyprus\" >Cyprus<\/a> into two zones.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1968\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coronation\" >coronation<\/a> is held of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hassanal_Bolkiah\" >Hassanal Bolkiah<\/a>, the 29th <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei\" >Sultan of Brunei<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brunei\" >Brunei &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Brunei\" >History of Brunei \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/royalark.net\/Brunei\/brunei.htm\" >Brunei \u2013 RoyalArk.net<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.infoplease.com\/country\/brunei.html\" >Brunei \u2013 Infoplease.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/thecommonwealth.org\/our-member-countries\/brunei-darussalam\/history\" >Brunei Darussalam: History \u2013 TheCommonWealth.org<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1966\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anti-intellectualism\" >Purges of intellectuals<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/shaneleavy.blogspot.com\/2010\/03\/chinas-cultural-revolution-was-western.html\" >imperialists<\/a> becomes <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/centennial.journalism.columbia.edu\/1966-chinas-cultural-revolution\/index.html\" >official China policy<\/a> at the beginning of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cultural_Revolution\" >Cultural Revolution<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1964\u00a0 <\/strong>The former <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Belgian_Congo\" >Belgian Congo<\/a> is renamed the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo\" >Democratic Republic of the Congo<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo\" >History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.historyworld.net\/wrldhis\/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad34\" >The Democratic Republic of Congo \u2013 HistoryWorld.net<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.hrw.org\/africa\/democratic-republic-congo\" >Democratic Republic of Congo \u2013 Human Rights Watch<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.infoplease.com\/country\/democratic-republic-of-congo.html\" >Congo, Democratic Republic of the, &#8211; Infoplease.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/data.un.org\/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=Democratic%20Republic%20of%20the%20Congo\" >Democratic Republic of the Congo \u2013 UN Data<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MONUSCO\" >United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo or MONUSCO \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/monusco.unmissions.org\/\" >MONUSCO \u2013 Official Site<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1961<\/strong>\u00a0 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense\" >US Defense Secretary<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Robert_McNamara\" >Robert McNamara<\/a> orders the creation of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Defense_Intelligence_Agency\" >Defense Intelligence Agency<\/a> (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.dia.mil\/\" >DIA<\/a>), the nation&#8217;s first centralized military espionage organization.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1960\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islamabad\" >Islamabad<\/a> is declared the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Federal_capital\" >federal capital<\/a> of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Government_of_Pakistan\" >Government of Pakistan<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1960\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dahomey\" >Dahomey<\/a> (later renamed <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Benin\" >Benin<\/a>) declares independence from France.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_Benin\" >History of Benin \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.historyworld.net\/wrldhis\/PlainTextHistories.asp?historyid=ad17\" >History of the Republic of Benin \u2013 HistoryWorld.net<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.infoplease.com\/country\/benin.html\" >Benin \u2013 Infoplease.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nationsonline.org\/oneworld\/History\/Benin-history-timeline.htm\" >Benin History Timeline \u2013 NationOnline.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.britannica.com\/place\/Benin\" >Benin \u2013 Encyclopedia Britannica<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/africanhistory.about.com\/od\/benin\/p\/BeninHist1.htm\" >A Brief History of Benin \u2013 About Education<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.everyculture.com\/A-Bo\/Benin.html\" >Culture of Benin \u2013 EveryCulture.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.africa.upenn.edu\/Country_Specific\/benin_EDoc.html\" >Facts About the Republic of Benin: Official Documents<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1958\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Submarines_in_the_United_States_Navy#Towards_the_.22Nuclear_Navy.22\" >US atomic sub<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Nautilus_%28SSN-571%29\" >USS Nautilus<\/a> 1st begins <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.athropolis.com\/arctic-facts\/fact-nautilus.htm\" >transit of North Pole<\/a> &#8220;<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operation_Sunshine_%28USS_Nautilus%29\" >Operation Sunshine&#8221;<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/ct.arrl.org\/IceDiariesFactSheet.pdf\" >FACT SHEET USS NAUTILUS AND VOYAGE TO NORTH POLE \u2013 ARRL.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.navy.mil\/navydata\/cno\/n87\/usw\/usw_summer_09\/nautilus.html\" >A Historical Journey By USS Nautilus (SNN 571) \u2013 Navy.mil<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/sundodgers.com\/tag\/operation-sunshine\/\" >Submarine Diary \u2013 USS Nautilus lets visitors experience life down below \u2013 Sundodgers.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1957\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.norad.mil\/AboutNORAD\/NORADHistory.aspx\" >United States and Canada<\/a> form the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command\" >North American Aerospace Defense Command<\/a> (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.norad.mil\/\" >NORAD<\/a>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1946\u00a0 <\/strong>Leaders of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_Liberation_Army\" >Russian Liberation Army<\/a>, a force of Russian prisoners of war that <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Collaboration_with_the_Axis_Powers_during_World_War_II\" >collaborated with Nazi Germany<\/a>, are executed in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Moscow\" >Moscow<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Soviet_Union\" >Soviet Union<\/a> for treason.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1944\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>: the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warsaw_Uprising\" >Warsaw Uprising<\/a> against the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nazism\" >Nazi<\/a> occupation breaks out in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Warsaw\" >Warsaw<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Poland\" >Poland<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.titoville.com\/partone.html\" >1937<\/a>\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Josip_Broz_Tito\" >Josip Broz Tito<\/a> reads the resolution &#8220;Manifesto of constitutional congress of KPH&#8221; to the constitutive congress of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.digplanet.com\/wiki\/League_of_Communists_of_Croatia\" >KPH<\/a> (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/League_of_Communists_of_Croatia\" >Croatian Communist Party<\/a>) in woods near <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samobor\" >Samobor<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/do.znate.ru\/docs\/index-2870.html?page=36\" >THE PROFESIONAL AND ETHICAL PROBLES OF THE ACCESSIBILITY OF THE EX-CROATIA COMMUNIST PARTIES AND THE STATE SECURITY SERVICES ARCHIVES \u2013 Zunate.ru<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.academia.edu\/855531\/Myths_and_Symbols_in_Interwar_Croatia_The_Case_of_Matija_Gubec\" >\u201c<em>The Usta\u0161e continued to promote the cult of Gubec as an exclusively Croatian hero after theyestablished a so-called \u201cindependent state\u201d under the tutelage of both Germany and Italy in 1941<\/em>\u2026\u201d \u2013 Myths and Symbols of Interwar Croatia: The Case of Matija Gubec, by Vjeran Pavlakovi\u0107 \u2013 Academia.edu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.croatia.org\/crown\/articles\/9078\/1\/ETHNIC-CROATIANS-KILLED-BY-NAZI-AND-FASCIST-FORCES---Introduction\/15-of-the-pre-War-population-of-Croats-in-the-former-Yugoslavia-died.html\" >ETHNIC CROATIANS KILLED BY NAZI AND FASCIST FORCES, by John Peter Kraljic \u2013 Croatia.org<\/a><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1927\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nanchang_Uprising\" >Nanchang Uprising<\/a> marks the first significant battle in the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chinese_Civil_War\" >Chinese Civil War<\/a> between the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kuomintang\" >Kuomintang<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Communist_Party_of_China\" >Chinese Communist Party<\/a>. This day is commemorated as the anniversary of the founding of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/People%27s_Liberation_Army\" >People&#8217;s Liberation Army<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1914\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/German_Empire\" >German Empire<\/a> declares war on the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russian_Empire\" >Russian Empire<\/a> at the opening of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_I\" >World War I<\/a>. The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Military_of_Switzerland\" >Swiss Army<\/a> mobilizes because of World War I.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1911\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Harriet_Quimby\" >Harriet Quimby<\/a> she took her pilot&#8217;s test and became <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.historynet.com\/harriet-quimby-first-licensed-us-woman-pilot.htm\" >the first U.S. woman<\/a> to earn an <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Aero_Club_of_America\" >Aero Club of America<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/avstop.com\/news_january_2011\/pics\/14.html\" >aviator&#8217;s certificate<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1907\u00a0 <\/strong>The start of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brownsea_Island_Scout_camp\" >first Scout camp<\/a> on <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brownsea_Island\" >Brownsea Island<\/a>, the origin of the worldwide <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scouting\" >Scouting<\/a> movement.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1894\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/First_Sino-Japanese_War\" >First Sino-Japanese War<\/a> erupts between <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Empire_of_Japan\" >Japan<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qing_Dynasty\" >China<\/a> over <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Korea\" >Korea<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1855\u00a0 <\/strong>The first ascent of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Monte_Rosa\" >Monte Rosa<\/a>, the second highest summit in the Alps.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1842\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lombard_Street_Riot\" >Lombard Street Riot<\/a> erupts in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Philadelphia\" >Philadelphia<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pennsylvania\" >Pennsylvania<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States\" >United States<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1840\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/dnscbaspnet\/britishslavery\" >Laborer slaves in most of the British Empire<\/a> are emancipated.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1838\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/abolition.e2bn.org\/slavery_111.html\" >Non-laborer slaves in most of the British Empire<\/a> are emancipated.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1834\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slavery_in_the_British_Isles\" >Slavery<\/a> is abolished in the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Empire\" >British Empire<\/a> as the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833\" >Slavery Abolition Act 1833<\/a> comes into force.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.gilderlehrman.org\/history-by-era\/slavery-and-anti-slavery\/timeline-terms\/slavery-abolished-british-empire\" >Slavery abolished in British Empire \u2013 GilderLehrman.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833\" >Slavery Abolition Act 1833 &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/sites.google.com\/site\/dnscbaspnet\/britishslavery\" >The British Empire \u2013 Slaves and the Abolition of Slavery \u2013 UNESCO ASPNet Projects<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.newstatesman.com\/economics\/2014\/04\/much-britains-wealth-built-slavery-so-why-shouldnt-it-pay-reparations\" >Much of Britain\u2019s wealth is built on slaver. So why shouldn\u2019t it pay reparations? \u2013 NewStatesman.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/history\/british\/empire_seapower\/antislavery_01.shtml\" >British Anti-slavery &#8211; BBC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/hi\/uk_news\/magazine\/4742049.stm\" >10 things about the British slavery &#8211; BBC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/abolition.e2bn.org\/slavery_45.html\" >British Involvement of the Transatlantic Slave Trade \u2013 The Abolition Project<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.history.ac.uk\/ihr\/Focus\/Slavery\/articles\/sherwood.html\" >Britain, slavery and the trade in enslaved Africans \u2013 History.ac.uk<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_slavery\" >History of Slavery &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.freetheslaves.net\/about-slavery\/slavery-in-history\/\" >Slavery in History \u2013 FreeTheSlaves.net<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1926_Slavery_Convention\" >1926 Slavery Convention &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a> or <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/EN\/ProfessionalInterest\/Pages\/SlaveryConvention.aspx\" >Slavery Convention \u2013 UN Human Rights<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ohchr.org\/EN\/ProfessionalInterest\/Pages\/SupplementaryConventionAbolitionOfSlavery.aspx\" >Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery, the Slave Trade, and Institutions and Practices Similar to Slavery \u2013 UN Human Rights<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.antislavery.org\/english\/slavery_today\/what_is_modern_slavery.aspx\" >What is Modern Slavery \u2013 Anti-Slavery<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.alternet.org\/civil-liberties\/there-are-more-slaves-today-any-time-human-history\" >There Are More Slave Today Than at Any Time in Human History &#8211; Alternet.org<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>AUGUST 2<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1998\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Second_Congo_War\" >Second Congo War<\/a> begins.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.war-memorial.net\/First-and-Second-Congo-Wars-3.238\" >First and Second Congo Wars \u2013 War-Memorial.net<\/a><\/li>\n<li><em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.oocities.org\/afonseca\/CongoWar.htm\" >Four Million Dead \u2013 Second Congolese War \u2013 1998 \u2013 2004, by Alroy Foncesa \u2013 OOCities.org<\/a><\/em><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.onwar.com\/aced\/chrono\/c1900s\/yr98\/secondcongowar.htm\" >SECOND CONGO WAR 1998 \u2013 2003 \u2013 OnWar.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.unc.edu\/depts\/diplomat\/AD_Issues\/amdipl_16\/weiss\/weiss_congo4.html\" >The Second Congo War and Its Consequences \u2013 American Diplomacy \u2013 UNC.edu<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.somalipress.com\/news\/2011-jun-09\/fighting-continues-congos-endless-war.html\" >Fighting Continues in Congo\u2019s Endless War \u2013 SomaliPress.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.rocketswag.com\/travel\/africa\/congo\/Why-Did-The-Congo-Civil-War-Start.html\" >Why Did the Congo Civil War Start? \u2013 RocketsWag.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1990\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iraq\" >Iraq<\/a> invades <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kuwait\" >Kuwait<\/a>, eventually leading to the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gulf_War\" >Gulf War<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Invasion_of_Kuwait\" >Invasion of Kuwait \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.thefinertimes.com\/War-in-The-Middle-East\/the-invasion-of-kuwait.html\" >The Invasion of Kuwait \u2013 The Fine Times<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/news.bbc.co.uk\/2\/shared\/spl\/hi\/middle_east\/02\/iraq_events\/html\/kuwait_invasion.stm\" >Kuwait Invasion \u2013 2 August 1990 \u2013 BBC<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.apfn.org\/Saddam-Hussein\/Kuwait.htm\" >Several Reasons Why Saddam Hussein Invaded Kuwait \u2013 APFN.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.evidence.org.kw\/mission.php\" >Kuwait Invasion: the evidence \u2013 Evidence.org.kw<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1989\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pakistan\" >Pakistan<\/a> is re-admitted to the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Commonwealth_of_Nations\" >Commonwealth of Nations<\/a> after having <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Movement_for_the_Restoration_of_Democracy\" >restored democracy<\/a> for the first time <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1972_in_Pakistan\" >since 1972<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1987\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ctbto.org\/nuclear-testing\/the-effects-of-nuclear-testing\/the-soviet-unionsnuclear-testing-programme\/\" >USSR performs nuclear test<\/a> at <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/radioactivepollutioninkazakhstan.weebly.com\/\" >Eastern Kazakh<\/a>\/<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Semipalatinsk_Test_Site\" >Semipalitinsk<\/a> USSR.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Environmental_issues_in_Kazakhstan\" >Environmental issues in Kazakhstan \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/naturvernforbundet.no\/international\/environmental-issues-in-kazakhstan\/category936.html\" >Environmental issues in Kazakhstan \u2013 Naturvernforbundet.no<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nuclear-risks.org\/en\/hibakusha-worldwide\/semipalatinsk.html\" >Semipalatinsk Kazakhstan \u2013 The World Nuclear Chain \u2013 Nuclear-Risks.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.unep.org\/rso\/Portals\/118\/Documents\/NESs\/ROE\/NES_Kazakhstan_2014.pdf\" >Kazakhstan National Environmental Summary &#8211; UNEP<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1984\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ctbto.org\/nuclear-testing\/the-effects-of-nuclear-testing\/the-united-states-nuclear-testing-programme\" >US performs nuclear test<\/a> at <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nevada_Test_Site\" >Nevada Test Site<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.dreamlandresort.com\/info\/nts.htm\" >Nevada Test Site \u2013 DreamlandResort.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ctosnnsa.org\/\" >CTOS \u2013 Center for Radiological Nuclear Testing at the Nevada National Security Site \u2013 CTOSNNSA.org<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nv.energy.gov\/main.aspx\" >\u201c<em>The Nevada Field Office\u2019s Environmental Management Program was created to address the environmental legacy of historic nuclear weapons related activities and current programs at the Nevada National Security Site<\/em>.\u201d \u2013 Environmental Programs \u2013 Nevada Field Office \u2013 US Department of Energy National Nuclear Security Administration<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1980\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bologna_massacre\" >Bologna massacre<\/a>: a terrorist bombing of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bologna_Centrale_railway_station\" >Central Station<\/a> at <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bologna\" >Bologna<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italy\" >Italy<\/a>, kills 85 people and wounds more than 200.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1964\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vietnam_War\" >Vietnam War<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gulf_of_Tonkin_incident\" >Gulf of Tonkin incident<\/a> \u2013 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North_Vietnam\" >North Vietnamese<\/a> gunboats allegedly fire on the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States\" >U.S.<\/a> destroyer <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USS_Maddox_%28DD-731%29\" >USS\u00a0<em>Maddox<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1955\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ctbto.org\/nuclear-testing\/the-effects-of-nuclear-testing\/the-soviet-unionsnuclear-testing-programme\/\" >USSR performs nuclear test<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1947\u00a0 <\/strong>A <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_South_American_Airways\" >British South American Airways<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Avro_Lancastrian\" >Avro Lancastrian<\/a> airliner <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BSAA_Star_Dust_accident\" >crashes into a mountain<\/a> during a flight from <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Buenos_Aires\" >Buenos Aires<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Argentina\" >Argentina<\/a> to <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Santiago\" >Santiago<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Chile\" >Chile<\/a>. The wreckage would not be found for over 50 years.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1945\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>: End of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Potsdam_Conference\" >Potsdam Conference<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pacific_War\" >Pacific Theater of World War II \u2013 Pacific War \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia\" >End of World War II in Asia &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.infoplease.com\/encyclopedia\/history\/potsdam-conference.html\" >Potsdam Conference \u2013 Infoplease.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/totallyhistory.com\/potsdam-conference\/\" >Potsdam Conference (July 17 \u2013 August 2, 1945) \u2013 Totally History<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.trumanlibrary.org\/teacher\/potsdam.htm\" >Harry Truman and the Potsdam Conference \u2013 Truman Library<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/avalon.law.yale.edu\/20th_century\/decade17.asp\" >The Berlin (Potsdam) Conference, July 17 \u2013 August 2, 1945 \u2013 (a) Protocol of the Proceedings, August 1, 1945 \u2013 Avalon Project \u2013 Yale Law School<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/history\/ww2peopleswar\/timeline\/factfiles\/nonflash\/a1144829.shtml\" >Fact File: Potsdam Conference \u2013 17 July to 2 August 1945 \u2013 Location: Potsdam, Germany \u2013 BBC<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1944\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>: The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Convoy_HX_300\" >largest trade convoy<\/a> of the world wars arrives safely in the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Western_Approaches\" >Western Approaches<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1944\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ASNOM\" >ASNOM<\/a>: birth of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Socialist_Republic_of_Macedonia\" >Socialist Republic of Macedonia<\/a>, celebrated as <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republic_Day_%28Republic_of_Macedonia%29\" >Day of the Republic<\/a> in the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Republic_of_Macedonia\" >Republic of Macedonia<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1943\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_II\" >World War II<\/a>: the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Motor_Torpedo_Boat_PT-109\" >Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109<\/a> is rammed by the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Imperial_Japanese_Navy\" >Japanese<\/a> destroyer <em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japanese_destroyer_Amagiri_%281930%29\" >Amagiri<\/a><\/em> and sinks. Lt. <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_F._Kennedy\" >John F. Kennedy<\/a>, future U.S. President, saves all but two of his crew.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1943\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.holocaustresearchproject.org\/ar\/treblinka\/revolt.html\" >Rebellion<\/a> in the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nazism\" >Nazi<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Extermination_camp\" >death camp<\/a> of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Treblinka_extermination_camp\" >Treblinka<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1939\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albert_Einstein\" >Albert Einstein<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Leo_Szilard\" >Leo Szilard<\/a> write <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Einstein%E2%80%93Szil%C3%A1rd_letter\" >a letter<\/a> to <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Franklin_D._Roosevelt\" >Franklin D. Roosevelt<\/a>, urging him to begin the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Manhattan_Project\" >Manhattan Project<\/a> to develop a nuclear weapon.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/hypertextbook.com\/eworld\/einstein.shtml\" >Albert Einstein\u2019s Letter to President Franklin Roosevelt \u2013 HyperTextbook.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.dannen.com\/ae-fdr.html\" >Einstein to Roosevelt, August 2, 1939 \u2013 Dannen.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1937\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marihuana_Tax_Act_of_1937\" >Marihuana Tax Act of 1937<\/a> is passed in America, the effect of which is to render <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cannabis_%28drug%29\" >marijuana<\/a> and all its by-products illegal.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1934\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gleichschaltung\" >Gleichschaltung<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Adolf_Hitler\" >Adolf Hitler<\/a> becomes <em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/F%C3%BChrer\" >F\u00fchrer<\/a><\/em> of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Germany\" >Germany<\/a> following the death of President <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Paul_von_Hindenburg\" >Paul von Hindenburg<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1932\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Positron\" >positron<\/a> (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Antiparticle\" >antiparticle<\/a> of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electron\" >electron<\/a>) is discovered by <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Carl_David_Anderson\" >Carl D. Anderson<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1922\u00a0 <\/strong>A <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/1922_Swatow_typhoon\" >typhoon<\/a> hits <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Shantou\" >Shantou<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taiwan\" >Republic of China<\/a> killing more than 50,000 people.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1918\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Empire_of_Japan\" >Japan<\/a> announces that it is deploying troops to <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siberia\" >Siberia<\/a> in the aftermath of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_I\" >World War I<\/a>.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.adventureillustratedmagazine.com\/q\/Foreign_relations_of_the_Empire_of_Japan\" >Foreign Relations of the Empire of Japan \u2013 AdventureIllustrtedMagazine.com<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.digplanet.com\/wiki\/Category:Foreign_relations_of_the_Empire_of_Japan\" >Foreign relations of the Empire of Japan \u2013 DigPlanet.com<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1916\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/World_War_I\" >World War I<\/a>: <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Austria-Hungary\" >Austrian<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.wrecksite.eu\/wreck.aspx?166268\" >sabotage causes the sinking<\/a> of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italy\" >Italian<\/a> battleship <em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Italian_battleship_Leonardo_da_Vinci\" >Leonardo da Vinci<\/a><\/em> in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Taranto\" >Taranto<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1903\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fall_of_the_Ottoman_Empire\" >Fall of the Ottoman Empire<\/a>: an unsuccessful uprising led by the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization\" >Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization<\/a> against <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ottoman_Empire\" >Ottoman<\/a> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Turkey\" >Turkey<\/a>, also known as the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising\" >Ilinden\u2013Preobrazhenie Uprising<\/a>, takes place.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: left;\">\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ottoman_Empire\" >Ottoman Empire &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire\" >History of the Ottoman Empire \u2013 Wikipedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.turizm.net\/turkey\/history\/ottoman3.html\" >The Ottoman Empire \u2013 Turizm.net<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.allaboutturkey.com\/ottoman.htm\" >The Ottoman Empire \u2013 All About Turkey<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.themontrealreview.com\/2009\/The-Ottomans.php\" >The Rise and Decline of the Ottoman Empire \u2013 The Montr\u00e9al Review<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.flowofhistory.com\/units\/asia\/6\/FC49\" >FC49: The decline of the Ottoman Empire (1565 \u2013 1918) \u2013 The Flow of History<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/i-cias.com\/e.o\/ottomans_3.htm\" >Ottoman Empire &#8211; Rise and Fall, explanations \u2013 LookLex Encyclopedia<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/online.sfsu.edu\/mroozbeh\/pages\/Page-Hist-Osmanli-decline.htm\" >Ottoman Decline \u2013 SFSU.edu<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1897\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anglo-Afghan_War\" >Anglo-Afghan War<\/a>: The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siege_of_Malakand\" >Siege of Malakand<\/a> ends when a relief column is able to reach the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/British_Indian_Army\" >British<\/a> garrison in the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Malakand_Agency\" >Malakand states<\/a> adjacent to India&#8217;s <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/North-West_Frontier_Province_%281901%E2%80%931955%29\" >North West Frontier Province<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1873\u00a0 <\/strong>The <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Clay_Street_Hill_Railroad\" >Clay Street Hill Railroad<\/a> begins operating the first <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cable_car_%28railway%29\" >cable car<\/a> in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Francisco\" >San Francisco<\/a>&#8216;s famous <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/San_Francisco_cable_car_system\" >cable car system<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1870\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tower_Subway\" >Tower Subway<\/a>, the world&#8217;s first <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rapid_transit\" >underground tube railway<\/a>, opens in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/London\" >London, England<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_Kingdom\" >United Kingdom<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1869\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japan\" >Japan<\/a>&#8216;s <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Samurai\" >samurai<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Farmer\" >farmer<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Artisan\" >artisan<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Merchant\" >merchant<\/a> class system (<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Four_occupations_%28East_Asia%29\" >Shin\u014dk\u014dsh\u014d<\/a>) is abolished as part of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Meiji_Restoration\" >Meiji Restoration<\/a> reforms. (Traditional <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Japanese_calendar\" >Japanese date<\/a>: June 25, 1869).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1830\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Charles_X_of_France\" >Charles X of France<\/a> abdicates the throne in favor of his grandson <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord\" >Henri<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1798\u00a0 <\/strong><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/French_Revolutionary_Wars\" >French Revolutionary Wars<\/a>: the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Battle_of_the_Nile\" >Battle of the Nile<\/a> concludes in a British victory.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>1776\u00a0 <\/strong>The signing of the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence\" >United States Declaration of Independence<\/a> took place.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>______________________________<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>Satoshi Ashikaga, having worked as researcher, development program\/project officer, legal protection\/humanitarian assistance officer, human rights monitor-negotiator, managing-editor, and more, prefers a peaceful and prudent life, especially that in communion with nature.\u00a0 His previous work experiences, including those in war zones and war-torn zones, remind him of the invaluableness of peace.\u00a0 His interest and\/or expertise includes international affairs, international law, jurisprudence, economic and business affairs, project\/operations or organizational management, geography, history, the environmental\/ecological issues, visual\/audio documentation of nature and culture, and more. Being a member of the <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/\" ><em>TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment<\/em><\/a><em>, he is currently compiling <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/category\/history\/\" >This Week in History<\/a> <em>on <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/\" >TMS<\/a><em>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: left;\"><strong>(<em>Sources and references:<\/em><\/strong><em> <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/July_27\" >https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/July_27<\/a> to August_2; <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.historyorb.com\/events\/july\/27\" >http:\/\/www.historyorb.com\/events\/july\/27<\/a> to august\/2; <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.brainyhistory.com\/days\/july_27.html\" >http:\/\/www.brainyhistory.com\/days\/july_27.html<\/a> to august2.html; and other pertinent web sites and\/or documents, mentioned above.<\/em><strong>)<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>The views expressed in the cited or quoted websites and\/or documents in this article do not necessarily reflect those of the author of this article. These websites and\/or documents are cited or quoted for academic or educational purposes. Neither the author of this article nor the Transcend Media Service (TMS) is responsible for the contents, information, or whatsoever contained in these websites and\/or documents.<\/em><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>One of the primary purposes of this article is to provide the readers with opportunities to think about \u201cpeace\u201d, including positive peace and negative peace as well as external\/outer peace and internal\/inner peace, and more, directly or indirectly, from various angles and\/or in the broadest sense, through historical events. It is because this article is prepared specifically for the TMS whose main objective is to address \u201cpeace\u201d through peace journalism.<\/em><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jul 27\u2013Aug 2 &#8211; QUOTE OF THE WEEK: \u201cHappiness cannot be traveled to, owned, earned, worn or consumed. Happiness is the spiritual experience of living every minute with love, grace, and gratitude.\u201d \u2013 Denis Waitley<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[148],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-61101","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-history"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61101","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=61101"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61101\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=61101"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=61101"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=61101"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}