{"id":67882,"date":"2015-12-21T12:00:30","date_gmt":"2015-12-21T12:00:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=67882"},"modified":"2015-12-21T03:51:41","modified_gmt":"2015-12-21T03:51:41","slug":"indias-nuclear-industry-pours-its-wastes-into-a-river-of-death-and-disease","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2015\/12\/indias-nuclear-industry-pours-its-wastes-into-a-river-of-death-and-disease\/","title":{"rendered":"India\u2019s Nuclear Industry Pours Its Wastes into a River of Death and Disease"},"content":{"rendered":"

Scientists say nuclear workers, village residents, and children living near mines and factories are falling ill after persistent exposure to unsafe radiation.<\/em><\/p>\n

\"Eleanor<\/a>

Eleanor Bell\/Center for Public Integrity<\/p><\/div>\n

Video: India’s River of Death and Destruction<\/a>, by Eleanor Bell<\/a><\/p>\n

14 Dec 2015 – <\/em>The Subarnarekha River roars out of the Chota Nagpur plateau in eastern India, before emptying 245 miles downstream into the Bay of Bengal, making it a vital source of life, and lately, of death.<\/p>\n

The name means streak of gold and for centuries prospectors around Ranchi, the traffic-choked capital of Jharkhand state, have sought fortunes by panning for nuggets in its headwaters, which wash over a region flecked with minerals and ore.<\/p>\n

Its link to widespread misfortune is not admitted by the Indian government. But the authorities’ role in the deaths of those who live near it first became clear when professor Dipak Ghosh, a respected Indian physicist and dean of the Faculty of Science at Jadavpur University in Kolkata decided to chase down a rural \u201cmyth\u201d among the farmers along its banks. They had long complained that the Subarnarekha was poisoned, and said their communities suffered from tortuous health problems.<\/p>\n

When Ghosh\u2019s team seven years ago collected samples from the river and also from adjacent wells, he was alarmed by the results. The water was adulterated with radioactive alpha particles that cannot be absorbed through the skin or clothes, but if ingested cause 1,000 times more damage than other types of radiation. In some places, the levels were 160 percent higher than safe limits set by the World Health Organization.<\/p>\n

\u201cIt was potentially catastrophic,\u201d Ghosh said in a recent interview. Millions of people along the waterway were potentially exposed.<\/p>\n

What the professor\u2019s team uncovered was hard evidence of the toxic footprint cast by the country’s secret nuclear mining and fuel fabrication program. It is now the subject of a potentially powerful legal action, shining an unusual light on India\u2019s nuclear ambitions and placing a cloud over its future reactor operations.<\/p>\n

A\u00a0comprehensive new energy plan approved by the government\u00a0in October declared that nuclear power is\u00a0“a safe, environmentally benign and economically viable source to meet the increasing electricity needs of the country.” And Prime Minister Narendra Modi, while standing beside President Obama at a Paris conference on global warming Nov. 30, said “India is a very nature-loving country and we are setting out, as always, to protect nature in the world” while producing energy.<\/p>\n

\"Villagers<\/a>

Villagers drink, bathe and wash themselves, their clothes and their food in the tributaries of the Subarnarekha River, which a 2009 study found to be heavily contaminated with alpha radiation, with levels 192 percent higher than safe limits set by the World Health Organization. Ashish Birulee<\/p><\/div>\n

On August 21, 2014, however, a justice in this state\u2019s court ordered an official inquiry into allegations that the nuclear industry has exposed tens of thousands of workers and villagers to dangerous levels of radiation, heavy metals or other carcinogens, including arsenic, from polluted rivers and underground water supplies that have percolated through the foodchain \u2014 from fish swimming in the Subarnarekha River to vegetables washed in its tainted water.<\/p>\n

Given the absolute secrecy that surrounds the nuclear sector in India, the case is a closed affair, and all evidence is officially presented to the judge.\u00a0But the Center for Public Integrity has reviewed hundreds of pages\u00a0of personal testimony and clinical reports in the case that present a disturbing scenario.<\/p>\n

\"india<\/a><\/p>\n

India\u2019s nuclear chiefs have long maintained that ill health in the region is caused by endemic poverty and and the unsanitary conditions of its tribal people, known locally as Adivasi, or first people. But the testimony and reports document how nuclear installations, fabrication plants and mines have repeatedly breached international safety standards for the past 20 years. Doctors and health workers, as well as international radiation experts, say that nuclear chiefs have repeatedly\u00a0suppressed or\u00a0rebuffed their warnings.<\/p>\n

The industry’s aim, according to local residents, has been to minimize evidence of cancer clusters, burying statistics that show an alarming spate of deaths. The case files include epidemiological and medical surveys warning of a high incidence of infertility, birth defects, and congenital illnesses among women living in proximity to the industry\u2019s facilities. They also detail levels of radiation that in some places were almost 60 times the safe levels set by organizations like the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, although India’s Atomic Energy Commission,\u00a0the country\u2019s top authority, disputes these findings.<\/p>\n

The Indian commission argues all problems at the nuclear complex have been corrected and that no cases of radiation poisoning have been proven. But the court files include compelling stories of how residents have been stonewalled and criminalized, and their communities strong-armed, to ensure that nothing gets in the way of India\u2019s nuclear dream.<\/p>\n

\"A<\/a>

A barefooted driver wrestles with a tarpaulin, walking over the uranium ore his lorry is carrying. Ashish Birulee<\/p><\/div>\n

Poor conditions for those who work or live near nuclear facilities have been largely unchanged for decades. When we drove into Jadugoda, we quickly spotted laborers, barefooted, and without protective clothing, riding trucks laden with uranium ore through villages, their tarpaulins gaping and dust spewing. Ore was scattered everywhere: on the roads, over the fields and into the rivers and drains. Uranium tailing ponds that dribbled effluent into neighboring fields were readily accessible, and children played nearby as their parents gathered wood. Washed clothes hung from tailings pipes carrying irradiated slurry. Four months after we left, last March, some of these pipes burst, again sending toxic slurry into Chatikocha village, where residents were supposed to have removed, but remain.<\/p>\n

Alarms about these activities were circulating as long ago as 2005, when India and the United States began work on a pact expanding cooperation on civil nuclear power. A\u00a0joint statement<\/a>\u00a0that year by President George W. Bush and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh about the pact included a promise to safeguard the environment, but hailed reactors as a way to meet \u201cglobal energy demands in a cleaner and more efficient manner.\u201d<\/p>\n

The pact was signed by the two governments in October 2008, despite an American diplomat\u2019s warning from Kolkata in a confidential\u00a0cable<\/a>\u00a0to Washington the previous year that the Indian government\u2019s \u201clax safety measures \u2026 are exposing local tribal communities to radiation contamination.\u201d<\/p>\n

Henry V. Jardine, a career foreign service officer and former Army captain, expressed blunt dismay in the cable about India\u2019s \u201cnotoriously weak\u201d worker protections and substandard safety procedures around mines. If safety at civil nuclear projects like these was \u201can apparent failure,\u201d Jardine wondered \u201cwhat standards are being maintained in India’s nuclear facilities not visible to the public.\u201d<\/p>\n

The Source of the Poisonings<\/strong><\/p>\n

Charting the trail of disease and ill health\u00a0back to its source, Ghosh\u2019s team learned that the alpha radiation they had recorded came from the mines, mills and fabrication plants of East Singhbhum, a district whose name means the land of the lions, where the state-owned\u00a0Uranium Corporation of India Ltd<\/a>\u00a0is sitting on a mountain of 174,000 tons of raw uranium. The company, based in Jadugoda, a country town 160 miles west of Kolkata, is the sole source of India\u2019s domestically-mined nuclear reactor fuel, a monopoly that has allowed it to be both combative and secretive.<\/p>\n

\"Uranium<\/a>

Uranium Corporation of India Ltd. headquarters in Jadugoda, Jharkhand State. The company, is wholly owned by the Indian government.
Ashish Birulee<\/p><\/div>\n

After starting work in 1967 with a single mine, the corporation now controls six underground pits and one opencast operation that stretch across 1,313 hilly acres, extracting an estimated 5,000 tons of uranium ore a day, generating an annual turnover of $123 million. It supplies nine of the reactors that help India produce plutonium for its arsenal of nuclear weapons, and is thus considered vital to India’s security.<\/p>\n

The company crushes the ore below ground and treats it with sulfuric acid, transforming it into magnesium diuranate or \u201cyellowcake,\u201d which is then loaded into drums and taken to the Rakha Mines railway station. From there, it is transported to the Nuclear Fuel Complex in Hyderabad, 861 miles to the southwest. Workers ultimately process it into uranium dioxide pellets that are stacked in rods, inserted into reactors all over India.<\/p>\n

Wherever uranium is extracted, anywhere in the world, from Australia to New Mexico, it is a messy, environmentally disruptive process. However, the poor quality of ore eked out of these wooded hills means that for every kilogram of uranium extracted, 1750 kilograms of toxic slurry, known as tailings, must be discarded into three, colossal ponds. Studies by scientists from\u00a0North America, Australia and Europe show that while these ponds contain only small quantities of uranium, equally hazardous isotopes connected to uranium\u2019s decay are also present, including thorium, radium, polonium and lead, some of which have a half-life of thousands of years. Arsenic is a byproduct, as is radon, a carcinogen.<\/p>\n

\"The<\/a>

The pipes spew slurry into the ponds, a noxious mixture of uranium, and other equally hazardous isotopes connected to uranium\u2019s decay, including thorium, radium, polonium and lead, some of which have a half-life of thousands of years. Arsenic is a bi-product, as is radon, a carcinogen.
Ashish Birulee<\/p><\/div>\n

The tailing ponds in Jharkhand, Ghosh\u2019s team and other scientists\u00a0discovered, have never been lined with rubble, concrete or special plastics, as organizations like the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency have advised for domestic ponds, and as a result their contents leached in winters into the water table. Lacking a cap, the ponds evaporated in summers, leaving a toxic dust that blew over nearby villages. Thirty five thousand people live in seven villages that lie within a mile and half of the three huge ponds, most of them members of\u00a0tribal communities.<\/p>\n

Moreover, during the monsoon season, the ponds regularly overflowed onto adjacent lands, with contaminants reaching streams and groundwater that eventually\u00a0tainted the Subarnarekha River, according to studies of the issue by Ghosh’s team\u00a0and other scientists. Pipes carrying radioactive slurry also frequently burst, leaching into rivers and across villages, according to photographs taken by residents. Lorries hired by the mines also dumped toxic effluent in local fields when the ponds were full, actions caught in photographs and on video taken by villagers and shown to the Center.<\/p>\n

When Ghosh published his team\u2019s results, there was no reaction from the mine or the Indian government. A senior official in the U.S. State Department declined to discuss the contents of Jardine\u2019s leaked cable, but said he was aware of criticisms about the uranium corporation.<\/p>\n

The Evidence Begins to Pile Up<\/strong><\/p>\n

Uranium was first discovered in the hills above Jadugoda in 1951, by Indian geologists working alongside the Associated Drilling Company, of London. The geological makeup of the area makes the natural \u2014 or \u201cbackground\u201d \u2014 radiation in this area higher than other parts of India, but scientists say nothing besides man\u2019s activities can explain the extraordinary levels discovered in their tests.<\/p>\n

Long ago, the local tribes already feared the place the geologists were drawn to, according to Ghanshyam Birulee, a round-faced political activist for the Adivasi.<\/p>\n

\u201cMy father told me of a [castor oil] tree in the forest and even back then everyone thought this tree was haunted,\u201d he said. Village lore warned that \u201cif a pregnant woman passed the trunk, she would suffer a miscarriage, or the child would be born with deformities. Everyone avoided it,\u201d except those digging the hole.<\/p>\n

\"The<\/a>

The corporation\u2019s scientists dispute that the ponds are toxic or even harmful. But the wording they chose for signage reflects this belief, stating that walking over the tailings is \u2018unhealthy and undesirable\u2019. Several reports link these sites to congenital conditions and many deaths.
Ashish Birulee<\/p><\/div>\n

The bore became a mine, and Birulee\u2019s father, like many others, was contracted to wrest ore from the subterranean galleries and shovel the resulting yellowcake into drums. His father died of lung cancer in 1984. \u201cContract laborers were not issued with any respirators or dosimeters to measure radiation,\u201d Birulee said, talking in the granular accent of his tribe, known as Ho. Sometimes they worked barefoot.<\/p>\n

Then in 1991, Birulee\u2019s mother also died of lung cancer. \u201cWe were stunned by her death. She had never worked in the mines. I searched for a reason,\u201d he said. Friends and neighbors meanwhile were in mourning for their own relatives. According to the uranium corporation\u2019s own records, 17 UCIL laborers died in 1994, 14 more in 1995, 19 in 1996 and 21 in 1997; no cause of death was revealed in the records seen by the Center, but critics claim most if not all were radiation-related.<\/p>\n

The corporation will not discuss the causes of these deaths. But a spokesman for the Jarkhandi Organization Against Radiation (JOAR), a local group formed in 1998 out of a student lobby for indigenous rights, said it has investigated these cases and that \u201cfrom what we can see all of them contracted illnesses associated with radiation or exposure to heavy metals.\u201d The spokesman, who asked the Center to withhold his name because intelligence officials and police have arrested him in the past and accused him of \u201canti-national activities,\u201d claimed the number of deaths was actually \u201cfour times higher\u201d than UCIL admitted.<\/p>\n

Birulee contacted doctors and public health researchers at Jawaharlal Nehru University, in Delhi, one of India\u2019s best government-funded institutions. They came up with a hypothesis about his mother\u2019s death, blaming the family\u2019s laundry. \u201cMy father,\u201d Birulee said, \u201cwould bring back his cotton uniform, caked in uranium dust, to be washed once a week, as did all the other contract laborers. There were no facilities in the mines and no warnings.\u201d<\/p>\n

Birulee wondered how many other families had been similarly affected and, working with the JNU doctors, helped arrange for midwives to visit nearby villages. They found that 47% of women suffered disruptions to their menstrual cycle, while 18% had had miscarriages or stillborn babies over the previous 5 years. One third were infertile. Many complained their children were born with partially formed skulls, blood disorders, missing eyes or toes, fused fingers or brittle limbs. Livestock too were suffering, with veterinarians reporting that buffaloes and cows were infertile or suffering from blood disorders.<\/p>\n

Arjun Soren was one of those affected. Born in Bhatin village, adjacent to another uranium mine on the other side of the tailing pond, Soren became the first member of the Santhal tribe to get a medical degree, and one of his first cases was to track the deteriorating health of his family. \u201cMy aunt died of cancer of the gallbladder,\u201d Soren recalled. \u201cMy nephew has a rare blood disorder.\u201d Then Soren himself was diagnosed with leukemia and transferred to Mumbai for treatment. \u201cRadiation and toxins from the mining processes has to be the reason,\u201d Soren said. \u201cI spent my childhood playing, breathing, drinking, eating there.\u201d<\/p>\n

The mining corporation dismissed the 1995 Jawaharlal Nehru University study, asserting that it failed to link these health problems conclusively to radiation exposure. When the company needed to create the third of its tailing ponds in 1996, its agents uprooted families in the Adivasi village of Chatikocha, which was in their way. Dumka Murmu, a local activist from there, recalled how on Jan. 27, at 11 a.m., armed police escorted the mining company\u2019s diggers into town. \u201cThey tore down houses belonging to 30 families,\u201d he said. Their fields were also dug up, groves of trees that served as a religious site were felled, and a graveyard was flattened.<\/p>\n

Outraged, the activist group contacted local politicians and civil servants. Demonstrations at the site grew, indigenous people incensed by the destruction of their place of worship, until on Feb. 25, 1997, thousands of Adivasi from all over the district converged on the site and forced work on the new pond to stop. The mining company had to change tack. It offered the demonstrators a compensation package and promised more jobs, which divided them. \u201cEveryone needs money,\u201d Murmu said bitterly, \u201cand UCIL broke the will of poor people by buying them off with jobs that might kill them in an industry that was poisoning the district.\u201d<\/p>\n

Birulee lodged a protest with the state\u2019s Environment Committee, in Bihar\u2019s capital. Its chairman, Gautam Sagar Rana, directed UCIL to finance an independent health inquiry, led by two professors from Patna Medical College, who were accompanied by the uranium conglomerate\u2019s deputy general manager, R.P. Verma; and the head of its health unit, A.R. Khan. Analyzing a representative sample of those between 4 and 60 years old living within a mile and a half of the third tailing dam, the researchers hired by UCIL concluded that the residents were \u201caffected by radiation.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Achai<\/a>

Achai Baskey, 12-years-old, from Rajdoha Village, was born with a swollen head and brain damage. His family worries it was connected to the high levels of radiation in the region. UCIL denies it.
Ashish Birulee<\/p><\/div>\n

In a report dated Nov. 14, 1997, thirty-one persons were said to need hospitalization. Their symptoms included swollen joints, spleens and livers, and coughing up blood. The UCIL report also described \u201costeoporosis, defective limbs, and habitual abortion,\u201d as well as many complaints of \u201cmissed menstrual cycle\u201d and a cluster of cancer cases.<\/p>\n

Two more inspections by doctors occurred later that month and a separate report that month signed by professors K.K. Singh and D.D. Gupta and printed on UCIL stationery warned that the toxic tailings ponds were unprotected and the site lacked warning signs about the dangers of radiation or other toxic substances, according to a copy seen by the Center. Cattle grazed freely around the poisonous ponds, while villagers gathered firewood beside them and children built sand castles from the toxic grit, the report said.<\/p>\n

While mine officials said they had provided regular medical checkups for the workers, one miner told the researchers, in an interview documented by Shri Prakash, a local filmmaker, that his last examination had been 10 years before. \u201cSome test was done, but the results were not given out,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

The researchers called on the corporation to fence in the ponds immediately, and to move the tens of thousands of villagers who lived in seven communities around the three tailing ponds to new sites at least three miles away. The report noted that security at the sites was \u201cvery poor\u201d and \u201ctotally lax\u201d, carried out in such an uncaring way, that \u201cany mischief on life or nation cannot be ruled out.\u201d<\/p>\n

Four months later, on March 23, 1998, R.K. Verma, a deputy general manager, claimed in a letter sent to the civil surgeon, a public health official, in Jamshedpur, that improvements had been made. But the Bihar Environmental Committee complained in a June statement that \u201cno wire, fences, signs: security remains abysmal, health conditions as before.\u201d<\/p>\n

\"Surveys<\/a>

Surveys by doctors, midwives and scientists have recorded many cases of infertility in villages surrounding the uranium mines. Raju Patro, 81, and Anjani, his wife, 79, when younger, were unable to conceive and want to know if exposure to radiation was the cause. UCIL denies it.
Ashish Birulee<\/p><\/div>\n

Denying What Scientists Documented<\/strong><\/p>\n

India\u2019s nuclear project is seen as the country\u2019s most prestigious enterprise, a tangible expression of the nation\u2019s resilience and resourcefulness. This idea was cemented when India tested nuclear devices in 1998, in twin blasts. Feeding the weapons program was UCIL\u2019s duty, and protecting the mines became paramount.<\/p>\n

As a result, the UCIL-funded health studies were not welcomed by the Bhabha Atomic Research Center, the country\u2019s premier civil and military nuclear research facility, which has a Health Physics Laboratory in Jadugoda. It said in 1999, after a quick visual inspection of villagers living close to the mines, that its own experts \u201cunanimously agreed that the disease pattern could not be ascribed to radiation exposure.\u201d The complainers were \u201cbackwards people\u201d who suffered from \u201calcoholism, malaria and malnutrition,\u201d the company said. But it took no soil, water or air samples and launched no epidemiological study.<\/p>\n

UCIL subsequently reversed its own position. \u201cThere is no radiation or any related health problems in Jadugoda and its surrounding areas,\u201d J.L. Bhasin, the managing director of UCIL, concluded in 1999, in a press conference before local reporters in Jadugoda. A.N. Mullick, UCIL\u2019s chief medical officer for 25 years, issued a press statement a few months later that \u201cI have not come across any radiation-related ailments during my entire career.\u201d<\/p>\n

One safety practice changed: Miners were now given personal dosimeters, although they were taken away at the end of a shift and the readings were kept secret, a circumstance that prevails now, according to more than a dozen miners interviewed by the Center. Also, a few warning signs were posted beside the tailing ponds, according to several of the residents. But the signs were later removed by the corporation, which called them \u201calarmist\u201d \u2014 a circumstance confirmed by three residents from Chatikocha village, who attended a public meeting called by the mining corporation.<\/p>\n

In 1999, Birulee and his friends, who had begun to teach themselves about the impact of radiation by reaching out to nuclear blast survivor groups in Nagasaki and Hiroshima,\u00a0decided to contact a husband-wife scientific team, Sanghamitra and Surendra Gadekar, who had studied the health of laborers at a nuclear reactor in the western desert state of Rajasthan. Surendra Gadekar, a nuclear physicist, began taking soil, water and air samples around Jadugoda the following year.<\/p>\n

Their study was published in 2004 in Anumukti, a now-defunct pacifist magazine. It said radiation levels inside the villages aound the tailing ponds were almost 60 times the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission \u201csafe level.\u201d They wrote that a football pitch, a school close to Rakha Railway Station, a dam, and some walls built around homes in several villages had been constructed by UCIL with radioactive mining rubble. Radiation readings at a UCIL laboratory were 20 times the U.S. safe limit, they said, blaming unsafe work practices.<\/p>\n

The report pointed to \u201cextremely high levels of chronic lung disease in mill and mine workers,\u201d and highlighted case studies of 52 men and 34 women with \u201csevere deformities.\u201d The Gadekars also documented the existence in neighboring populations of children with malformed torsos and deformed heads and the wrong number of fingers, as well as a cluster of cases where infants\u2019 bodies grew at different rates, giving them a lopsided gait. Some had hyperkeratosis, a condition known as \u201ctoad skin\u201d due to the striated patterns and raised lumps it causes. Dr. Sanghamitra Gadekar concluded in her report: \u201cIn my opinion radiation or heavy metals are the likely cause.\u201d<\/p>\n

Their study was ignored by India\u2019s nuclear chiefs but caught the attention of Hiroaki Koide, a nuclear engineer who teaches at the Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University. In late 2000, Koide flew to Jharkhand, discreetly carrying activated charcoal and thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD) to study background gamma radiation. He stealthily took soil and water samples, with the help of local residents, and carried them back to Japan, where they could be tested for radon, uranium and other nuclides.<\/p>\n

Four years later, Koide, who had access to more modern equipment than the Indian researchers and to a research reactor at Kyoto University, revealed that radiation levels in villages close to the mines and radiation levels in residential areas near the tailing ponds exceeded international safe limits by tenfold. Levels in the areas next to the ponds were 12 times higher. \u201cThese figures were exceptionally worrying,\u201d Koide said. \u201cNo one should have been living anywhere near, but UCIL was repeatedly told to move people [and] has not done so.\u201d Orders from the state government for villagers to be relocated, first issued in 1996, had never been implemented.<\/p>\n

More worrying, Koide confirmed that uranium rock and finely ground mine tailings had been used as ballast for road leveling and house building, and to construct a local school and clinic. UCIL declined to make an attributed comment about these claims, but a senior UCIL official who talked to the Center on condition of anonymity confirmed these construction projects using irradiated materials had gone ahead as \u201cpart of a community outreach project.\u201d He added: \u201cScientists at [Bhabha Atomic Research Centre] told us the material was of no risk, so we listened to the scientists.\u201d BARC declined to comment.<\/p>\n

A Worrisome Contaminant Shows Up<\/strong><\/p>\n

Koide\u2019s also identified a radioisotope in the tailing ponds that he found especially disturbing: cesium-137. It\u2019s created when uranium and plutonium undergo fission in a reactor or during the explosion of a nuclear weapon. Since no reactor exists in this region, \u201cthis was nuclear waste from somewhere else in India that had been transported to Jadugoda and discarded, like this heavily-populated district was simply some kind of nuclear dump,\u201d Koide said.<\/p>\n

There is no safe limit for cesium, since it is easily absorbed by the body, and concentrates in soft tissues. According to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,\u00a0cesium<\/a>\u00a0\u201cmoves easily through the air \u2026 dissolves easily in water [and] binds strongly to soil and concrete,\u201d contaminating plants and vegetation. Exposure to minute quanitities can increase the risk of contracting cancer.<\/p>\n

Koide also was troubled by his discovery that levels of radon gas close to the mines and the tailing ponds were 160 percent higher than the limit set by the World Health Organization.\u00a0Radiation levels in villages exceeded the Japanese safety limit by thirty-fold, as did levels at the Rakha Mines railway station where drums of uranium were transported to fabrication plants across India. Four miners who worked at the Rakha Mines station until they left their job in 2008 described to the Center frequent spillages of yellowcake from leaking drums, which they cleaned up with shovels, without gloves or masks, as none of them had been been issued with protective clothing or advice on possible contamination. A local journalist secretly shot video of them at work in the station.<\/p>\n

Many Western nations have prepared \u201cfact sheets<\/a>\u201d on yellowcake that warn against breathing its dust or fumes and say that workers should wash thoroughly and avoid eating, drinking or smoking while in contact with it. A safety alert prepared by the Australian government for those preparing to transport it warns that ingesting or inhaling it causes \u201cdamage to the kidneys, liver and lungs through prolonged or repeated exposure\u201d and warns against release to the\u00a0environment. But a BARC doctor working at its Health, Safety and Environment unit, U.C. Mishra, when confronted with footage of leaking drums and workers with no protective clothing, downplayed the risks in a press conference in 1999, an event that was filmed. \u201cYou can handle it,\u201d Dr. Mishra said, \u201cand nothing will happen to you.\u201d<\/p>\n

India\u2019s Supreme Court began its own inquiry into the health crisis at the mines in 1998, in response to a petition filed by a pro-nuclear lawyer from Delhi who was upset by a news magazine\u2019s photos of children with severe birth defects from villages near tailings ponds. The lawyer argued that \u201cright to life\u201d was enshrined in the Indian Constitution, but even so the court on April 15, 2004, said it believed an affidavit signed by its atomic energy department\u2019s chairman that all radiological, safety and security issues at the mines had been resolved.<\/p>\n

\u201cThe nuclear establishment is allowed to police itself, and to investigate itself, [with] the courts endorsing them,\u201d Birulee said. \u201cBut out in the countryside, we are still living toxic lives.\u201d<\/p>\n

A Series of Radioactive Leaks<\/strong><\/p>\n

Then, on Dec. 24, 2006, a pipe transferring toxic, radioactive slurry to the tailing ponds burst close to Dungridih village, 50 miles northwest of Jadugoda, and poured into a tributary of the Subarnarekha River for nine hours, causing shoals of dead fish to float on the surface. No government investigation was undertaken downstream and no thorough cleanup, upstream. Anil Kakodkar, head of the Department of Atomic Energy, described the incident as \u201ca small leak\u201d of no risk to anyone, according to an Indian analyst\u2019s\u00a0report<\/a>. Five villagers interviewed by the Center described how they merely piled mud over the effluent.<\/p>\n

Four months later, on April 10, 2007, \u201c1.5 tons of solid radioactive waste and 20,000 liters of liquid radioactive waste\u201d spilled from a new pipe, close to Jadugoda town, according to a corporation report, seen by the Center.<\/p>\n

In\u00a0Jardine\u2019s cable<\/a>\u00a0to Washington in July of that year, he confirmed the leak and relayed widespread concerns about a recent expansion of UCIL\u2019s operations. A new uranium ore mine in Banduhurang and a uranium mine located in Jharkhand\u2019s Saraikela-Kharswan district were projected to produce 2,400 tons and 410 tons of uranium ore per day, respectively, he noted. These would add to the 2,090 tons of ore daily processed at a mill in Jadugoda and the 3,000 tons processed at a second in Turamdih. Local media and independent groups claimed that officials in Jadugoda dumped the waste from the processing of this ore into local fields, Jardine said, although UCIL denied it.<\/p>\n

Photos of the leak cleanup he had seen \u201capparently show\u2026workers with no safety equipment and wading in the tailing sludge,\u201d Jardine wrote. He added that his staff had visited the mines and seen \u201clax safety and security measures.\u201d Uranium ore was transported \u201cby open trucks,\u201d with \u201cmine workers riding on top of the ore,\u201d which often fell over the road. He signed off with a warning: \u201cGiven the existing conditions at India\u2019s uranium mines, increasing the exploitation of domestic reserves will likely result in increasing radiation exposure.\u201d The cable was disclosed by Wikileaks in 2011.<\/p>\n

\"In<\/a>

In February 2008, a tailing pipe burst, causing thick, grey sludge to snake into homes in Dungridih village, and cover part of a road there as well as carpeting the front yards of many houses. Five months afterwards, record rains caused one of the tailing ponds to overflow into Talsa village. A UCIL spokesman told local reporters: \u2018The radioactive waste flowing through the village is harmless, as incessant rains have diluted the intensity of radioactivity of the waste.\u2019
Shriprakash<\/p><\/div>\n

The following February, another tailing pipe burst, causing thick, gray sludge to snake into homes in Dungridih village and cover part of a road there, as well as carpet many residential front yards. Five months afterwards, record rains caused one of the tailing ponds to overflow into Talsa village. P. Dubey, a UCIL spokesman,\u00a0told the Hindustan Times<\/a>: \u201cThe radioactive waste flowing through the village is harmless, as incessant rains have diluted the intensity of radioactivity of the waste.\u201d<\/p>\n

Jardine told Washington, in a new\u00a0cable on June 6, 2008<\/a>\u00a0\u2014 four months before the U.S.-India nuclear pact was signed \u2014 that still another epidemiological study had concluded \u201cindigenous groups \u2026 living close to the mines reportedly suffer high-rates of cancer, physical deformities, blindness, brain damage and other ailments.\u201d He noted that UCIL \u201crefuses to acknowledge these issues.\u201d Jardine wrapped up: \u201cPost contacts, citing independent research, say that it is difficult to point out any reason other than radiation for the apparent human and environmental problems at Jadugoda.\u201d He criticized UCIL for not alerting communities living downstream about the February pipe burst and added: \u201cThe Indian nuclear establishment will have to adopt more transparent safety policies and procedures if it seeks to expand its capacity.\u201d<\/p>\n

The\u00a0epidemiological study<\/a>\u00a0that Jardine referred to was written by Dr. Shakeel ur Rahman, of Indian Doctors for Peace and Development, a not-for-profit research group in Bihar. His team interviewed 2,118 families around the mines in May and June 2007 and found that those who lived closest had the best education, the most wealth, and a significantly higher incidence of \u201ccongenital deformities, sterility and cancer.\u201d<\/p>\n

K.S. Parthasarathy, a former secretary of the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board, the industry\u2019s safety watchdog,\u00a0wrote<\/a>\u00a0to most of India\u2019s national newspapers to dispute the research, claiming it had not been peer reviewed and relied on \u201ccherry picked\u201d data.<\/p>\n

\"Duniya<\/a>

Duniya Oraon and his sister Olabati were born with physical and mental problems that their parents believe are connected to the nearby uranium mines. UCIL denies the mines are the reason.
Ashish Birulee<\/p><\/div>\n

In August 16, 2008, yet another uranium waste pipe burst, this time inundating eight houses in Dungridih where the toxic slurry formed an ankle deep carpet, before pouring into the river. UCIL declined to comment, however a spokesman for the Atomic Energy Regulation Board, responsible for safety, and supposedly an independent body, said in a statement issued to reporters then that \u201curanium ore in these mines are of very low grade \u2026. We checked the radiation level soon after the leak. It was much below the normal range.\u201d<\/p>\n

That same year, UCIL won an\u00a0award<\/a>\u00a0from the Director General of Mines Safety, coming in second place among contestants throughout India. In 2013, it also\u00a0received<\/a>\u00a0the Golden Peacock Global Award for Corporate Social Responsibility from India\u2019s Institute of Directors, a national group of 35,000 business executives at India\u2019s best known companies.<\/p>\n

No government institution acted until last year, when the Jharkhand High Court in Ranchi ordered an inquiry into congenital diseases, mainly among children near the mines, after reviewing local coverage on the issue. But Chief Justice R. Banumathi said that \u201cgiven the sensitivities surrounding the corporation, and the role it plays, that investigation is to be internal.\u201d<\/p>\n

Activist and former miner Birulee was furious. \u201cThey claim national security prevents any outside forces vetting them,\u201d he said. \u201cBut given how long they have prevaricated, and the cost of these delays to the population, how can we trust them to inspect themselves?\u201d<\/p>\n

In response to detailed questions from the Center, UCIL\u2019s spokesman and director both declined comment about its internal epidemiological and radiation studies, or about the court case. But its reputation hasn\u2019t exactly suffered since the judicial inquiry began. Greentech, a Delhi-based, corporate-backed nonprofit that campaigns for industrial safety, last year complimented one of its mines for its \u201ctraining excellence\u201d and gave other operations commendations for safety, innovation and environmental policies, as well as its \u201ccompassionate outreach work.\u201d Last year, UCIL\u2019s chairman, Diwakar Acharya, was\u00a0decorated<\/a>, again by Greentech, as an \u201coutstanding HR Oriented CEO.\u201d<\/p>\n

Last July, Acharya, who has been with the company since 1988, gave a rare\u00a0interview<\/a>\u00a0to Bloomberg News, in which he dismissed the epidemiological and radiological studies pointing towards a link between radiation exposures and disease patterns. Radiation levels in the area are \u201cquite low and short duration exposure has no adverse effect on health,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n

Commenting on reports connecting the mines to birth defects, cases of sterility and disabilities, Archaya\u00a0said<\/a>\u00a0\u201cI wouldn\u2019t be surprised if a lot of those [disabled children and sick adults] are imported from elsewhere.\u201d He added: \u201cSee, what happens is, you say you are a specialist and you\u2019ll come and treat. But all you do is, you are convinced UCIL is evil and you have come here only with the sole motive of finding reasons which would validate your preconceived notions.\u201d<\/p>\n

Another senior UCIL official, who spoke on condition of anonymity, told the Center that everything happening in the mines was tied to the Bhabha Directive, an aspirational credo for the nuclear state named after Homi Bhabha, an Indian nuclear physicist considered the father of its bomb. \u201cRadioactive material and sources of radiation should be handled \u2026 in a manner, which not only ensures that no harm can come to workers \u2026 or anyone else,\u201d Bhabha wrote, \u201cbut also in an exemplary manner so as to set a standard which other organizations in the country may be asked to emulate.\u201d<\/p>\n

Around the villages of Jadugoda and out in the flood plain of the Subarnarekha River, however, residents told us repeatedly these words had lost their meaning. \u201cInside UCIL, they see themselves as under siege, defending the nation, one atom at a time,\u201d Biruli said, \u201cand outside \u2026 we are absorbing those atoms and whatever else the corporation spews out from its broken pipes and dams. We\u2019re drinking it all up, feeding it to our kids, and our wives, if they can conceive, are absorbing them into their blood stream.\u201d<\/p>\n

_________________________________________<\/p>\n

Adrian Levy is a London-based\u00a0investigative reporter and filmmaker whose work has appeared in the <\/em>Guardian, The Observer, The Sunday Times<\/em>, and other publications. His most recent books are:\u00a0<\/em>The Meadow<\/em>, about a 1995 terrorist kidnapping of Westerners in Kashmir, and\u00a0<\/em>The Siege: The Attack on the Taj,<\/em> about the 2008 terrorist attacks in Mumbai.<\/em><\/p>\n

This story was co-published with the Huffington Post<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

Go to Original \u2013 publicintegrity.org<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Scientists say nuclear workers, village residents, and children living near mines and factories are falling ill after persistent exposure to unsafe radiation.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[61],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-67882","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-environment"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/67882","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=67882"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/67882\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=67882"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=67882"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=67882"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}