{"id":81943,"date":"2016-10-31T12:00:58","date_gmt":"2016-10-31T12:00:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=81943"},"modified":"2016-10-26T14:21:06","modified_gmt":"2016-10-26T13:21:06","slug":"women-as-peacemakers-a-31-october-anniversary","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2016\/10\/women-as-peacemakers-a-31-october-anniversary\/","title":{"rendered":"Women as Peacemakers: A 31 October Anniversary"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"Ren\u00e9<\/a> Seeing with eyes that are gender aware, women tend to make connections between the oppression that is the ostensible cause of conflict (ethnic or national oppression) in the light of another cross-cutting one: that of gender regime.\u00a0 Feminist work tends to represent war as a continuum of violence from the bedroom to the battlefield, traversing our bodies and our sense of self.\u00a0 We glimpse this more readily because as women we have seen that \u2018the home\u2019 itself is not the haven it is cracked up to be.\u00a0 Why, if it is a refuge, do so many women have to escape it to \u2018refuges\u2019?\u00a0 And we recognize, with Virginia Woolf, that \u2018the public and private worlds are inseparably connected: that the tyrannies and servilities of one are the tyrannies and servilities of the other.\u00a0 <\/em>Cynthia Cockburn Negotiating Gender and National Identities <\/em><\/p>\n

October 31 is the anniversary of the U.N. Security Council Resolution 1325 which calls for full and equal participation of women in conflict prevention, peace processes, and peace-building, thus creating opportunities for women to become fully involved in governance and leadership. <\/em>This historic Security Council resolution 1325 of 31 October 2000 provides a mandate to incorporate gender perspectives in all areas of peace support.\u00a0 Its adoption is part of a process within the UN system through its World Conferences on Women in Mexico City (1975), in Copenhagen (1980), in Nairobi (1985), in Beijing (1995), and at a special session of the U.N. General Assembly to study progress five years after Beijing (2000).<\/p>\n

Since 2000, there have been no radical changes as a result of Resolution 1325, but the goal has been articulated and accepted. Now women must learn to take hold of and generate political power if they are to gain an equal role in peace-making. They must be willing to try new avenues and new approaches as symbolized by the actions of Lysistrata.<\/p>\n

Lysistrata, immortalized by Aristophanes, mobilized women on both sides of the Athenian-Spartan War for a sexual strike in order to force men to end hostilities and avert mutual annihilation.\u00a0 In this, Lysistrata and her co-strikers were forerunners of the American humanistic psychologist Abraham Maslow who proposed a hierarchy of needs: water, food, shelter, and sexual relations being the foundation (see Abraham Maslow The Farther Reaches of Human Nature).\u00a0 <\/em>Maslow is important for conflict resolution work because he stresses dealing directly with identifiable needs in ways that are clearly understood by all parties and with which they are willing to deal at the same time.<\/p>\n

Addressing each person\u2019s underlying needs means you move toward solutions that acknowledge and value those needs rather than denying them.\u00a0 To probe below the surface requires redirecting the energy towards asking \u2018what are your real needs here? What interests need to be serviced in this situation?\u2019 The answers to such questions significantly alter the agenda and provide a real point of entry into the negotiation process.<\/p>\n

It is always difficult to find a point of entry into a conflict, that is, a subject on which people are willing to discuss because they sense the importance of the subject and all sides feel that \u2018the time is ripe\u2019 to deal with the issue.\u00a0 The art of conflict resolution is highly dependent on the ability to get to the right depth of understanding and intervention into the conflict.\u00a0 All conflicts have many layers.\u00a0 If one starts off too deeply, one can get bogged down in philosophical discussions about the meaning of life. However, one can also get thrown off track by focusing on too superficial an issue on which there is relatively quick agreement.\u00a0 When such relatively quick agreement is followed by blockage on more essential questions, there can be a feeling of betrayal.<\/p>\n

Since Lysistrata, women, individually and in groups, have played a critical role in the struggle for justice and peace in all societies.\u00a0 However, when real negotiations begin, women are often relegated to the sidelines.\u00a0 However a gender perspective on peace, disarmament, and conflict resolution entails a conscious and open process of examining how women and men participate in and are affected by conflict differently.\u00a0 It requires ensuring that the perspectives, experiences and needs of both women and men are addressed and met in peace-building activities.\u00a0 Today, conflicts reach everywhere.\u00a0 How do these conflicts affect people in the society \u2014 women and men, girls and boys, the elderly and the young, the rich and poor, the urban and the rural?<\/p>\n

There has been a growing awareness that women and children are not just victims of violent conflict and wars \u2212’collateral damage’ \u2212 but they are chosen targets.\u00a0 Conflicts such as those in Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia have served to bring the issue of rape and other sexual atrocities as deliberate tools of war to the forefront of international attention.\u00a0 Such violations must be properly documented, the perpetrators brought to justice, and victims provided with criminal and civil redress.<\/p>\n

I would stress three elements which seem to me to be the \u2018gender\u2019 contribution to conflict transformation efforts:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. The first is in the domain of analysis, the contribution of the knowledge of gender relations as indicators of power. Uncovering gender differences in a given society will lead to an understanding of power relations in general in that society, and to the illumination of contradictions and injustices inherent in those relations.<\/li>\n
  2. The second contribution is to make us more fully aware of the role of women in specific conflict situations. Women should not only be seen as victims of war: they are often significantly involved in taking initiatives to promote peace.\u00a0 Some writers have stressed that there is an essential link between women, motherhood and non-violence, arguing that those engaged in mothering work have distinct motives for rejecting war which run in tandem with their ability to resolve conflicts non-violently. Others reject this position of a gender bias toward peace and stress rather that the same continuum of non-violence to violence is found among women as among men.\u00a0 In practice, it is never all women nor all men who are involved in peace-making efforts.\u00a0 Sometimes, it is only a few, especially at the start of peace-making efforts.\u00a0 The basic question is how best to use the talents, energies, and networks of both women and men for efforts at conflict resolution.<\/li>\n
  3. The third contribution of a gender approach with its emphasis on the social construction of roles is to draw our attention to a detailed analysis of the socialization process in a given society. Transforming gender relations requires an understanding of the socialization process of boys and girls, of the constraints and motivations which create gender relations. Thus, there is a need to look at patterns of socialization, potential incitements to violence in childhood training patterns, and socially-approved ways of dealing with violence.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    There is growing recognition that it is important to have women in politics, in decision-making processes and in leadership positions. The strategies women have adapted to get to the negotiating table are testimony to their ingenuity, patience and determination.\u00a0 Solidarity and organization are crucial elements.\u00a0\u00a0 The path may yet be long but the direction is set.<\/p>\n

    ________________________________________<\/p>\n

    Ren\u00e9 Wadlow, a member of the Fellowship of Reconciliation and of its Task Force on the Middle East, is president and U.N. representative (Geneva) of the Association of\u00a0World\u00a0Citizens<\/em> and <\/em>editor of Transnational Perspectives<\/em>. He is a member of the <\/em>TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment<\/a><\/em>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    There is growing recognition that it is important to have women in politics, in decision-making processes and in leadership positions. The strategies women have adapted to get to the negotiating table are testimony to their ingenuity, patience and determination. Solidarity and organization are crucial elements. The path may yet be long but the direction is set.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[40],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-81943","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-transcend-members"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/81943","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=81943"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/81943\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=81943"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=81943"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=81943"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}