{"id":86093,"date":"2017-01-30T12:00:35","date_gmt":"2017-01-30T12:00:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=86093"},"modified":"2017-01-29T19:49:28","modified_gmt":"2017-01-29T19:49:28","slug":"how-nato-is-becoming-a-threat-to-europe","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2017\/01\/how-nato-is-becoming-a-threat-to-europe\/","title":{"rendered":"How NATO Is Becoming a Threat to Europe"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>Sometimes, Europe marches to catastrophe; often, it stumbles there.<\/em><\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_86094\" style=\"width: 470px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/militarism-nato.jpg\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-86094\" class=\"size-full wp-image-86094\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/militarism-nato.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"460\" height=\"322\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/militarism-nato.jpg 460w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/militarism-nato-300x210.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 460px) 100vw, 460px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-86094\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">A young boy looks down the sights of a gun on a Stryker vehicle during the &#8221;Dragoon Ride&#8221; military exercise in Kupiskis some 160 kms (100 miles) north of the capital Vilnius, Lithuania, Sunday, June 12, 2016. PAimages\/Mindaugas Kulbis. All rights reserved.<\/p><\/div>\n<p><em>27 Jan 2017 &#8211; <\/em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ibtimes.com\/russia-preparing-war-moscow-calls-us-troops-poland-threat-2474469\" >\u201cIs Russia preparing for war?\u201d<\/a> read the headline of an International Business Times article on January 12. The story was about the movement of 4000 US troops, along with 87 American tanks and 144 armoured vehicles, into Poland.<\/p>\n<p>BBC News ran a similar story the previous week, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-europe-38537689\" >headlined<\/a> \u201cUS tanks arrive in Germany to help NATO defences.\u201d It was about \u201cthe largest shipment of US brigades since the fall of the Soviet Union\u201d arriving in Northern Germany, ready to move east.<\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/edition.cnn.com\/2017\/01\/14\/europe\/poland-us-troops-nato-welcome\/\" >A welcome ceremony<\/a> was led by Poland\u2019s Prime Minister, while the Deputy Commander of U.S. Land Forces in Europe labelled the troop build-up a \u201cconcrete sign of the continued U.S. commitment to the defence of Poland and the NATO alliance.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The troops will be stationed at a number of Polish military bases over the next nine months, and also carry out training exercises in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Bulgaria and Hungary. A Kremlin spokesman, predictably, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/news\/article-4120518\/Poland-s-leaders-hold-ceremony-welcome-US-troops-NATO-build-up.html\" >characterised<\/a> this as \u201ca threat to us\u201d adding that \u201cthis is a third nation that is increasing its military presence near our borders in Europe, and it\u2019s not even a European nation.\u201d<\/p>\n<p><strong>&#8220;Enhanced security&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The reasons for jitters in Eastern European and Baltic countries are well-known, stemming mainly from Russia\u2019s annexation of Crimea in March 2014, as well as the new US president\u2019s willingness to question the purpose and funding of NATO. Russian <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/2016\/10\/26\/russia-reinforces-baltic-fleet-with-ships-armed-with-long-range\/\" >military exercises and reinforcements<\/a> add to the anxiety.<\/p>\n<p>The Alliance, however, has not hesitated to engage in what the foreign policy think-tanks like to call \u201cshows of resolve\u201d, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/europe.newsweek.com\/us-and-ukraine-troops-join-baltic-artillery-drill-486042\" >\u201cgreater allied cooperation,\u201d<\/a> or <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.apnews.com\/cb5d55ba66694c2ca0f4094e26926345\" >\u201cenhanced security.\u201d<\/a> In 2016 alone, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.aljazeera.com\/indepth\/inpictures\/2016\/06\/nato-troops-carry-military-exercise-poland-160609070447894.html\" >NATO and its partners planned around 150 different military exercises<\/a>, many of which were obviously aimed at Russia. Here is an incomplete list from NATO\u2019s <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nato.int\/nato_static_fl2014\/assets\/pdf\/pdf_2016_07\/20160704_1607-factsheet_exercises_en.pdf\" >own record<\/a>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>\u201cBrilliant Jump Alert\u201d<\/em> from April 1-10, which \u201ctested the activation process of NATO\u2019s Spearhead force, the Very High Readiness Joint Task Force (VJTF)\u201d, and involved \u201cnumerous military headquarters and units\u201d in Poland and Albania, as well as Spain and the UK.-<\/li>\n<li><em>\u201cRamstein Alloy\u201d<\/em> in Estonia from April 19-20, an \u201cair exercise focused on enhancing interoperability among Allies and with partners, as well as exercising Baltic Air Policing aircraft.\u201d-<\/li>\n<li><em>\u201cFlaming Sword\u201d<\/em> from May 1-20 in Lithuania and Latvia: \u201ca multinational exercise testing special operations forces\u201d, which involved \u201cforces from NATO nations and partners, including: Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Georgia, Latvia, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Ukraine, the United Kingdom and the United States.\u201d-<\/li>\n<li><em>\u201cBaltops 16\u201d:<\/em> \u201ca US-led multinational exercise\u201d in and around the Baltic Sea, \u201cfocused on interoperability with regional partner nations in the maritime, air, and land domains.\u201d 2016\u2019s exercise \u201cinvolved around 5,800 troops from Allied and partner nations.\u201d-<\/li>\n<li><em>\u201cFlaming Thunder\u201d<\/em>: An \u201cannual Lithuanian-led live-fire exercise\u201d focusing on \u201cartillery and mortar fire training\u201d from August 1-12.-<\/li>\n<li>And, in June, \u201cthe largest Allied exercise\u201d of the year \u2013 <em>\u201cAnakonda\u201d.<\/em> A \u201cPolish-led exercise\u201d which \u201ctested the readiness and interoperability of Polish Armed Forces with participating Allies and partners\u201d, involving around 31,000 troops from 23 different countries.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Although many of these exercises occur regularly, they are clearly escalating. <em>\u201cAnakonda\u201d <\/em>was <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2016\/jun\/06\/nato-launches-largest-war-game-in-eastern-europe-since-cold-war-anaconda-2016\" >the largest war game in Eastern Europe since the end of the Cold War,<\/a> <em>\u201cFlaming Thunder\u201d <\/em><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/europe.newsweek.com\/us-and-ukraine-troops-join-baltic-artillery-drill-486042?rm=eu\" >involved Ukrainian troops for the first time<\/a>, and the Obama Administration\u2019s <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/obamawhitehouse.archives.gov\/the-press-office\/2016\/07\/08\/fact-sheet-us-assurance-and-deterrence-efforts-support-nato-allies\" >parting gift to NATO\u2019s European Reassurance Initiative<\/a> was a quadrupling of funding over 2016 levels to around $3.42 billion in 2017.<\/p>\n<p>This will eventually ensure a \u201cpersistent, rotational presence of air, land, and sea forces in Central and Eastern Europe\u201d, an expansion in \u201cthe scope of 28 joint and multi-national exercises\u201d, \u201cadditional combat vehicles and supplies\u201d and \u201ca continuous presence of three fully equipped Army Brigade Combat Teams\u201d in Europe.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_86095\" style=\"width: 470px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/us-military-europe.png\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-86095\" class=\"size-full wp-image-86095\" src=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/us-military-europe.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"460\" height=\"407\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/us-military-europe.png 460w, https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/01\/us-military-europe-300x265.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 460px) 100vw, 460px\" \/><\/a><p id=\"caption-attachment-86095\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Source: US Department of Defense.<\/p><\/div>\n<p><strong>&#8220;Deterrence&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Is there any problem with this? War games are not secretive \u2013 in fact, they are announced months in advance. Russia always knows exactly when and where a NATO exercise is taking place; its president also surely knew they would become more frequent and forceful as a result of the annexation of Crimea and the deepening turmoil in Ukraine. The point, say NATO\u2019s supporters, is to simply send the message that an act of aggression will not be tolerated: \u201cdeterrence.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>The Russian leadership sees it differently. As US troops march into Poland, they ask how the Americans would react to thousands of Russian soldiers in, say, Cuba. Cuba has had every reason to fear US aggression \u2013 regular <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2016\/nov\/26\/fidel-castro-cia-cigar-assasination-attempts\" >assassination attempts<\/a> on their former president, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-latin-america-13066561\" >an invasion<\/a>, the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.democracynow.org\/2006\/10\/10\/twilight_of_the_assassins_why_the\" >harbouring of exiled plane hijackers<\/a>, an <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.powells.com\/book\/the-economic-war-against-cuba-9781583673409?p_tx&amp;partnerid=36495\" >endless economic war<\/a> \u2013 but 4,000 Russian troops would represent a dangerous escalation, as was the presence of Soviet nuclear missiles on the island in the 60s.<\/p>\n<p>Many Latin American countries share Cuba\u2019s complaints: Nicaragua faced <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/1988\/02\/07\/opinion\/wrong-from-the-start-reagan-s-contra-war-reagan-s-failure.html\" >a long and bloody war<\/a> against a US-trained mercenary army in the 80s; Panama was <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Zo6yVNWcGCo\" >invaded<\/a> in 1989; Guatemala suffered irreparable damaged from <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2011\/10\/21\/world\/americas\/an-apology-for-a-guatemalan-coup-57-years-later.html\" >a CIA-sponsored coup<\/a> in 1954; Venezuela had to face down <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2002\/apr\/21\/usa.venezuela\" >a US-backed coup<\/a> as late as 2002; and a coup in Honduras was <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.huffingtonpost.com\/robert-naiman\/wikileaks-honduras-state_b_789282.html\" >lied about and then rubber-stamped<\/a> by Hillary Clinton\u2019s State Department in 2009.<\/p>\n<p>So, when a Polish militiaman tells Sky News that he is taking up arms because <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/news.sky.com\/story\/poland-rearms-as-fears-of-russian-attack-grow-10357391\" >\u201chistory shows us what our neighbours can do,\u201d<\/a> many people in Latin America know exactly what he means. Yet, in both cases, the involvement of foreign forces is perfectly capable of inflaming, rather than reducing fears and tensions.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Militias, autocracy, corruption<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>A good lesson of European history is that wars can arise not just from expansionist dictators, but also from foolish military posturing and alliances capable of turning the murder of an Austrian Duke into a world war. Sometimes, Europe marches to catastrophe; often, it stumbles there.<\/p>\n<p>With this in mind, is it possible that the Polish government\u2019s encouragement of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/magazine-37039365\" >\u201cpro-defence\u201d armed paramilitary groups<\/a> \u2013 now with around 100,000 members \u2013 could backfire? Tens of thousands of angry, patriotic young men with guns and armoured vehicles near the border with Russia\u2019s Kaliningrad territory? Wages paid by a government <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2016\/dec\/18\/poland-is-on-road-to-autocracy-says-high-court-president\" >described by the former president of the Constitutional Court<\/a> as taking the country down \u201cthe road to autocracy\u201d and which has promised to lead a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/e825f7f4-74a3-11e6-bf48-b372cdb1043a\" >\u201ccultural counter-revolution\u201d<\/a> in Europe? Apparently, NATO is unconcerned. It was even kind enough to <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/2016\/06\/03\/poland-to-recruit-35000-strong-paramilitary-force-to-combat-thre\/\" >include some of Poland\u2019s paramilitary units<\/a> in the <em>Anakonda<\/em> exercise in June.<\/p>\n<p>While Poland is a full NATO member that must be defended in the event of conflict with Russia, Ukraine, a NATO \u201cpartner\u201d, is already mired in one. Ukraine is such a good \u201cpartner\u201d that it hosted around 2,000 troops from the US and \u201c11 other Allied and partner nations\u201d for <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.eucom.mil\/media-library\/article\/35266\/rapid-trident-16-concludes-with-closing-ceremony\" >Exercise Rapid Trident<\/a> last year, during which Ukrainian soldiers practiced \u201csetting up roadblocks\u201d, \u201curban combat\u201d, and \u201cair assaults\u201d, with \u201cequipment from individual rifles to helicopters and tanks.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>In the almost total absence of western media coverage, we could be forgiven for not knowing that there were NATO troops in Ukraine. We could also be forgiven <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thenation.com\/article\/the-ukrainian-far-right-and-the-danger-it-poses\/\" >for not knowing<\/a> that the Speaker of Ukraine\u2019s Parliament co-founded the neo-Nazi Social-National Party, or that its Interior Minister has promoted neo-Nazis to senior positions in the National Police, or that the government renamed a major boulevard \u201cin honour of Stepan Bandera, the leader of partisan groups responsible for the slaughter of thousands of Jews and over 100,000 Poles during WWII.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Ukraine is also a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2016\/04\/01\/opinion\/ukraines-unyielding-corruption.html?_r=0\" >\u201ccorrupt swamp.\u201d<\/a> In 2015, Joe Biden <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.politico.eu\/article\/joe-biden-corruption-eating-ukraine-like-a-cancer\/\" >told Ukraine\u2019s parliament<\/a> that corruption was \u201ceating\u201d the country \u201clike a cancer\u201d \u2013 days after pledging $190 million in extra aid. The Panama Papers revealed how the president, Petro Poroshenko, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/news\/2016\/apr\/04\/panama-papers-ukraine-petro-poroshenko-secret-offshore-firm-russia\" >set up a secret offshore firm<\/a> in August 2014 \u201cwhen his troops were being wiped out in eastern Ukraine\u201d, while the Economy Minister <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/201de2b0-ca91-11e5-be0b-b7ece4e953a0\" >resigned<\/a> in February 2016, citing the presence of \u201ccovert corruption\u201d in the government. Since the \u201cEuromaidan Revolution\u201d, President Poroshenko\u2019s approval ratings have even <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.gallup.com\/poll\/187931\/ukrainians-disillusioned-leadership.aspx\" >fallen below Viktor Yanukovych\u2019s<\/a> on the eve of his ouster.<\/p>\n<p>There\u2019s no doubt that Russia has stoked political unrest in Ukraine and breached the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.ibtimes.co.uk\/russia-deletes-treaty-promises-over-ukraine-claiming-it-only-pledged-not-use-nuclear-weapons-1540440\" >1994 Budapest Memorandum<\/a> ensuring Ukraine\u2019s territorial integrity in exchange for the dismantling of its nuclear weapons. But to reduce the country\u2019s predicament to Russian adventurism is to ignore the dangers of militarily and politically supporting a regime that we know to be corrupt, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/latest\/news\/2016\/08\/ukraine-authorities-must-commit-to-a-thorough-investigation-after-13-people-released-from-secret-detention\/\" >at times brutal<\/a> and too close to the far-right.<\/p>\n<p><strong>What could go wrong? <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Recent history gives us some guide of what can go wrong. Georgia \u2013 also a NATO partner, rather than member \u2013 had its membership bid <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nato.int\/cps\/en\/natohq\/topics_38988.htm\" >endorsed in principle by the Alliance<\/a> in April 2008. By August, it was at war with Russia.<\/p>\n<p>The war, fought over the breakaway Georgian territories of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, was <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.dailymail.co.uk\/news\/article-1043236\/Georgia-overrun-Russian-troops-scale-ground-invasion-begins.html\" >widely presented<\/a> as a case of Russian aggression; however, the EU\u2019s investigation led by the Swiss diplomat Heidi Tagliavini <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/worldnews\/europe\/georgia\/6247620\/EU-blames-Georgia-for-starting-war-with-Russia.html\" >blamed Georgia<\/a> for starting it. Georgia\u2019s President, Mikheil Saakashvili, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2008\/08\/14\/world\/europe\/14georgia.html\" >was left disappointed<\/a> at the lack of support from western allies.<\/p>\n<p>Bizarrely, Mr Saakashvili \u2013 whose party lost office in 2012 \u2013 was appointed Governor of Ukraine\u2019s Odessa region by Poroshenko in May 2015. He <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/22b7c2ca-a4f7-11e6-8b69-02899e8bd9d1\" >resigned<\/a> just over a year later, accusing the Ukrainian president of supporting \u201ca criminal bandit clan\u201d of politicians in the region. \u201cNobody in my life has lied so much or so cynically to me\u201d, he said.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cKnowing him, he tends to exaggerate,\u201d Ukraine&#8217;s former health minister <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/us-ukraine-crisis-saakashvili-idUSKBN13219Q\" >retorted<\/a>. These are the men who NATO has trusted and invested in.<\/p>\n<p><strong>&#8220;Obsolete&#8221;?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The founding goal of NATO, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.nato.int\/cps\/en\/natolive\/opinions_69910.htm?selectedLocale=en\" >in the words of its first Secretary-General,<\/a> was to \u201ckeep the Russians out, the Americans in and the Germans down.\u201d This has been complicated by the fall of the Soviet Union and the expansion of the Alliance to the east, which has led it into alignment with volatile governments expecting support in the event of conflict with Russia. If that time comes, Crimea will look like a historical footnote.<\/p>\n<p>NATO may not yet be <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.breitbart.com\/national-security\/2017\/01\/16\/trump-nato-obsolete-members-arent-paying\/\" >\u201cobsolete\u201d,<\/a> as President Trump has suggested. But, having helped maintain Europe\u2019s <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.co.uk\/Dark-Continent-Europes-Twentieth-Century\/dp\/0140241590\" >\u201cbrutal peace\u201d<\/a> since 1945, the Alliance could now be a threat to it.<\/p>\n<p>________________________________________<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 30px;\"><em>Harry Blain has worked and studied in Sydney, Edinburgh and London. He currently works for <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/lsecities.net\/\" >LSE Cities<\/a>, an international research, education and outreach centre at the London School of Economics. Follow him on Twitter <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/HBlain\" >@Hblain<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>This article is published under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International licence. If you have any queries about republishing please <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/www.opendemocracy.net\/contact\" >contact us<\/a>. Please check individual images for licensing details. <\/em><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.opendemocracy.net\/can-europe-make-it\/harry-blain\/how-nato-is-becoming-threat-to-europe\" >Go to Original \u2013 opendemocracy.net<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Sometimes, Europe marches to catastrophe; often, it stumbles there.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[51],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-86093","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-europe"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/86093","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=86093"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/86093\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=86093"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=86093"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=86093"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}