{"id":95711,"date":"2017-07-24T12:00:26","date_gmt":"2017-07-24T11:00:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/?p=95711"},"modified":"2017-07-20T13:06:36","modified_gmt":"2017-07-20T12:06:36","slug":"dag-hammarskjold-29-jul-1905-18-sep-1961-crisis-manager-and-longer-range-world-community-builder-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/2017\/07\/dag-hammarskjold-29-jul-1905-18-sep-1961-crisis-manager-and-longer-range-world-community-builder-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Dag Hammarskjold (29 Jul 1905 \u2013 18 Sep 1961) Crisis Manager and Longer-Range World Community Builder"},"content":{"rendered":"

“You wake from dreams of doom and \u2212for a moment\u2212 you know: beyond all the noise and the gestures, the only real thing, love\u2019s calm unwavering flame in the half-light of an early dawn.”<\/em>
\n — <\/em>Dag Hammarskjold, Markings<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Dag Hammarskjold became Secretary-General of the United Nations at a moment of crisis related to the 1950-1953 war in Korea, and he died in a plane crash in 1961 on a mission dealing with the war in the Congo. The first Secretary-General of the UN, Trygve Lie, had resigned in November 1952 in the light of the strong opposition of the Soviet Union and its allies to the way the United Nations Command operated in Korea. Even though it was called the \u201cUnited Nations Command\u201d, the main fighting forces and the logistic support were provided by the United States.<\/p>\n

Among UN Security Council members and other important delegations, it was felt that, given the way Trygve Lie was pushed out before a second term, he should be replaced by a person from a Nordic country, and the name of Dag Hammarskjold started to be proposed as a suitable candidate from an appropriate country, Sweden. It took five months of discussions before on 10 April 1953 Hammarskjold took office in New York.<\/p>\n

Little in his background or experience had prepared Hammarskjold to be a crisis manager. He cane from a distinguished Swedish family.\u00a0 His father had been Prime Minister, and other members of his father\u2019s family had been civil servants or military officers.\u00a0\u00a0 On his mother\u2019s side, the family had been well-known Lutheran clergy and academics. Dag Hammarskjold was known for his active interest in literature, art and music \u2212 interests which he continued throughout his life.\u00a0 However, he was trained in economics and by age thirty-six he was chairman of the National Bank of Sweden, concerned with long-range economic trends.\u00a0 He was not a stock-market trader having to make quick decisions with very incomplete information to \u201cbuy or sell\u201d.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>

Dag Hammarskjold<\/p><\/div>\n

Hammarskjold had a very strong sense of duty. As he wrote to himself in 1951 in a dairy published after his death as Markings <\/em>(1) \u201cOnly he deserves power who everyday justifies it.\u201d<\/p>\n

Hammarskjold came to the United Nations just as socio-economic development was being considered as a permanent mandate for the UN Secretariat.\u00a0 At the time of the creation of the United Nations in 1945, economic and social issues were considered as the functions of specialized agencies formally related to the UN through the Economic and Social Council but in effect, independent with their own governing boards, budgets and administrative procedures: the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund in Washington, and UNESCO, FAO, ILO, WHO, all located in Europe.\u00a0 By 1949, influenced by the \u201cPoint Four\u201d idea of US President Harry Truman, there started to grow the idea that the UN itself should become operative in providing economic, administrative, and technical assistance. A modest \u201cExpanded Program of Technical Assistance to Underdeveloped Countries\u201d was created in 1949, and through different incarnations has become the UN Development Program (UNDP)\u2019s, complex and multi layered activities.<\/p>\n

Hammarskjold was a strong supporter of economic and social programs.\u00a0 He appointed well-known and active economists to guide these programs.\u00a0 By training and temperament, he would have wanted to follow economic and social issues as he saw such programs as important buildings blocs of the world community.<\/p>\n

However, it was as a crisis manager that he filled his days.\u00a0 These were often long days, and he was able to work for 18 hours a day for long stretches of time.\u00a0 He started as Secretary-General when the war in Korea was ending, but peace had not been established.\u00a0 Korea was still divided into two hostile States, a large number of people had been uprooted and much of the economic infrastructure destroyed.\u00a0 The French war in Indochina was still going on, and many observers feared that there could be a generalized Asian conflict.\u00a0 In 1952, the UN General Assembly created the \u201cCommission on the Racial Situation in South Africa\u201d \u2013 the start of a decades-long concern.\u00a0 The French war in Indochina was followed by the start of the war in Algeria.\u00a0 In April 1955, the \u201cAsian-Africa Conference\u201d was held in Bandung, Indonesia, a sign that decolonization would stay on the agenda of world issues for a long time.\u00a0 In November 1956, the first session of a UN Special General Assembly condemned the military aggression of the UK, France and Israel against Egypt, which later led to the use of UN Peacekeeping forces.<\/p>\n

Dag Hammarskjold became an expert crisis manager, to the point that there was a common slogan in the UN- \u201cLeave it to Dag\u201d. He liked to work alone but had created a team of people working under him who were highly competent and totally devoted to him.<\/p>\n

His last crisis-management effort was in the former Belgium Congo which had become independent in July 1960, followed quickly by violence, the breakdown of public order, the murder of the former Prime Minister Lumumba, the effort of Moise Tshombe to create a separate state in Katanga, and the sending of UN troops.\u00a0 USA-USSR Cold War tensions increased over Congo issues. Hammarskjold was to try an effort of mediation at the airport of Ndola, now in\u00a0 Zambia when the UN plane crashed, and all were killed.<\/p>\n

Shortly after assuming office Dag Hammarskjold set out his view of his task as a world public servant faced by conflicting government \u2212 a vision which he fulfilled fully:<\/p>\n

\u201cThe Secretary-General should express with full frankness to the governments concerned and their representatives the conclusions at which he arrives on issues before the organization.\u00a0 These conclusions must be completely detached from any national interest or policy and based solely on the principles and ideals to which the governments have adhered as members of the United Nations.\u201d<\/em><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

At a time when there are active discussions on the selection of the next UN Secretary General, it is important to recall the drive and initiatives of Dag Hammarskjold.<\/p>\n

Note: <\/strong><\/p>\n

Dag Hammarskjold. Markings <\/em>(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1964, 222pp.)<\/p>\n

_________________________________<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/a>Ren\u00e9 Wadlow, a member of the Fellowship of Reconciliation and of its Task Force on the Middle East, is president and U.N. representative (Geneva) of the Association of\u00a0World\u00a0Citizens and editor of Transnational Perspectives. He is a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Dag Hammarskjold became Secretary-General of the UN at a moment of crisis in the 1950-1953 war in Korea and died in a plane crash in 1961 on a mission dealing with the war in the Congo. He became an expert crisis manager, to the point that there was a common slogan in the UN- \u201cLeave it to Dag\u201d. He liked to work alone but had created a team of people working under him who were highly competent and totally devoted to him.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[214],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-95711","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-biographies"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/95711","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=95711"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/95711\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=95711"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=95711"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.transcend.org\/tms\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=95711"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}