The Iraq War: 10 Years Later

ANGLO AMERICA, MILITARISM, EUROPE, ANALYSIS, MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA, 18 Mar 2013

Richard Falk – TRANSCEND Media Service

After a decade of combat, casualties, massive displacement, persisting violence, enhanced sectarian tension and violence between Shi’ias and Sunnis, periodic suicide bombings, and autocratic governance, a negative assessment of the Iraq War as a strategic move by the United States, United Kingdom, and a few of their secondary allies, including Japan, seems near universal. Not only the regionally destabilizing outcome, including the blowback effect of perversely adding weight to Iran’s overall diplomatic influence, but the reputational costs in the Middle East associated with an imprudent, destructive, and failed military intervention make the Iraq War the worst American foreign policy disaster since its defeat in Vietnam in the 1970s, and undertaken with an even less persuasive legal, moral, and political rationale.

Most geopolitical accounting assessments do not bother to consider the damage to the United Nations and international law arising from an aggressive use of force in flagrant violation of the UN Charter, embarked upon in the face of a refusal by the Security Council to provide a legitimating authorization for the use of force despite great pressure mounted by the United States. The UN further harmed its own image when it failed to reinforce its refusal to grant authorization to the United States and its coalition, by offering some kind of support to Iraq as the target of this contemplated aggression. This failure was compounded by the post-attack role played by the UN in lending full support to the unlawful American-led occupation, including its state-building mission. In other words, not only was the Iraq War a disaster from the perspective of American and British foreign policy and the peace and stability of the Middle East region, but it was also a severe setback for the authority of international law, the independence of the UN, and the quality of world order.

In the aftermath of the Vietnam War, the United States was supposedly burdened by what policymakers derisively called ‘the Vietnam Syndrome.’ This was a Washington shorthand for the psychological inhibitions to engage in military interventions in the non-Western world due to the negative attitudes towards such imperial undertakings that were supposed to exist among the American public and in the government, especially among the military who were widely blamed for the Vietnam disaster. Many American militarists at the time complained that the Vietnam Syndrome was a combined result of an anti-war plot engineered by the liberal media and a response to an unpopular conscription or ‘draft’ that required many middle class Americans to fight in a distant war that lacked both popular support, a convincing strategic or legal rationale, and seemed to be on the wrong side of history, which as the French found out in their own Indochina War favored anti-colonial wars of liberation. The flag-draped coffins of dead young Americans were shown on TV, leading defense hawks to contend somewhat ridiculously that ‘the war was lost in American living rooms.’ The government made adjustments that took these rationalizations serious: the draft was abolished, and reliance  henceforth was placed on an all-volunteer professional military complemented by large-scale private security firms; also, intensified efforts were made to assure media support for subsequent military operations by ‘embedding’ journalists in combat units and more carefully monitoring news reporting.

President, George H.W. Bush told the world in 1991 immediately after the Gulf War that had been successfully undertaken to reverse the Iraqi annexation of Kuwait that “we have finally kicked the Vietnam Syndrome.” In effect, the senior President Bush was saying to the grand strategists in the White House and Pentagon that the role of American military power was again available for use to do the work of empire around the world. What the Gulf War showed was that on a conventional battlefield, in this setting of a desert war, American military superiority would be decisive, could produce a quick victory with minimal costs in American lives, and bring about a surge of political popularity at home. This new militarist enthusiasm created the political base for recourse to the NATO War in 1999 to wrest Kosovo from Serb control. To ensure the avoidance of casualties, reliance was placed on air attacks conducted from high altitudes. The war took more time than expected, but was interpreted as validating the claim of war planners that the United States could now fight and win ‘zero casualty wars.’ There were no NATO combat deaths in the Kosovo War, and the war produced a ‘victory’ by ending Serbian control over Kosovo as well as demonstrating that NATO could still be used and useful even after the Cold War and the disappearance of the Soviet threat that had explained the formation of the alliance in the first place.

More sophisticated American war planners understood that not all challenges to United States interests around the world could be met with air power in the absence of ground combat. Increasingly, political violence involving geopolitical priorities took the form of transnational violence (as in the 9/11 attacks) or was situated within the boundaries of territorial states, and involved Western military intervention designed to crush societal forces of national resistance. The Bush presidency badly confused its new self-assurance about the conduct of battlefield international warfare where military superiority dictates the political outcome and its old nemesis from Vietnam War days of counter-insurgency warfare, also known as low-intensity or asymmetric warfare, where military superiority controls the battlefield but not the endgame of conflict which depends on winning the allegiance of the territorial population.

David Petraeus rose through the ranks of the American military by repackaging counterinsurgency warfare in a post-Vietnam format relying upon an approach developed by noted guerrilla war expert David Galula, who contended that in the Vietnam War the fatal mistake was made of supposing that such a war would be determined 80% by combat battles in the jungles and paddy fields with the remaining 20% devoted to the capture of the ‘hearts and minds’ of the indigenous population. Galula argued that counterinsurgency wars could only be won if this formula was inverted.  This meant that 80% of future U.S. military interventions should be devoted to non-military aspects of societal wellbeing: restoring electricity, providing police protection for normal activity, building and staffing schools, improving sanitation and garbage removal, and providing health car and jobs.

Afghanistan, and then Iraq, became the testing grounds for applying these nation-building lessons of Vietnam, only to reveal in the course of their lengthy, destructive and expensive failures that the wrong lessons had been learned by the militarists and their civilian counterparts. These conflicts were wars of national resistance, a continuation of the anti-colonial struggles against West-centric  domination, and regardless of whether the killing was complemented by sophisticated social and economic programs, it still involved a pronounced and deadly challenge by foreign interests to the national independence and rights of self-determination that entailed killing Iraqi women and children, and violating their most basic rights through the unavoidably harsh mechanics of foreign occupation. It also proved impossible to disentangle the planned 80% from the 20% as the hostility of the Iraqi people to their supposed American liberators demonstrated over and over again, especially as many Iraqis on the side of the occupiers proved to be corrupt and brutal, sparking popular suspicion and intensifying internal polarization. The truly ‘fatal mistake’ made by Petraeus, Galula, and all the counterinsurgency advocates that have followed this path, is the failure to recognize that when the American military and its allies attack and occupy a non-Western country, especially in the Islamic world, when they start dividing, killing and policing its inhabitants, popular resistance will be mobilized and hatred toward the foreign ‘liberators’ will spread. This is precisely what happened in Iraq, and the suicide bombings to this day suggest that the ugly patterns of violence have not stopped even with the ending of America’s direct combat role.

The United States was guilty of a fundamental misunderstanding of the Iraq War displayed to the world when George W. Bush theatrically declared on May 1, 2003 a wildly premature victory from the deck of an American aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln, with the notorious banner proclaiming ‘mission accomplished’ plainly visible behind the podium as the sun sank over the Pacific Ocean. Bush reveled in this misunderstanding by assuming that the attack phase of the war was the whole war, forgetting about the more difficult and protracted occupation phase. The real Iraq War, rather than ending, was about to begin, that is, the violent internal struggle for the political future of the country, one made more difficult and protracted by the military presence of the US and its allies. This counterinsurgency sequel to occupation would not be decided on the kind of battlefield where arrayed military capabilities confront one another, but rather through a war of attrition waged by hit and run domestic Iraqi forces, abetted by foreign volunteers, opposed to the tactics of Washington and to the overall aura of illegitimacy attached to American military operations in a Third World setting. Such a war has a shadowy beginning and a still uncertain ending, and is often, as in Iraq, as it proved to be earlier in Vietnam and Afghanistan, a quagmire for intervening powers. There are increasing reasons to believe that the current Iraqi leader, Nouri al-Maliki, resembles the authoritarian style of Saddam Hussein more than the supposed constitutional liberal regime that the United States pretends to leave behind, and that the country is headed for continuing struggle, possibly even a disastrous civil war fought along sectarian line. In many respects, including the deepening of the Sunni/Shi’a divide the country and its people are worse off that before the Iraq War without in any way questioning allegations about the cruelty and criminality of the regime headed by Saddam Hussein.

The Iraq War was a war of aggression from its inception, being an unprovoked use of armed force against a sovereign state in a situation other than self-defense. The Nuremberg and Tokyo War Crimes Tribunals convened after World War II had declared such aggressive warfare to be a ‘crime against peace’ and prosecuted and punished surviving political and military leaders of Germany and Japan as war criminals. We can ask why have George W. Bush and Tony Blair not been investigated, indicted, and prosecuted for their roles in planning and prosecuting the Iraq War. As folk singer Bob Dylan instructed us long ago, the answer is ‘blowin’ in the wind,’ or in more straightforward language, the reasons for such impunity conferred upon the American and British leaders is one more crude display of geopolitics—their countries were not defeated and occupied, their governments never surrendered and discredited, and such strategic failures (or successes) are exempted from legal scrutiny. These are the double standards that make international criminal justice a reflection of power politics more than of evenhanded global justice.

There is also the question of complicity of countries that supported the war with troop deployments, such as Japan, which dispatched 1000 members of its self-defense units to Iraq in July 2003 to help with non-combat dimensions of the occupation. Such a role is a clear breach of international law and morality. It is also inconsistent with Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution. It was coupled with Tokyo’s diplomatic support for the U.S./UK-led Iraq War from start to finish. Should such a record of involvement have any adverse consequences? It would seem that Japan might at least review the appropriateness of its complicit participation in a war of aggression, and how that diminishes the credibility of any Japanese claim to uphold the responsibilities of membership in the United Nations. At least, it provides the people of Japan with a moment for national soul-searching to think about what kind of world order will in the future best achieve peace, stability, and human dignity.

Are there lessons to be drawn from the Iraq War? I believe there are. The overwhelming lesson is that in this historical period interventions by the West in the non-West, especially when not authorized by the UN Security Council, can rarely succeed in attaining their stated goals. More broadly, counterinsurgency warfare involving a core encounter between Western invading and occupying forces and a national resistance movement will not be decided on the basis of hard power military superiority, but rather by the dynamics of self-determination associated with the party that has the more credible nationalist credentials, which include the will to persist in the struggle for as long as it takes, and the capacity to capture the high moral ground in the ongoing legitimacy struggle for domestic and international public support. It is only when we witness the dismantling of many of America’s 700+ acknowledged foreign military bases spread around the world, and see the end of repeated US military intervention globally, that we can have some hope that the correct lessons of the Iraq War are finally being learned. Until then there will be further attempts by the U.S. Government to correct the tactical mistakes that it claims caused past failures in Iraq (and Afghanistan), and new interventions will undoubtedly be proposed in coming years, most probably leading to costly new failures, and further controversies as to ‘why?’ we fought and why we lost. American leaders will remain unlikely to acknowledge that the most basic mistake is itself militarism and the accompanying arrogance of occupation, at least until this establishment consensus is challenged by a robust anti-militarist grassroots political movement not currently visible.

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Richard Falk is a member of the TRANSCEND Network, an international relations scholar, professor emeritus of international law at Princeton University, author, co-author or editor of 40 books, and a speaker and activist on world affairs. He is currently serving his fourth year of a six-year term as a United Nations Special Rapporteur on Palestinian Human Rights. Since 2002 he has lived in Santa Barbara, California, and taught at the local campus of the University of California in Global and International Studies, and since 2005 chaired the Board of the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation. His most recent book is Achieving Human Rights (2009).

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3 Responses to “The Iraq War: 10 Years Later”

1. satoshi says:

   22 Mar 2013 at 08:14

   Let me refer to the second paragraph from the bottom of the above article. I agree with Prof. Falk’s argument. As Prof. Falk points out, Japan’s cooperation given to the US military was inconsistent with Article 9 of the Japanese Constitution. Moreover, Japan’s military cooperation as such could have constituted a breach of international law.

   —

   For reference and information of the TMS readers – some relevant part of the Constitution of Japan, not only Article 9 but also some part of the Preamble and Article 98:

   Some excerpts from the Preamble of the Constitution of Japan:

   “We, the Japanese people, desire peace for all time and are deeply conscious of the high ideals controlling human relationship and we have determined to preserve our security and existence, trusting in the justice and faith of the peace-loving peoples of the world. We desire to occupy an honored place in an international society striving for the preservation of peace, and the banishment of tyranny and slavery, oppression and intolerance for all time from the earth. We recognize that all peoples of the world have the right to live in peace, free from fear and want. We believe that no nation is responsible to itself alone, but that laws of political morality are universal; and that obedience to such laws is incumbent upon all nations who would sustain their own sovereignty and justify their sovereign relationship with other nations. We, the Japanese people, pledge our national honor to accomplish these high ideals and purposes with all our resources.”

   Articles 9 and 98 of the Constitution of Japan:

   Article 9:

   Aspiring sincerely to an international peace based on justice and order, the Japanese people forever renounce war as a sovereign right of the nation and the threat or use of force as means of settling international disputes. 2) In order to accomplish the aim of the preceding paragraph, land, sea, and air forces, as well as other war potential, will never be maintained. The right of belligerency of the state will not be recognized.

   Article 98:

   This Constitution shall be the supreme law of the nation and no law, ordinance, imperial rescript or other act of government, or part thereof, contrary to the provisions hereof, shall have legal force or validity. 2) The treaties concluded by Japan and established laws of nations shall be faithfully observed.

   —

   Japan provided its military cooperation for the purpose of the preemptive attack war, launched by the United States (and the Great Britain) against Iraq, which was not approved by the UNSC. The Japanese government did not (or could not) say “no” to the request from the United States government for that war (although, at the same time, the Japanese Self-Defense Forces provided Iraqi citizens with some humanitarian assistance in the southern part of Iraq).

   That reminds me of the book, “Japan That Can Say No”. That book was published in 1989 because Japan couldn’t and say no, then. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Japan_That_Can_Say_No That book was published 14 years before the Iraq War though. It means that Japan could not say no even 14 years after that book was published (although I do not necessarily agree with the authors’ hawkish tone of argument in the book). Ten years after the Iraq War, in 2013, Japan still can’t say no; 24 years have passed since that book was published. Well, but China can say no. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Can_Say_No

   Since the end of the Second World War, Japan has been a faithful follower of the United States. However, it seems that the United States has never considered Japan as their friend regardless of their lip service to Japan. It is no wonder even if the United States considers Japan as a potential “friendly”-enemy that can’t say no to the United States. Now, think the other way around: Does the United States consider North Korea as a potential “enmitic”-friend of the United States, which can say no? Search deeply the bottom of the hearts and minds of American leaders. You never know, no matter what is happening on the surface of the relation between the United States and North Korea. (In 1999, the US-led NATO bombed Serbia. Today, however, it seems that the United States has successfully tamed Serbia. Next, North Korea? But it may take time. Besides, the collapse of North Korea, if happens, might produce a huge scale humanitarian catastrophe – millions of starving people and the possible exodus of a large portion of these people as ravenous refugees from North Korea. Will it actually happen? Who knows?)

   The United States may consider Canada, the UK, France, Germany and other Western countries as their friends even though these countries say no to the United States. However, the United States never considers Japan in the same way that the United States considers those Western countries. Canada, for instance, can say no to the United States. The UK, for instance, can say no to the United States. France can say no to the United States. Germany can say no to the United States. But Japan…? What if Japan says no to the United States? Japan knows the consequence of “no”.

   O, Japan, a lovelorn country, that can’t say no. Japan’s one-sided love since WWII has been continuing. Elizabeth Barrett Browning, if she is alive in the contemporary age, might have written again like this: “How do I (= Japan) love thee (= the United States)? Let me count the ways…”

   If the United States and Israel will launch a preemptive attack against Iran, and if the United States will request Japan’s military or financial cooperation, what will Japan do, then? That is a realistic possible scenario. (President Obama and the Prime Minister Netanyahu are trying to restore their relationship nowadays although it might be difficult at the moment. But, as soon as their relation will be mended, what will they do next? From the Iraq War to the Iran War? From WMD to democratization (Iraq). From nuclear power reactors to democratization again (Iran)? And the democratically elected Iranian government will be overthrown again by the US & the UK, if these Anglo-American powers will not accept the “Iranian democracy”, as it happened in 1953? Even today, it may become a big advantage for the United States to have its puppet regime in the middle of the Arabic/Islamic countries. So, after the Ian War, a “democratic” puppet regime of Iran will be established (so that it will not be necessary for the United States to overthrow the “Iranian type democracy” later)? Time will tell.)

   —

   Ten years after the commencement of the Iraq War, what do Japanese think of that war? What do they think of Japan’s military cooperation to the United States for that war? Time has come for Japanese to think about all that. Do Japanese search for peace or war? Do they cooperate for peace or war? They search for peace but cannot say “no” to the request of the United States for the cooperation for the war? Japan can’t say no because the request is from the United States? What if, then, China will request Japan’s cooperation for a war (against India, Vietnam, North Korea, Mongol, the Philippines, Taiwan or any other country or a region), for instance? If Japan will say “no” to China, then, China will surely teach Japan a costly lesson, the consequence of “no”. You can laugh about it today, but tomorrow, who knows?

   Would Prof. Falk kindly provide his advice on how to say “no” to the request of the United Sates, for the cooperation for war?

2. satoshi says:

   23 Mar 2013 at 12:49

   PS.

   It seemed that the United States government wanted Japan to play a “certain active role” in the Iraq War. However, it was the Prime Minister Koizumi, already reading President Bush’s mind before Bush would actually submit his request to Koizumi, who initially proposed that the Japanese Self-Defense Forces would join the War as non-combatant forces. Bush was appalled then but couldn’t say “no” to Koizumi’s proposal. Koizumi’s proposal might well be called a “pre-counter” proposal. It was not a counter proposal, because Koizumi’s proposal was submitted to Bush before Bush submit his proposal to Koizumi. Unlike an ordinary counter-proposal that is to be submitted after the primary proposal, Koizumi submitted his (counter) proposal prior to Bush’s proposal.

   If Koizumi did not propose as such, it was highly likely that Bush would force Japan to join the War to play a more “active role” in the War. Therefore, it can be said that Koizumi’s proposal was a part of his tactics for Japan that could not (and still cannot) say “no” to the United States, in order to minimize the degree of the Japanese government’s breach of both the Japanese Constitution and international law.

   As mentioned in my last comment above, I really hope that Prof. Falk will coach the Japanese government to say “no” to the United States government.

3. satoshi says:

   23 Mar 2013 at 15:07

   PS 2.

   For the TMS readers’ reference and information:

   The following website provides an English translation of the above mentioned “Japan Than Can Say No”.

   http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/japan_no.html