Annual Peace Odyssey: The Pilgrimage to the Holy Land (Part 1)

TRANSCEND MEMBERS, 16 Jun 2025

Prof Hoosen Vawda – TRANSCEND Media Service

Please note that this publication is rated for general readership. Parental guidance is recommended for minors.

All Religions have an annual pilgrimage to undertake for reflection, reconciliation and self-reformation, interacting positively, absorbing the power of the Divine.[1]

 Introduction

Over the past ten days of the lunar, Islamic month of Zul Hajj[2], Muslims of all sects, prepare for the Hajj period in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. In  South Africa the climax of this period, Eid ul Adha -The festival of Sacrifice is observed today, Saturday, 07^th June 2025. The individuals who can afford the trip to Mecca, undertake the arduous journey, at least four weeks prior and observe the prescribed obligations, in the Holy Land of Mecca, as narrated in the Islamic scriptures. This is mandatory if a Muslim can afford Hajj, or pilgrimage to Mecca, at least once in a lifetime.  The pilgrimage itself constitutes one of the five fundamental pillars of Islam.  The Five Pillars of Islam [3]are traditionally listed in the order of compliance, meaning the sequence in which a Muslim is expected to observe them as they grow in faith and capability. The order is:

1. Shahada (Faith)

• Declaration of Faith: The first and most essential pillar.
• A person becomes a Muslim by sincerely reciting the Shahada:
  “There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.”

2. Salah (Prayer)

• Five Daily Prayers: Obligatory for all Muslims after reaching the age of maturity.
• Performed at prescribed times throughout the day.

3. Zakat (Charity)

• Almsgiving: Required annually for those who meet the minimum wealth threshold (nisab).
• Typically 2.5% of savings and assets.

4. Sawm (Fasting during Ramadan)

• Fasting: Observed during the month of Ramadan.
• Required for all healthy, adult Muslims.

5. Hajj (Pilgrimage to Mecca)

• Pilgrimage: Obligatory once in a lifetime for those who are physically and financially able.
• Takes place during the Islamic month of Dhul-Hijjah.

This order reflects how each pillar becomes applicable as a Muslim matures in faith, physical ability, and financial means.

This publication, Part 1, in a two part series, examines and unpacks the Pilgrimage to Mecca, by Muslims, as follower of Islam, guided by the Holy Islamic Scripture,The Quran and the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad, Peace Be Upon Him, the final messenger of Allah, God.  The prescribed obligations of the Hajj itself is a symbolic re-enactment of the events that almost led up to the personal sacrifice of Prophet Abraham’s son Peace Be Upon Him, when timeously his son Ismail, was replaced by the Lord with a ram.  In the story of the near-sacrifice of Prophet Abraham’s son, a narrative shared across all the Abrahamic faiths: Islamic, Christian, and Jewish traditions. God (Allah) intervened at the last moment and replaced the son with a ram as the sacrificial offering.[4]

Islamic Perspective (Qur’an)

• The son is not named explicitly in the Qur’an, but Islamic tradition generally holds that it was Isma’il (Ishmael).
• When Abraham showed his willingness to sacrifice his son in obedience to God’s command, Allah provided a ram to be sacrificed instead.
• This event is commemorated annually during Eid al-Adha, also known as the Festival of Sacrifice.

Biblical Perspective (Genesis 22)[5]

• In the Bible, the son is identified as Isaac.
• As Abraham prepared to sacrifice Isaac, an angel of the Lord stopped him, and a ram caught in a thicket was offered in Isaac’s place.

Symbolism

• The ram symbolizes divine mercy, obedience, and faith.
• The story emphasizes the importance of submission to God’s will and the reward of faithfulness.

Definition

Eid ul-Adha [6](عيد الأضحى),Also known as: Festival of Sacrifice

Eid ul-Adha is one of the two major Islamic festivals, the other being Eid ul-Fitr. It commemorates the willingness of Prophet Abraham (Ibrahim) to sacrifice his son in obedience to God’s command. Before the sacrifice could occur, God intervened and provided a ram to be sacrificed instead.

Key Features

1. Religious Significance:
   • Symbolizes faith, obedience, and submission to Allah.
   • Honors the story of Abraham’s devotion and God’s mercy.
2. Timing:
   • Celebrated on the 10th day of Dhul-Hijjah, the last month of the Islamic lunar calendar.
   • Coincides with the culmination of the Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca.
3. Ritual Sacrifice (Qurbani):
   • Muslims who can afford it sacrifice an animal (usually a goat, sheep, cow, or camel).
   • The meat is divided into three parts:
     • One-third for the family
     • One-third for relatives and friends
     • One-third for the poor and needy
4. Prayers and Gatherings:
   • Begins with a special Eid prayer at the mosque or open grounds.
   • Followed by sermons, festive meals, and community celebrations.
5. Charity and Sharing:
   • Emphasizes generosity, community support, and helping the less fortunate.

Cultural Variations

While the core religious practices are consistent, customs and celebrations may vary by country and culture, including traditional foods, clothing, and local festivities.

 

Definition of Pilgrimage[7]

A pilgrimage is a journey, often long and undertaken on foot or by other means, to a sacred place or site of spiritual significance. It is typically motivated by religious devotion, spiritual growth, penance, or the fulfilment of a vow. Pilgrimages are found in many religious traditions and can also have cultural, historical, or personal significance.

 

Key Elements of a Pilgrimage

1. Sacred Destination: The journey is directed toward a place considered holy or spiritually important, such as a shrine, temple, church, or natural site.
2. Spiritual Purpose: Unlike ordinary travel, a pilgrimage is undertaken with a deeper intention—seeking divine favor, healing, enlightenment, or inner peace.
3. Ritual and Tradition: Pilgrimages often involve specific rituals, prayers, or ceremonies, and may follow traditional routes established over centuries.
4. Transformation: The journey itself is seen as transformative, offering opportunities for reflection, self-discovery, and renewal.
5. Community or Solitude: Pilgrims may travel alone or in groups, and the experience can foster a sense of global religious community or personal introspection.

 

Examples of Famous Global Religious Pilgrimages

• Hajj (Islam): The pilgrimage to Mecca, required once in a lifetime for all Muslims who are physically and financially able.
• Camino de Santiago (Christianity): A network of routes leading to the shrine of Saint James in Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
• Kumbh Mela [8](Hinduism): A mass pilgrimage to sacred rivers in India, considered the largest religious gathering in the world.
• Lourdes [9](Christianity): A pilgrimage site in France known for miraculous healings.
• Mount Kailash [10](Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism): A sacred mountain in Tibet, revered in multiple religions.

 

World’s Greatest Places of Worship and Pilgrimages[11]

At this juncture, it is relevant to list the different religious pilgrimages, globally.

1. Christianity

• Catholicism:
  • Vatican City (St. Peter’s Basilica)
  • Santiago de Compostela, Spain (Way of St. James)
  • Lourdes, France (Marian Apparitions)
• Eastern Orthodoxy:
  • Mount Athos, Greece (Monastic Republic)
  • Hagia Sophia, Turkey (Historical)
• Protestantism:
  • Wittenberg, Germany (Martin Luther’s Church)
  • Canterbury Cathedral, England (Anglican)
• Coptic Christianity:
  • St. Mark’s Coptic Orthodox Cathedral, Egypt
  • Monastery of St. Anthony, Red Sea

2. Islam

• Sunni/Shia:
  • Mecca, Saudi Arabia (Kaaba, Masjid al-Haram)
  • Medina, Saudi Arabia (Prophet’s Mosque)
  • Jerusalem, Palestine (Al-Aqsa Mosque, Dome of the Rock)
• Shia-Specific:
  • Karbala & Najaf, Iraq (Imam Hussain’s Shrine)
  • Mashhad, Iran (Imam Reza Shrine)

3. Hinduism

• Char Dham (4 Sacred Abodes):
  • Badrinath (Vishnu), Kedarnath (Shiva)
  • Dwarka (Krishna), Puri (Jagannath)
• Kashi (Varanasi) – Holiest city (Lord Shiva)
• Rameshwaram – Jyotirlinga & Rama’s Bridge
• Amarnath Cave (Ice Lingam)
• Sabarimala, Kerala (Lord Ayyappa)

4. Buddhism

• Four Main Pilgrimage Sites (Gautama Buddha’s Life):
  • Lumbini, Nepal (Birthplace)
  • Bodh Gaya, India (Enlightenment)
  • Sarnath, India (First Sermon)
  • Kushinagar, India (Mahaparinirvana)
• Other Sacred Sites:
  • Shwedagon Pagoda, Myanmar
  • Borobudur, Indonesia

5. Judaism

• Western Wall (Kotel), Jerusalem
• Tomb of the Patriarchs, Hebron
• Mount Sinai, Egypt (Where Moses received Torah)

6. Sikhism

• Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib), Amritsar
• Anandpur Sahib (Khalsa Birthplace)
• Nankana Sahib, Pakistan (Guru Nanak’s Birthplace)

7. Jainism

• Shikharji (Parasnath Hill), Jharkhand (20 Tirthankaras attained Nirvana here)
• Palitana Temples, Gujarat (Shatrunjaya – 863 Temples)
• Dilwara Temples, Mount Abu (Marble Masterpiece)

8. Baha’i Faith[12]

• Baha’i World Centre, Haifa, Israel (Shrine of the Báb)
• House of Worship (Delhi, India – Lotus Temple)
• Shrine of Bahá’u’lláh, Akko, Israel

9. African Traditional Religions

• Oṣun-Osogbo Sacred Grove, Nigeria (Yoruba)
• Kaya Forests, Kenya (Mijikenda Ancestral Sites)
• Dahomey Vodun Sacred Sites, Benin

10. Zoroastrianism

• Yazd, Iran (Atash Behram Fire Temple)
• Chak Chak, Iran (Pilgrimage Mountain)
• Udvada, India (Iranshah Atash Behram)

11. Shinto (Japan)

• Ise Grand Shrine (Amaterasu Sun Goddess)
• Fushimi Inari Taisha (Kyoto – 10,000 Torii Gates)

12. Taoism/Chinese Folk Religion

• Wudang Mountains, China (Taoist Monasteries)
• Mount Tai (Shandong) – Imperial Pilgrimage Site

Special Mention: Multi-Faith Sites

• Ajmer Sharif Dargah, India (Sufi – Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti)
• Adam’s Peak, Sri Lanka (Sacred to Buddhists, Hindus, Muslims & Christians)

Final Thought

Every religion has sacred geography—where earth meets the divine. Pilgrimage unites humanity in devotion, whether to Mecca, Varanasi, Jerusalem, or the Golden Temple.

One of the most remarkable religious gatherings in Africa is the annual Easter pilgrimage of the Zion Christian Church (ZCC) [13]to its holy headquarters in Moria, near Polokwane (Pietersburg), Limpopo. Every year, between 1 to 3 million pilgrims converge for Africa’s largest Christian gathering.

1. Origins and Significance of the ZCC

• Founder: Engenas Lekganyane (1885–1948), who broke away from the Anglican Church in 1910, inspired by American Zionism and African traditional spirituality.
• Beliefs:
  • Mixes Christian Pentecostalism with African ancestral reverence.
  • Strong emphasis on faith healing, prophecy, and holy water.
  • Followers wear distinctive badges (star of Zion) and green/black robes.
• Leadership: Now led by Bishop Barnabas Lekganyane (grandson of the founder).

2. The Great Easter Pilgrimage (Moria Gathering)[14]
3. Scale and Attendance

• Biggest Christian event in Africa (larger than Nigeria’s Redeemed Camp).
• 2–3 million pilgrims arrive on buses, trucks, and on foot.
• Police, medical teams, and volunteers manage the massive crowds.

1. Key Rituals & Events

1. Holy Thursday Night Vigil
   • All-night prayers, hymns, and sermons.
2. Good Friday Procession
   • Pilgrims march to the sacred “Star of Zion” symbol.
3. Easter Sunday Baptisms
   • Thousands are dipped in holy water for healing and blessings.
4. Communion & Sacred Meals
   • Eating blessed food (like porridge) as spiritual cleansing.

1. Unique Features

• Drumming & Dancing: Unlike Western churches, ZCC incorporates African rhythms in worship.
• Healing Services: Many believe in miraculous cures through prayer and anointing.
• Economic Impact: Local vendors sell food, robes, and ZCC-branded items—a major boost for Limpopo’s economy.

3. Why Moria? The Sacred Land

• Moria is considered the “New Jerusalem” for ZCC members.
• The “Star of Zion” monument is the focal point of worship.
• The land was chosen by Engenas Lekganyane after divine visions.

4. Comparison to Other Global Pilgrimages

Aspect	ZCC Easter (Moria, SA)	Hajj (Mecca, Saudi Arabia)	Kumbh Mela (India, Hinduism)
Attendance	2–3 million	2–3 million	50–100 million (largest)
Duration	4 days (Easter weekend)	5–6 days (Dhu al-Hijjah)	48 days (rotating every 3 years)
Key Ritual	Baptism in holy water	Tawaf (Kaaba circumambulation)	Holy dip in sacred rivers
Cultural Blend	African-Christian syncretism	Pure Islamic monotheism	Hindu-Vedic traditions

5. Controversies & Challenges

• Health Risks: Overcrowding, poor sanitation (though improved in recent years).
• Skepticism: Some mainstream Christians criticize ZCC’s miracle claims and traditional African influences.
• Political Influence: ZCC’s massive following makes it a key player in South African politics.

Conclusion: A Uniquely African Spiritual Phenomenon

The ZCC pilgrimage is more than a religious event—it’s a cultural movement, blending Christian faith with African identity. For millions, Moria is where heaven touches earth, as one of the African initiated churches (AIC) The ZCC owns one of South Africa’s largest private airports (for bishops and VIPs)

 Overview of the Hajj Circuit (5 Days) for pilgrims [15]

Day 1: 8th Dhul-Hijjah – Yawm at-Tarwiyah

• Ihram: Pilgrims enter the sacred state of Ihram and make the intention (niyyah) for Hajj.
• Travel to Mina: Pilgrims travel from Mecca to Mina, about 8 km away.
• Stay in Mina: Perform five daily prayers (Dhuhr to Fajr) in Mina.

 

Day 2: 9th Dhul-Hijjah – Yawm Arafah

• Travel to Arafat: After sunrise, pilgrims proceed to the Plain of Arafat.
• Standing at Arafat (Wuquf): The most important ritual of Hajj. Pilgrims stand in prayer and reflection from noon to sunset.
• Khutbah (Sermon) and combined Dhuhr and Asr prayers are performed. Prophet Muhammad’s (peace be upon him) last sermon, delivered during his final pilgrimage in 632 AD, conveyed several key messages that are central to Islamic teachings:
  • Equality and Brotherhood: He emphasized that all humans are equal, regardless of race or ethnicity. He stated that an Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab, nor does a non-Arab have any superiority over an Arab; similarly, a white person has no superiority over a black person, nor does a black person have any superiority over a white person, except by piety and good action
  • Sanctity of Life and Property: He declared that the life and property of every Muslim are sacred and should be respected. He urged his followers to return any goods entrusted to them to their rightful owners and to avoid harming others
  • Rights and Responsibilities: He highlighted the rights of women and the responsibilities of men towards them, urging men to treat women with kindness and respect
  • Prohibition of Usury: He forbade the practice of usury (interest), emphasizing that all interest obligations were to be waived
  • Adherence to Islamic Practices: He reminded Muslims to worship God, perform their five daily prayers, fast during the month of Ramadan, give Zakat (charity), and perform Hajj if they have the means
  • Unity and Brotherhood: He stressed the importance of unity among Muslims, stating that every Muslim is a brother to every Muslim and that they constitute one brotherhood

These messages encapsulate the core principles of justice, equality, and moral conduct in Islam

 

• Travel to Muzdalifah: After sunset, pilgrims move to Muzdalifah, where they:
  • Pray Maghrib and Isha combined.
  • Collect pebbles for the next day’s ritual.

Photo Top:  The Mount on Arafat from which The Prophet Muhammad delivered his final sermon to the pilgrims The pillar marks the spot on the Mount Arafat. The sermon was delivered in the Uranah Valley of Mount Arafat

Bottom Photo:  The Day of Arafat when the pilgrims move to the plains of Arafat and house themselves in millions of tents, creating the temporary Tent City. The tents vary from luxury accommodation with air-conditioning, in the blistering heat, or having modest basic facilities

Photo Credit: Wikimedia Commons

Day 3: 10th Dhul-Hijjah – Yawm an-Nahr (Day of Sacrifice)

• Return to Mina:
  • Ramy al-Jamarat: Throw 7 pebbles at the largest pillar (Jamrat al-Aqabah).
  • Qurbani (Sacrifice): An animal is sacrificed to commemorate Prophet Abraham’s devotion.
  • Shaving/Cutting Hair: Men shave their heads or trim hair; women cut a small portion.
  • Partial exit from Ihram: Some restrictions are lifted.
• Optional: Pilgrims may go to Mecca to perform Tawaf al-Ifadah and Sa’i (between Safa and Marwah).

 

Day 4: 11th Dhul-Hijjah

• Stay in Mina:
  • Perform Ramy at all three Jamarat (small, medium, large) with 7 pebbles each.
  • Continue prayers and reflection.

 

Day 5: 12th Dhul-Hijjah

• Repeat Ramy at all three Jamarat.
• Departure: Pilgrims may leave Mina before sunset (if they wish to shorten their stay).
• Optional Day 6: Some stay until the 13th for an additional day of Ramy.

 

Final Ritual: Tawaf al-Wada (Farewell Tawaf)

• Before leaving Mecca, pilgrims perform a farewell circumambulation of the Kaaba.

 

1. Origins of Hajj: The Story of Prophet Ibrahim (PBUH) and Ismail (PBUH)

Hajj commemorates the trials, devotion, and obedience of Prophet Ibrahim (PBUH) and his family. The key events include:

1. The Settlement of Mecca

Was Mecca already there when Ibrahim (PBUH) arrived?

No, Mecca (Makkah) was uninhabited desert when Ibrahim (PBUH) brought his wife Hajar (Hagar) and infant son Ismail (PBUH) there, following Allah’s command.

This is mentioned in the Quran (Surah Ibrahim 14:37):

“Our Lord, I have settled some of my descendants in an uncultivated valley near Your sacred House…”

1. The Miracle of Zamzam[16]

Hajar’s Search for Water:

Left with only Ismail (PBUH), Hajar ran between the hills of Safa and Marwa seven times in search of water.

In response to her faith, Allah caused the Zamzam well to spring forth from the ground where Ismail (PBUH) rubbed his feet.

This act is commemorated in Hajj through Sa’i (walking between Safa and Marwa) seven times.

1. C. The Building of the Kaaba[17]

Ibrahim (PBUH) and Ismail (PBUH) Construct the Kaaba:

When Ismail (PBUH) grew up, Allah commanded Ibrahim (PBUH) to build the Kaaba as the first house of worship for mankind (Surah Al-Baqarah 2:127).

The Black Stone (Hajar al-Aswad) was placed by Ibrahim (PBUH) as a cornerstone.

Allah then commanded Ibrahim (PBUH) to proclaim Hajj to humanity (Surah Al-Hajj 22:27).

1. D. The Ultimate Test: The Sacrifice

Allah’s Command to Sacrifice Ismail (PBUH):

In a divine test, Ibrahim (PBUH) was ordered in a dream to sacrifice his beloved son.

Both father and son submitted willingly, but at the last moment, Allah replaced Ismail (PBUH) with a ram.

This event is commemorated during Eid al-Adha (the Festival of Sacrifice).

2. Timeline of Key Events

Event	Description
Ibrahim leaves Hajar & Ismail	In the barren valley of Mecca, Zamzam emerges.
Construction of the Kaaba	Built by Ibrahim & Ismail as the first monotheistic sanctuary.
Acclamation of Hajj	Ibrahim calls humanity to pilgrimage (Surah Al-Hajj 22:27).
The Sacrifice Test	Divine intervention saves Ismail; celebrated as Eid al-Adha.

3. Significance of Hajj in Islam[18]

Obedience & Submission: Hajj symbolizes complete surrender to Allah, as demonstrated by Ibrahim, Hajar, and Ismail.

Unity of Believers: Millions gather annually, dressed in simple white garments (Ihram), emphasizing equality.

Renewal of Faith: Pilgrims seek forgiveness, pray at sacred sites, and re-enact the footsteps of the Prophets.

4. Was Mecca a Settlement Before Ibrahim (PBUH)?

No significant civilization existed before Ibrahim (PBUH).

The Jurhum tribe later settled there after discovering Zamzam, leading to Mecca’s growth.

Over time, the Kaaba became a center of worship, though later corrupted with idolatry until Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) restored its pure monotheism.

5. 5. Conclusion

Hajj is a living legacy of Prophet Ibrahim’s (PBUH) faith, a journey that connects Muslims to their spiritual roots. Every ritual—from Tawaf (circling the Kaaba) to standing at Arafat—echoes the devotion of Allah’s chosen servants.

Global Muslim Population (2024 Estimates)[19]

• Total World Population: ~8.1 billion
• Total Muslims: ~2 billion (24.7% of the world’s population)

Breakdown by Major Sects

1. Sunni Muslims

• Percentage: 85-90% (~1.7–1.8 billion)
• Key Beliefs: Follow the Sunnah of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and the four schools of jurisprudence (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi’i, Hanbali).
• Regions: Majority in Middle East (except Iran), South Asia, Southeast Asia, Africa.

2. Shia Muslims

• Percentage: 10-13% (~200–260 million)
• Key Branches:
  • Twelvers (Imami): ~85% of Shias (Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Pakistan).
  • Ismailis (Seveners): ~10% (Nizari followers of Aga Khan, Bohras).
  • Zaidis (Fivers): ~5% (Yemen).
• Regions: Majority in Iran (90% Shia), Iraq (60-65%), Bahrain, Azerbaijan, Lebanon, parts of Pakistan & India.

3. Ibadi Muslims

• Percentage: <1% (~2–3 million)
• Key Beliefs: Neither Sunni nor Shia; moderate Kharijite school.
• Regions: Oman (75% of Muslims), small communities in Algeria, Libya, Tunisia.

4. Ahmadiyya Muslims

• Percentage: <1% (~10–20 million)
• Key Beliefs: Follow Mirza Ghulam Ahmad as the Mahdi/Messiah (not universally accepted as Muslim).
• Regions: Pakistan (persecuted), India, Africa, UK, Indonesia.

5. Sufis & Other Minor Sects

• Percentage: Difficult to estimate (many Sufis identify as Sunni/Shia).
• Key Groups: Qadiriyya, Naqshbandi, Chishti orders.
• Regions: Turkey, South Asia, Africa, Central Asia.

Geographical Distribution of Muslims

1. Asia-Pacific: ~62% of all Muslims (Indonesia, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh).
2. Middle East-North Africa (MENA): ~20% (Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iran).
3. Sub-Saharan Africa: ~16% (Nigeria, Ethiopia, Sudan).
4. Europe: ~5% (France, Germany, UK, Russia).
5. Americas: ~1% (USA, Canada, Brazil).

Fastest-Growing Muslim Populations

1. India (~210 million Muslims, 15% of population).
2. Pakistan (~240 million, 96% Muslim).
3. Nigeria (~110 million, 50% Muslim).
4. Bangladesh (~150 million, 90% Muslim).

Did You Know?

• Indonesia has the largest Muslim population (~230 million), but India will surpass it by 2050.
• Shias are ~15% of Muslims but form majorities in 4 countries (Iran, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Iraq).
• China has more Muslims (~30 million) than Saudi Arabia (~20 million).

Annual Hajj Pilgrimage: Breakdown of Pilgrims by Region (2024 Estimates)

Every year, 1.5 to 2.5 million Muslims perform Hajj in Mecca. Here’s the approximate percentage breakdown by country/region based on Saudi Arabia’s Hajj quota system:

1. Saudi Arabia’s Hajj Quota System

• Each country is allocated 1 pilgrim per 1,000 Muslim residents.
• Total pilgrims are capped at around 2 million (excluding Saudi residents).

2. Regional Breakdown of Pilgrims (%)
3. Asia (60-65%)

• Indonesia: ~20% (Largest source of pilgrims, ~230,000 annually)
• Pakistan: ~12% (~180,000)
• India: ~10% (~175,000)
• Bangladesh: ~5% (~100,000)
• Iran: ~4% (~85,000, but fluctuates due to political tensions)
• Malaysia, Turkey, Afghanistan, others: ~10%

1. Middle East & North Africa (20-25%)

• Egypt: ~8% (~100,000)
• Saudi Residents (Domestic Pilgrims): ~10% (~200,000)
• Other Arab Nations (Iraq, Morocco, Algeria, etc.): ~7%

1. Africa (10-12%)

• Nigeria: ~5% (~95,000)
• Sudan, Ethiopia, South Africa, others: ~5-7%

1. Europe & Americas (5-8%)

• USA/Canada: ~2% (~20,000)
• UK/France/Germany: ~3% (~30,000)
• Latin America (Brazil, Argentina): <1%

1. CIS Countries (Russia, Central Asia) (2-3%)

• Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Azerbaijan, Russia: ~2% (~30,000)

3. Key Trends

✅ Indonesia, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nigeria, and Egypt send the most pilgrims.
✅ Saudi residents get priority (~10-15% of total pilgrims).
✅ Iran’s numbers vary due to political issues with Saudi Arabia.
✅ African pilgrim numbers are rising (especially Nigeria & Sudan).

Women now make up ~45% of pilgrims (up from ~30% in the 1990s).

• The oldest pilgrim on record was 120 years old (from India, 2019).
• COVID-19 reduced Hajj to just 1,000 pilgrims in 2020 (Saudi residents only).

Religious Commonalities Between Pilgrimages in Different Religions[20]

1. Quranic References on the Kaaba & Hajj

Here are key verses about the Kaaba’s sanctity and Ibrahim’s (PBUH) role:

1. Construction by Ibrahim & Ismail (PBUH)

Surah Al-Baqarah (2:127):

“And [mention] when Abraham was raising the foundations of the Kaaba and [with him] Ishmael, [saying], ‘Our Lord, accept [this] from us. Indeed, You are the Hearing, the Knowing.'”
(Translation: Sahih International)

1. Kaaba as a Direction for Prayer (Qibla)

Surah Al-Baqarah (2:144):

“We have certainly seen the turning of your face, [O Muhammad], toward the heaven, and We will surely turn you to a qibla with which you will be pleased. So turn your face toward al-Masjid al-Haram…”

1. Proclamation of Hajj

Surah Al-Hajj (22:27):

“And proclaim to the people the Hajj [pilgrimage]; they will come to you on foot and on every lean camel; they will come from every distant pass.”

2. Original Materials Used to Build the Kaaba

First Construction (Ibrahim & Ismail, PBUH):

Stones from the surrounding mountains (unbaked, natural rocks).

No mortar was used; stones were stacked.

The foundation was elevated to protect against floods.

Quraysh’s Reconstruction (Pre-Islamic Era, ~605 CE):

Used layered stones with wood (from a shipwreck near Jeddah) for roofing.

Introduced the famous “Black Stone (Hajr al-Aswad)” as a cornerstone.

3. Kaaba’s Damage by Flooding in Mecca

The Kaaba has been damaged or affected by floods at least 12 times in recorded history. Major instances include:

Pre-Islamic Era:

Flood during the time of Qusai ibn Kilab (5th century CE), leading to partial collapse.

Islamic Era:

683 CE: Flood during the siege of Mecca (Umayyad era).

1630 CE: A massive flood destroyed the Kaaba’s walls; Ottoman Sultan Murad IV rebuilt it.

1941 CE: Severe flooding damaged the Kiswah and lower walls.

4. Does the Kaaba Have Prescribed Dimensions in the Quran?

No explicit dimensions are given in the Quran.

Current Measurements (Approx.):

Height: 13.1 meters

Length (side with Hajr al-Aswad): 11.03 meters

Width (other sides): 10.18 meters

The original Kaaba (Ibrahim’s era) was larger, including the Hateem area (semi-circular wall). The Quraysh reduced its size due to lack of funds.

5. Origins of Hajr al-Aswad (The Black Stone)[21]

Divine Origin: According to Hadith, the stone was sent down from Paradise (initially white, turned black due to sins).

Placed by Ibrahim (PBUH): It was set as the starting point for Tawaf (circumambulation).

Hadith Reference:

“The Black Stone descended from Paradise whiter than milk, but the sins of the sons of Adam made it black.” (Tirmidhi)

Current State: Fragments are embedded in a silver casing (due to damage over time).

6. The Kiswah (Cover of the Kaaba)

Material: Pure black silk and gold-embroidered Quranic verses.

Where & Who Makes It?

Factory: King Abdulaziz Complex for Kiswah (Mecca, Saudi Arabia).

Process:

670 kg of silk dyed black.

120 kg of gold & silver threads used for embroidery.

Takes 8–12 months to complete.

Annual Replacement: Changed on 9th Dhul-Hijjah (Day of Arafat).

7. Maqam Ibrahim & Hateem
8. Maqam Ibrahim (Station of Ibrahim)

What is it? A stone bearing Ibrahim’s (PBUH) footprints, used as a prayer spot near the Kaaba.

Quranic Mention:

Surah Al-Baqarah (2:125): “And take, [O believers], from the standing place of Abraham a place of prayer…”

Location: A few meters from the Kaaba, inside a golden enclosure.

1. Hateem (Hijr Ismail)

What is it? A semi-circular wall (originally part of the Kaaba, excluded by Quraysh).

Significance:

Contains the burial place of Ismail (PBUH) and Hajar (RA) (according to some traditions).

Prayers here are considered equivalent to praying inside the Kaaba.

8. Permissibility of Hotels Taller Than the Kaaba

Islamic Ruling:

There is no explicit Quranic or Hadith prohibition on buildings exceeding the Kaaba’s height.

However, scholars debate respect for the Kaaba’s sanctity:

Some argue it is disrespectful (e.g., Makkah Clock Tower’s height controversy).

Others say practical necessity (accommodating pilgrims) justifies it.

Saudi authorities regulate construction to preserve the spiritual atmosphere.

The Kaaba is not just a physical structure but a symbol of Tawheed (monotheism) and the legacy of Ibrahim (PBUH). Every aspect—from its construction to its cover—carries deep historical and spiritual significance.

The Key of the Kaaba and The Golden Door: Sacred Custodianship deeply steeped in History

The Kaaba’s key (Miftah al-Kaaba) and its Golden Door (Bab al-Kaaba) hold deep religious, historical, and political significance in Islam. Below is a detailed breakdown of their origins, custodianship, and symbolism.

1. The Golden Door (Bab al-Kaaba)
2. Location and Structure

Positioned 2.13 meters (7 ft) above ground on the Kaaba’s northeastern wall.

Made of solid gold (since 1982)—prior doors were silver, wood, or iron.

Dimensions: 1.90m (height) x 1.10m (width).

1. Historical Evolution

Era	Material & Design	Key Features
Pre-Islamic	Wooden door	No precise records; likely simple.
Islamic (Prophet’s Time)	Wood with silver plating	Installed by the Quraysh (605 CE).
Ottoman (1571 CE)	Solid silver with gold calligraphy	Sultan Selim II commissioned it.
Saudi (1947, 1979, 1982)	Pure gold	King Abdulaziz & Khalid bin Abdulaziz upgraded it.

1. Symbolism of the Door

Closed to the Public: Only opened twice a year (for cleaning and special dignitaries).

Represents Divine Threshold: A physical and spiritual barrier between the sacred and the worldly.

2. The Key of the Kaaba (Miftah al-Kaaba)[22]
3. Who Holds the Key?

The Banu Shaybah (Bani Shaiba) family have been the exclusive custodians since the time of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).

Hadith Evidence:

“Take it, O Bani Talha, eternally until the Day of Judgment, and only the unjust will take it from you.” (Bukhari)

The Prophet (PBUH) granted them the key after the Conquest of Mecca (630 CE).

1. Design of the Key

Material: Traditionally iron or silver, now gold-plated.

Size: ~35 cm long, with intricate Arabic inscriptions.

Kept in a Green Silk Bag when not in use.

1. Responsibilities of the Key-Bearer

Opening/Closing the Kaaba (for cleaning and VIP visits).

Guarding the Kiswah (Kaaba’s cover) during replacement.

Historical Role: In the past, they collected taxes from pilgrims (abolished in Islam).

3. The Ritual of Cleaning the Kaaba (Ghassl al-Kaaba)

Occurs twice a year (before Ramadan & before Hajj).

Process:

The King of Saudi Arabia or his representative attends.

Banu Shaybah open the door with the key.

Special cleaners wash the interior with Zamzam + rosewater.

New Kiswah (cover) is installed if required.

4. Political and Spiritual Significance
5. Custodianship = Authority Over Mecca

Historically, controlling the Kaaba’s key symbolized political legitimacy (Umayyads, Abbasids, Ottomans).

Today, the Saudi government oversees Hajj, but the Banu Shaybah retain the ceremonial key role.

1. A Living Sunnah

The Prophet (PBUH) respected the Banu Shaybah’s rights, showing Islam’s respect for covenants.

5. Can Non-Muslims Enter the Kaaba?

No. Only Muslims are permitted inside, and even then, access is extremely rare (limited to VIPs during cleaning).

Conclusion: A Sacred Trust Since the Prophet’s Time

The Golden Door and Key of the Kaaba are not just relics—they symbolize:
✅ Divine connection (through Ibrahim & Muhammad’s legacy).
✅ Islamic governance (respect for custodianship).
✅ Living history (unbroken tradition for 1,400 years).

The Kaaba’s interior contains three pillars, hanging lamps, and marble inscription.

The Interior of the Kaaba: A Sacred Space Shrouded in Mystery[23]

The inside of the Kaaba is a place few Muslims ever enter, yet it holds profound spiritual and historical significance. Here’s what we know about its structure, relics, and rituals based on rare access records and Islamic sources.

1. 1. Physical Layout of the Kaaba’s Interior

While the exterior is a black-cubed structure, the interior is a simple, unadorned prayer space with the following features:

1. The Three Wooden Pillars

Made from teak wood, these pillars support the Kaaba’s ceiling.

Positioned in a row from north to south, they are ornately carved but not worshipped.

1. Hanging Lamps & Golden Inscriptions

Golden and silver lanterns (historically oil-lit, now electric) illuminate the interior.

The walls are inscribed with Quranic verses in gold calligraphy, including:

Ayat al-Kursi (2:255)

Surah Al-Ikhlas (112:1-4)

1. The Inner Roof & Staircase

The ceiling is covered with red silk embroidered with Quranic verses.

A wooden staircase (called Bab al-Tawbah) leads to the roof, used during maintenance.

2. The “Multazam” & Other Sacred Spots Inside[24]
3. The Multazam (Place of Supplication)

The area between the door and the Black Stone is called Multazam, where prayers are believed to be accepted.

Pilgrims outside press against this spot (on the exterior wall) to make dua.

1. The Stone of Ismail (Hijr Ismail)

Though outside the Kaaba, this semi-circular area is considered part of its original foundation.

Some traditions say Prophet Ismail (PBUH) and his mother Hajar (RA) are buried here.

3. Who Can Enter the Kaaba?

Extremely rare access: Only Saudi royals, VIP scholars, and special guests enter during cleaning.

Historical Exceptions:

The Prophet (PBUH) entered after the Conquest of Mecca (630 CE).

Caliph Umar (RA) once prayed inside but later said:

“If I had prayed inside, people would have turned it into a mosque.”

4. The Miraculous and the Unexplained[25]
5. No Shadows

Due to its alignment, the Kaaba casts no shadow at noon in Mecca.

1. The Floating Stone

A small stone inside (near the pillars) is said to have hovered when the Kaaba was being rebuilt—a miracle attributed to the Prophet (PBUH).

1. The Hidden “Stone of Heaven”

Some narrations mention a white stone (possibly the original Hajr al-Aswad) hidden inside the Kaaba’s walls.

5. Cleaning the Kaaba (Ghassl al-Kaaba)

Twice a year (before Ramadan & Hajj), the interior is washed with:

Zamzam water mixed with rose oil.

Oud perfume applied to the walls.

The King of Saudi Arabia or his representative usually attends.

Final Thought: A Symbol of Divine Presence

The Kaaba’s interior is not a place of worship but a sacred void—reminding believers that Allah is beyond physical confines.

The Black Stone (Hajar al-Aswad): Its Fractured History & Restoration[26]

The Black Stone of the Kaaba has endured a remarkable journey through history, surviving multiple incidents of damage and meticulous restoration efforts. Here’s an in-depth look at its fascinating story:

1. The Stone’s Fractures Through History

683 CE (Umayyad Siege): The stone was shattered into 7-8 pieces when the Kaaba was damaged during the siege of Mecca by Umayyad forces.

930 CE (Qarmatian Theft): The most infamous incident when Qarmatian warriors stole the stone for 22 years, returning it broken into several fragments.

Recent Times: Modern examinations show the stone consists of about 8 cemented fragments with visible cracks.

2. The Restoration Process

Silver Frame (Ancient Solution): The stone was first placed in a silver casing during the Abbasid era (circa 952 CE) after its return from Qarmatian captivity.

Ottoman Reinforcement: The casing was enhanced with pure silver nails to stabilize the fragments.

Modern Preservation: Today it rests in a solid silver frame (about 30cm diameter) with:

A golden band encircling it

Silver nails carefully securing each fragment

A protective black putty filling the gaps

3. Scientific Analysis

Composition: Contrary to popular belief, the stone is not meteoritic. Studies suggest it’s:

Basalt (volcanic origin)

Andesite (igneous rock)

With unique red and black speckles visible up close

Dimensions: Approximately:

30cm (12 inches) in diameter

1.5 meters above ground level

4. The Kissing Ritual and Its Significance

The Prophet (PBUH) established the tradition of:

Istilam (Touching/Kissing): Done at start/end of each Tawaf circuit

Alternative Salutation: If crowded, pilgrims may:

Point to the stone (from a distance)

Say “Allahu Akbar”

5. Mysteries & Ongoing Research

Original Size: Estimated to have been 3 times larger before damages

Hidden Portion: About 1/3 of the stone remains embedded in the Kaaba’s wall

Color Changes: Historical accounts describe it as:

White in Prophet’s time (Hadith: “Descended from Paradise whiter than milk”)

Blackened over centuries (Hadith: “By the sins of mankind”)

6. Current Protection Measures

24/7 Security: Saudi guards monitor the stone

Annual Maintenance: Special cleaning with:

Zamzam water

Non-chemical cleaners

Climate Control: The surrounding area is temperature-regulated

Final Thought: The Black Stone’s survival through centuries of turmoil serves as a powerful symbol of Islam’s endurance. Its fractured state reminds us that even broken things can remain sacred.

The Bottom Line

 

The Bottom Line is that Hajj is An Odyssey of Peace and Reconciliation with God

Hajj is not merely a physical pilgrimage but a profound spiritual journey that embodies peace (Salam) and reconciliation (Tawbah) with Allah. Here’s how it transforms the believer’s relationship with the Divine:

1. Peace Through Submission (Islam) to the will of God

Ihram: The pilgrim wears simple white cloth, symbolizing equality, humility, and detachment from worldly strife.

Talbiyah: The chant “Labbayk Allahumma Labbayk” (“Here I am, O Allah, here I am”) is a surrender to Divine Will, rejecting ego and conflict.

“And whoever submits his face to Allah while being a doer of good, then he has grasped the firmest handhold.”

(Quran 31:22)

2. Reconciliation Through Repentance (Tawbah)[27]

Arafat (Day of Mercy): Standing in the plain of Arafat mirrors Judgment Day, where pilgrims weep, pray, and seek forgiveness.

The Prophet (PBUH) said:

“There is no day on which Allah frees more people from the Fire than the Day of Arafah.” (Muslim)

Stoning the Devil (Ramy al-Jamarat): Symbolizes rejecting sin and evil temptations, making peace with one’s spiritual struggle.

3. Universal Brotherhood and Social Peace[28]

No Fighting or Disputes:

Hajj is a time of sacred truce—even warring tribes in pre-Islamic Arabia observed peace during pilgrimage.

The Quran forbids arguments, violence, or wicked speech during Hajj (2:197).

Unity in Diversity:

Millions from all races, nations, and social classes stand together, erasing divisions.

“O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female and made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another. Indeed, the noblest of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous.”[29]

(Quran 49:13)

4. Physical Struggle, Inner Peace (Jihad al-Nafs)[30]

Sa’i (Running Between Safa-Marwa): Reenacts Hajar’s (RA) desperate search for water—a lesson in trusting Allah amid hardship.

Tawaf (Circling the Kaaba): The rhythmic movement reflects the cosmic order and the soul’s yearning for Divine proximity.

5. The Return Home: A Reborn Soul

A forgiven pilgrim is said to return as pure as a newborn, reconciled with Allah.

The Prophet (PBUH) said:

“Whoever performs Hajj and does not commit obscenity or wrongdoing will return free of sin as on the day his mother bore him.” (Bukhari & Muslim)

Conclusion: Hajj as a Divine Peace Treaty

Hajj is Allah’s invitation to:

✅ End the war with one’s sins (through repentance).

✅ Make peace with humanity (through unity).

✅ Surrender to Divine Love (through worship).

Final Thought:

If the pilgrim truly internalizes Hajj’s lessons, they do not just visit the House of Allah, they carry its peace into the world.

References:

[1] Author’s personal quote June 2025

[2] What Is the Month of Hajj in Islam?

[3] five pillars of islam definition – Search

[4] https://quranicquotes.com/notes/prophet-abraham-sacrifice-quran/

[5] Biblical Perspective (Genesis 22) – Search

[6] eid ul adha 2025 south africa – Search

[7] PILGRIMAGE | English meaning – Cambridge Dictionary

[8] Kumbh Mela | Significance, Festival, History, & Maha Kumbh | Britannica

[9] bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=5f474b8494916d487e06b0d9cc617899b9cf2fff8e8ae9c828749f4346df659eJmltdHM9MTc0OTI1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=0c3c9d6e-714f-6e96-05f4-88d2706c6f48&psq=•%09lourdes+lourdes+france&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubG91cmRlcy1mcmFuY2Uub3JnL2VuLw&ntb=1

[10] • mount kailash mount kailash mystery – Search

[11] World’s Greatest Places of Worship and Pilgrimages – Search

[12] Baháʼí Faith – Wikipedia

[13] Zion Christian Church – Wikipedia

[14] Easter pilgrimage to Moria: Putco announces 500 buses as ZCC gathering returns

[15] Overview of the Hajj Circuit (5 Days) for pilgrims – Search

[16] the miracle of zamzam water – Search

[17] https://www.bing.com/search?q=The%20Building%20of%20the%20Kaaba&qs=n&form=QBRE&sp=-1&ghc=1&lq=0&pq=the%20building%20of%20the%20kaaba&sc=7-25&sk=&cvid=EB053C07A84F42A8A7BC6B39D6AA57CE

[18] the significance of hajj in islam – Search

[19] https://www.bing.com/search?q=Global%20Muslim%20Population%20(2024%20Estimates)&qs=n&form=QBRE&sp=-1&lq=0&pq=global%20muslim%20population%20(2024%20estimates)&sc=0-41&sk=&cvid=46431802256B437CA28FFCA275614639

[20] Religious Commonalities Between Pilgrimages in Different Religions – Search

[21] Black Stone – Wikipedia

[22] https://www.bing.com/search?q=The%20Key%20of%20the%20Kaaba%20(Miftah%20al-Kaaba)&qs=n&form=QBRE&sp=-1&ghc=1&lq=0&pq=the%20key%20of%20the%20kaaba%20(miftah%20al-kaaba)&sc=1-38&sk=&cvid=18523407536649E8E23357C7F284AE4

[23] https://www.bing.com/search?q=The%20Interior%20of%20the%20Kaaba%3A%20A%20Sacred%20Space%20Shrouded%20in%20Mystery&qs=n&form=QBRE&sp=-1&lq=0&pq=the%20interior%20of%20the%20kaaba%3A%20a%20sacred%20space%20shrouded%20in%20mystery&sc=9-61&sk=&cvid=9F7A2285C5EF476C9C321E5C4805D48D

[24] bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=ffd5b60fc9dad3d12ea841fa495dafc63368e18ac30a2e9b8120ab488b8504eeJmltdHM9MTc0OTI1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=0c3c9d6e-714f-6e96-05f4-88d2706c6f48&psq=.+The+”Multazam”+%26+Other+Sacred+Spots+Inside&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9pc2xhbXdlYi5uZXQvZW4vYXJ0aWNsZS8xODE0MDUvYWwtbXVsdGF6YW0taXRzLWxvY2F0aW9uLWFuZC1zdXBwbGljYXRpb24tYXQtaXQtaWlp&ntb=1

[25] https://www.bing.com/search?q=Kaaba%20meccaThe%20Miraculous%20and%20the%20Unexplained&qs=n&form=QBRE&sp=-1&ghc=2&lq=0&pq=kaaba%20meccathe%20miraculous%20and%20the%20unexplained&sc=7-45&sk=&cvid=20D6D20C5EE042078325DAC498AB8FD8

[26] The Sacred Black Stone of Kaaba: History and Significance in Islamic Faith –

[27] https://www.bing.com/search?q=Reconciliation%20Through%20Repentance%20(Tawbah)&qs=n&form=QBRE&sp=-1&lq=0&pq=reconciliation%20through%20repentance%20(tawbah)&sc=2-42&sk=&cvid=CB59849C69C649FD907537B0813A94C6

[28] bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=d4ae83aa4d7633674dfcc9cb09bc732299d97101a1ac4989772b3c4310bd3861JmltdHM9MTc0OTI1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=0c3c9d6e-714f-6e96-05f4-88d2706c6f48&psq=.+Universal+Brotherhood+and+Social+Peace&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYXBwZ2VjZXQuY28uaW4vdGhlLXJlYWwtbWVhbmluZy1vZi11bml2ZXJzYWwtYnJvdGhlcmhvb2QtcHJvbW90aW5nLXBlYWNlLWFuZC11bml0eS1pbi1hLWZyYWdtZW50ZWQtd29ybGQv&ntb=1

[29] Surah Al-Hujurat – 13 – Quran.com

[30] https://www.bing.com/search?q=Physical%20Struggle%2C%20Inner%20Peace%20(Jihad%20al-Nafs)&qs=n&form=QBRE&sp=-1&lq=0&pq=physical%20struggle%2C%20inner%20peace%20(jihad%20al-nafs)&sc=0-46&sk=&cvid=B8358D857F1F401DAC7D60383A3EF9CD

______________________________________________

Part 2 of this publication will present the historical aspects of Hajj contrasted with contemporary period.

Professor G. Hoosen M. Vawda (Bsc; MBChB; PhD.Wits) is a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace Development Environment.
Director: Glastonbury Medical Research Centre; Community Health and Indigent Programme Services; Body Donor Foundation SA.
Principal Investigator: Multinational Clinical Trials
Consultant: Medical and General Research Ethics; Internal Medicine and Clinical Psychiatry:UKZN, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine
Executive Member: Inter Religious Council KZN SA
Public Liaison: Medical Misadventures
Activism: Justice for All
Email: vawda@ukzn.ac.za

Tags: Islam, Religion

This article originally appeared on Transcend Media Service (TMS) on 16 Jun 2025.

Anticopyright: Editorials and articles originated on TMS may be freely reprinted, disseminated, translated and used as background material, provided an acknowledgement and link to the source, TMS: Annual Peace Odyssey: The Pilgrimage to the Holy Land (Part 1), is included. Thank you.

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2 Responses to “Annual Peace Odyssey: The Pilgrimage to the Holy Land (Part 1)”

1. Ibrahim Choji says:

   16 Jun 2025 at 15:23

   I never heard mention of the Martyrs of Uganda Shrine which draws millions of pilgrims yearly.

   Reply
   • Hoosen Vawda says:

     16 Jun 2025 at 17:46

     Dear Dr Ibrahim Choji
     Greetings from Durban, South Africa.
     Thank you for your contribution raised about Martyrs of Uganda Shrine. As mentioned, the paper on Pilgrimage to the Holy Land in Islam is in two parts. I have published a Part 2 to include the contributions made by the Martyrs of Uganda Shrine as pilgrims, to Uganda in Christianity, amongst other points, and is referred to in the publication. May I invite Dr Choji to prepare and submit a full paper on the Martyrs of Uganda Shrine and the journey as Christians, who go there, annually, as well. Thank you for your point raised. Your comment is greatly appreciated, and I take note of it. Take care and keep up the vigilance.

     Reply