The Unflinching Sentinel: Guru Tegh Bahadur in the Pursuit of Eternal Propagation of Peace, Justice and Righteousness (Part 2)

TRANSCEND MEMBERS, 29 Sep 2025

Prof Hoosen Vawda – TRANSCEND Media Service

This publication contains graphics of executions of religious Sikh leaders and may be disturbing to some readers. It is unsuitable for general readership. Parental guidance is recommended for minors who may use this paper as a resource material for projects.

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“A Timeless Beacon of Peace and Conscience: Guru Tegh Bahadur, The Shield of Conscience.”[1]

Prologue: The Ninth Light[2]

In the grand epoch of human history, certain figures emerge not merely as leaders of their people but as luminaries for all of mankind. Their lives become parables of courage, their actions a language of principle, and their sacrifices a timeless currency for the freedom of conscience. Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Sahib Ji, the Ninth Nanak, is such a colossus. This paper is a humble offering at the altar of his memory, seeking to unravel the profound lessons his life offers—a masterclass in the propagation of a peace that is not passive, but powerfully anchored in fearless justice and the defence of the defenceless.

In the present-day northwest Punjab region and the province of Ladakh in India, has been the centres of ongoing peace disturbance, periodically from the time of Guru Tegh Bahadur with the occupation of the territories by Indian Army forces. On Wednesday, 24^th September 2025, deadly violence flared up again in the Ladakh region [3]  The peace disturbance continues: Indian police arrested activist Sonam Wangchuk on Friday, 26^th Septme 2025, following the deadly protests in Ladakh earlier in the week, which left at least four people dead. Mobile internet services have also been suspended in the city of Leh. It comes just a day after authorities enforced a curfew on that district of Ladakh and Kargil[4], as well as restricting public gatherings to groups of five.[5]

Introduction: The Concept of Sacrificial Peace

Conventional notions of peace often revolve around the absence of conflict. The legacy of Guru Tegh Bahadur propounds a far more dynamic and courageous ideal: that true peace is the product of unwavering righteousness (Dharam)[6]. It is the peace that comes from knowing that injustice has been challenged, that the right to worship has been secured for the most vulnerable, even at the ultimate cost. This paper will argue that Guru Tegh Bahadur’s martyrdom was not a tragic end but a deliberate, strategic, and profound act of propagating peace by embodying its highest principle: the protection of the fundamental human right to belief. The author will explore his life, philosophy, the political context of his times, and the global, timeless impact of his supreme sacrifice. For Sikhs, the word dharam (Punjabi: ਧਰਮ, romanised: dharam) means the path of righteousness and proper religious practice. Guru Granth Sahib[7] (the Sikh scriptural book) connotes dharma as duty and moral values.

What is classified as a Guru in Sikhism?

Sikhism has a unique classification of a “Guru”.  There are two aspects of a “Guru”

1. A physical, living, enlightened person

• Guru refers specifically to the ten human Gurus, beginning with Guru Nanak (1469–1539) and ending with Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708).
• The Guru is seen as a spiritual sovereign, guiding Sikhs in all aspects of life.

2. In Sikhism, the Guru is not just a teacher but the divine light and authority. After Guru Gobind Singh, the Guru Granth Sahib[8] (the Sikh holy scripture) is considered the eternal, living Guru.

Hence, the term Guru in Sikhism has a duality of meaning. The title of Guru was divinely ordained and passed from one Guru to the next by explicit nomination (Gur Gaddi). After the tenth Guru, the title was conferred upon the Guru Granth Sahib, the holy scripture, ending the line of human Gurus.

The Life and Times of Guru Tegh Bahadur: A Crucible of Tyranny

Historical Context: The 17^th century in India was marked by the expanding reign of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb[9], a ruler known for his policy of religious intolerance and forceful conversion. His policies created an atmosphere of fear and persecution, particularly for non-Muslims.Aurangzeb, the sixth Mughal emperor, ruled from 1658 to 1707 and is known for expanding the empire to its greatest territorial extent while implementing strict Islamic policies that led to significant controversy.

• Early Life:Guru Tegh Bahadur was born in Amritsar in 1621, Tyag Mal [10] was a serene and contemplative child, who from a young yearned for the divine. He was renamed Tegh Bahadur (“Mighty / Brave of the Sword”) by his father, Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji,[11] after he displayed exceptional valour in a battle. Yet, his might was not just of the sword, but of the spirit.
• Spiritual Journey:He spent years in intense meditation and solitude at the village of Baba Bakala[12], earning the reputation of a profound mystic before ascending to the Guruship in 1664.
• A Defining Moment:A delegation of Kashmiri Pandits, led by Pandit Kirpa Ram, arrived at Anandpur Sahib in 1675. They were facing brutal persecution and forced religious conversion. They pleaded for the Guru’s intercession.

1. II. His Philosophy: Dharma and Haumai

Guru Tegh Bahadur’s teachings, encapsulated in the 116 hymns included in the Guru Granth Sahib Ji, form the philosophical bedrock of his action.

Basis of Peace: True peace (Shanti) is found internally through the remembrance of God (Naam Simran) and the annihilation of the ego (Haumai). His writings are replete with themes of detachment from materialism and attachment to the Divine Will.

• The Primacy of Righteousness (Dharam):For the Guru, a life lived righteously was paramount. This righteousness was not confined to personal piety but extended to social duty—the protection of the weak and the upholding of justice.
• Fearlessness (Nirbhau):His compositions radiate a spirit of fearlessness, born from the realization that the soul is a part of the Divine and hence, eternal. This philosophy made the ultimate sacrifice not just possible, but a conscious choice.

Background of the Charges Leading to Martyrdom

The charges against Guru Tegh Bahadur were a complex mix of religious intolerance, political suspicion, and fabricated pretexts. They were not sudden but evolved over time, reflecting Aurangzeb’s growing unease with the Guru’s influence.

1. The Primary Catalyst: The Plea of the Kashmiri Pandits

This is the central, overarching cause. As you know, a delegation of Kashmiri Pandits, led by Pandit Kirpa Ram (who later became Bhai Mati Das), [13]arrived at Guru Tegh Bahadur’s court in Anandpur Sahib in May 1675. They detailed the brutal persecution under the Mughal governor of Kashmir, Iftikhar Khan,[14] who was enforcing Aurangzeb’s policies of forced conversion and temple destruction. The Guru’s decision to become their champion is the fundamental reason for the subsequent events.

2. The Official Pretexts and Fabricated Charges:

To arrest a revered spiritual figure, Aurangzeb needed a legal and political justification. The charges presented were:

• Fomenting Rebellion:This was the most serious political charge. Aurangzeb’s intelligence network reported that the Guru was gathering followers and resources in the Punjab hills. His establishment of the city of Anandpur Sahib (“Place of Bliss”) was seen not as a spiritual sanctuary but as a potential centre of political and military power. The Mughals had a long, tumultuous history with the Sikh Gurus, and Aurangzeb viewed any growing influence with extreme suspicion.
• Refusal to Pay Revenue and Alleged Theft:Some accounts, like the Mughal court historian Saqi Mustaid Khan’s[15] Maasir-i-Alamgiri, mention a trivial and likely fabricated charge. It was alleged that a loyal devotee of the Guru, one Bhai Jetha Ji, had paid his revenue directly to the Guru’s langar (community kitchen) instead of the official imperial treasury. This was framed as the Guru “appropriating” state revenue. This charge was a convenient legal hook to summon him to court.
• Religious Challenge (The Core Unstated Charge):The most significant, yet officially unstated, charge was his refusal to accept Islam. After his arrest, the primary objective of Aurangzeb’s interrogation was to get the Guru to perform a miracle and then convert. His refusal was the ultimate act of defiance in the emperor’s eyes.

3. The Sequence of Accusation and Summons:

The narrative suggests a deliberate escalation:

• Aurangzeb first sent a summons to the Guru to appear in court at Delhi to answer the charges of rebellion and financial impropriety.
• Understanding the true intent behind the summons, and in line with his strategic sacrifice, the Guru allowed himself to be arrested near Malikpur Ranghran[16] in July 1675.
• He was then transported to Delhi via Sirhind and subjected to public torture and imprisonment to break his will and make an example of him.

The Question of Clemency: Representations to Aurangzeb

The historical accounts are clear that representations for clemency were indeed made, but they were not made by the Guru or his immediate followers on his behalf. This is a critical point that underscores the Guru’s unwavering resolve.

1. Representations by Others:

• By Mughal Nobles:Several Mughal courtiers and nobles, who held the Guru in high esteem, are said to have pleaded with Aurangzeb for mercy. They argued that the Guru was a holy man, a renunciant, and posed no real political threat. They advised that releasing him would win the Emperor goodwill among the masses.
• The Offer of Clemency:In response to these pleas, Aurangzeb is recorded to have made an offer. He declared that the Guru’s life would be spared instantly if he performed a miracle (a common test demanded of holy men to prove their divine favour) and/or accepted Islam.

2. The Guru’s Definitive Refusal (The Core of the Martyrdom):[17]

• This is where any chance of clemency evaporated. Guru Tegh Bahadur categorically refused both conditions.
• Refusal to Perform a Miracle:He famously stated that such cheap theatrics were beneath the dignity of a devotee of the Formless God. He believed in the miracle of faith and conviction, not in parlor tricks to save his life.
• Refusal to Convert:This was non-negotiable. He would not betray his principles or the cause for which he had chosen to stand—the right of everyone to their faith.

3. The Final Test and the Choice of Execution:

• Some accounts suggest that as a final test and a last chance for clemency, Aurangzeb had the Guru imprisoned in a cage and subjected to extreme public torture for over five weeks (in October-November 1675). The methods included:
  • Being starved and denied sleep.
  • Being subjected to extreme heat.
  • Watching his most devoted followers being executed in brutal ways before his eyes: Bhai Mati Das was sawn alive, Bhai Sati Das was burned alive wrapped in cotton, and Bhai Dayala was boiled alive in a cauldron.
• The purpose of this was to terrorize him into submission. The fact that the Guru remained unmoved, immersed in meditation, convinced Aurangzeb that he could not be broken. His unshakeable faith eliminated the possibility of clemency in the Emperor’s eyes. A man who could not be intimidated could not be controlled, and for a tyrant, that was a capital offence.

Clemency was offered, but it was conditional on the Guru abandoning the very principles he was sacrificing himself to defend. His rejection of these conditions was not a rejection of life, but an affirmation of a truth greater than life itself. He did not seek clemency; he sought to make a statement that would echo through history.

This context shows that the martyrdom was not a simple execution but a drawn-out psychological and ideological battle between two diametrically opposed worldviews: one of imperial coercion and the other of fearless, spiritual sovereignty.

III. The Execution: The Ultimate Sermon

The Guru’s response to the Kashmiri Pandits is arguably one of the most strategic and profound decisions in the history of ethical leadership.

• The Strategic Sacrifice:Understanding that the Emperor’s fanaticism would only be challenged by the sacrifice of a great spiritual leader, Guru Tegh Bahadur declared, “For this purpose, a great and noble personage must sacrifice his head. There can be no other remedy.”
• A Deliberate Provocation:He allowed himself to be arrested after issuing a powerful challenge to Aurangzeb’s authority. His subsequent imprisonment and torture in Delhi (at Chandni Chowk) were meant to break his spirit but instead became a stage for his unwavering faith.
• The Martyrdom (November 11, 1675):The public beheading of Guru Tegh Bahadur for refusing to convert was not a defeat. It was a victory of principle over power, of conscience over coercion. He did not die for his own faith alone; he died for the sacred principle that every human has the inviolable right to their faith. He became the “Hind Di Chadar”[18] (Shield of India)—not just of Hinduism, but of the very idea of India’s pluralistic ethos.

Legacy: The Seed of the Khalsa[19]

The Guru’s sacrifice did not end with his death; it planted a seed that would change the course of history.

• Creation of the Khalsa[20]:The most direct legacy was the creation of the Khalsa by his son, Guru Gobind Singh Ji. The Khalsa was institutionalized as a sovereign body of saint-soldiers, ordained to forever be the defender of righteousness and the oppressed (Degh tegh fateh), ensuring that such tyranny would never go unchallenged again.
• Ethical Standard:He set an unparalleled ethical standard for standing against injustice, inspiring countless future movements for civil rights and freedom across the globe.

Global Impact: A Universal Paradigm for Human Rights

The narrative of Guru Tegh Bahadur’s sacrifice transcends time, geography, and religion.

• Champion of Human Rights:Centuries before the UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948),[21] Guru Tegh Bahadur laid down his life for Article 18, of the Indian Constitution:[22] (the abolition of titles Act) the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion.
• Inspiration for Civil Disobedience:His act of peaceful, principled, and fearless resistance against a tyrannical state serves as a primordial example of civil disobedience, a strategy later employed by leaders like Mahatma Gandhi[23] and Martin Luther King Jr.[24]
• A Message for Our Times:In an era of religious extremism, identity-based violence, and the erosion of democratic values, his life is a urgent reminder that the duty to protect the rights of others, especially those who are different from us, is the highest form of peace-making.

Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s Family Life: The Saint-Soldier’s Household

Contrary to practicing celibacy, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was a married householder (Grihasthi), embodying the Sikh ideal of living a complete life within society while being deeply connected to God.

• Marriage and Spouse: He was married to Mata Gujri Ji (daughter of Lal Chand and Bishan Kaur) on September 14, 1632,[25] in Kartarpur[26] . Mata Gujri Ji is described in the sources as a “religious lady,” “disciplined in behaviour,” and “modest in temperament”. She was a pillar of strength and faith throughout the Guru’s life and after his martyrdom.
• Son: Their only son, Gobind Rai, was born in Patna on December 22, 1666, while Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was away on his missionary travels across eastern India . This son would later become the tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh Ji.
• Parents: His father was the sixth Sikh Guru, Guru Hargobind Sahib Ji, and his mother was Mata Nanaki Ji . After Guru Hargobind’s death, Mata Nanaki Ji moved with Guru Tegh Bahadur and Mata Gujri to the village of Bakala.
• The Sikh faith does not advocate for celibacy as a prerequisite for spirituality. The Gurus demonstrated that one can achieve the highest spiritual state while fulfilling familial and social responsibilities. As noted in one search result, “Sikhism advocates leading a household life and not live as a saanyaasi (celibate ascetic)” .

The Fate of the Guru’s Family After His Martyrdom (11^th November 1675)

The execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was a devastating blow to his family, but they displayed incredible fortitude and courage. Their story is one of resilience in the face of immense adversity.

• The Succession:Before his arrest, Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji foresaw the impending danger. He formally passed the Guruship to his young nine-year-old son, Gobind Rai, who was in Anandpur Sahib . This ensured the continuity of the Sikh leadership without interruption.
• Mata Gujri Ji’s Leadership:With her husband martyred and her son now the young Guru, Mata Gujri Ji became the pillar of the community and the primary guardian of Guru Gobind Singh Ji. She shouldered the immense responsibility of protecting the future Guru and guiding the Sikhs during a period of extreme peril .
• The Return of the Guru’s Head:In a legendary act of devotion, a Sikh named Bhai Jaita Ji[27] (later renamed Bhai Jeevan Singh) risked his life to recover the Guru’s severed head from the execution site at Chandni Chowk in Delhi[28]. Disguising himself, he carried the head to Anandpur Sahib and presented it to the young Guru Gobind Singh Ji. This allowed the family and the Sikh Sangat to perform the final rites .
• The Cremation of the Guru’s Body:Another devoted Sikh, Bhai Lakhi Shah Vanjara,[29] performed another daring act. To cremate the Guru’s body despite the Mughal orders against it, he set his own house on fire, using it as a funeral pyre to give the Guru’s remains a proper cremation. The site of this sacrifice is now marked by Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib in Delhi [30].

The following timeline summarizes the key events surrounding Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji’s martyrdom and the immediate actions of his family and followers:

• Life in Anandpur Sahib[31]:After the martyrdom, the family continued to live in Anandpur Sahib, which Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji had founded. Mata Gujri Ji played a critical role in the early education and upbringing of Guru Gobind Singh Ji, instilling in him the same values of courage, righteousness, and devotion that his father embodied . Tragically, Mata Gujri Ji would later face another immense test of faith. In 1705, she and Guru Gobind Singh’s two youngest sons, Sahibzada Zorawar Singh Ji[32] and Sahibzada Fateh Singh Ji,[33] were captured by the Mughals. She endured the imprisonment and witnessed the cruel bricking alive of her young grandsons, dying herself in the cold prison tower (Thanda Burj) of Sirhind.[34]

Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was not a celibate ascetic but a Grihasthi Jeevan-Joti,[35] a radiant light of the householder’s life. He was a devoted husband to Mata Gujri Ji[36] and the father of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.[37]

After his martyrdom, his family did not crumble. Instead, they became the standard-bearers of his legacy:

• His wife, Mata Gujri Ji, became the unwavering matriarch and guardian of the next Guru.
• His son, Guru Gobind Singh Ji[38], ascended to the Guruship and ultimately created the Khalsa, institutionalizing the spirit of resistance against tyranny that his father died for.
• His devoted Sikhs risked everything to honour his physical remains, ensuring his sacrifice was never forgotten. While Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji was publicly executed in Delhi on the orders of Emperor Aurangzeb in 1675, the search results do not mention the construction of a skull tower specifically for his head or those of his executed companions. Their martyrdom was a singular event of profound religious significance, and their heads were recovered by devoted Sikhs for cremation.

The Guru’s sacrifice was not just for a principle “out there”; it was a sacrifice that directly impacted his own most cherished relationships. His family, in turn, endured immense suffering with unparalleled courage, ensuring the survival and flourishing of the Sikh faith and its core values of justice and freedom. Their story is an integral part of his martyrdom.

Aurangzeb was a supposedly devout and orthodox Islamic, Mughal Emperor, yet he violated his own religious tenets, not only by executing Guru Tegh Bahadur, his son and little grandchildren.  It is therefore relevant to review the narrations from the Islamic scriptures (Quran and Hadith) to highlight Auranzeb’s violent and brutal behaviour during his reign, in conquered India, against individuals and religious leaders, who were not subscribing to the Islamic faith. Hence, Aurangzeb was consumed by greed for empire building, wealth, power, and in the pursuit of materialism, lost all compassion, humanity and kindness, to be replaced by brutal tyranny and belligerence, against any of the subjugated non-Muslims. This tyranny was exhibited against any individual, who he found objectionable, irrespective of their backgrounds as religious leaders in their respective communities, like the Sikhs, even execting children in a most inhumane and cruel manner.

1. Explicit Prohibitions Against Torture in Islamic Primary Sources

• Quranic Foundations: The Quran emphasizes the sanctity of human life, dignity, and justice. Verses such as Quran 5:32equate saving one life to saving all humanity, while Quran 17:33 prohibits unjust killing. The Quran also explicitly forbids coercion in religion: *“There shall be no compulsion in [acceptance of] the religion” (Quran 2:256)_.
• Hadith Traditions: Multiple authentic Hadiths (sayings of the Prophet Muhammad PBUH) explicitly condemn torture, coercion and intimidation:
  • The Prophet stated: *“Allah punishes those who torture people in this world”(Sahih Muslim)_.
  • He also declared: “Your blood, your wealth, and your honour are sacred to you”(Sahih al-Bukhari)_, emphasizing inviolable human rights.
  • Specific prohibitions include: *“Do not beat Muslims”, “Do not strike the face”, and “Do not punish the creation of Allah”.
• Principles of Justice: Islamic law requires evidence, proportionality, and strict procedural justice in punishments. Extracting confessions through torture is explicitly forbidden, as it violates the principle that individuals are innocent until proven guilty.

2. Aurangzeb’s Actions Contradicted Islamic Teachings

• Historical Accounts of Brutality:
  • The execution of Guru Tegh Bahadurin 1675 involved the public torture and beheading of the Guru and his associates. His followers were subjected to horrific deaths: Bhai Mati Das was sawn alive[39], Bhai Sati Das was burned alive,[40] and Bhai Dayala was boiled alive.[41]
  • The torture and execution of Sambhaji(son of Shivaji) in 1689[42] involved blinding him with nails, pulling out his tongue and nails, and finally tearing him apart with “tiger claws” before beheading him.
• Political vs. Religious Motivations:
  • Aurangzeb’s actions were often politically motivated. For instance, temple destruction was targeted at sites associated with rebellion (e.g., Banaras and Mathura), not all Hindu temples.
  • His reinstatement of the jizya(tax on non-Muslims) and targeting of Sikh Gurus and Maratha leaders were often responses to political challenges or rebellions rather than purely religious mandates.
• Violation of Islamic Ethics:
  • Islamic law prohibits mutilation, torture, and public humiliation as punishments. The methods employed by Aurangzeb—sawing, burning, boiling, and dismemberment—have no basis in Islamic jurisprudence and directly contradict the Hadiths mentioned above.
  • The Fatawa-e-Alamgiri[43], a legal code compiled under Aurangzeb, primarily dealt with civil and administrative laws. While it codified Hanafi jurisprudence, it did not sanction the brutal torture methods he employed.

Historical Evidence of Torture and Execution of Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj

Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj, the son and successor of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, is remembered as one of the bravest warriors in Indian history. His capture, torture, and execution by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb in 1689 is a widely discussed event, particularly in Maharashtra, where he is revered as a martyr who refused to convert to Islam despite enduring unimaginable brutality. Many sources claim that he was tortured for 40 days before being executed. However, the historical proof of this exact duration remains debatable. This article delves into various historical sources, including Persian Mughal records, Marathi chronicles, European observations, and oral traditions, to analyze the evidence behind this claim.

1. The Capture of Sambhaji Maharaj

After the death of Shivaji Maharaj in 1680, Sambhaji ascended the Maratha throne. Unlike his father, who was known for strategic diplomacy, Sambhaji followed a more aggressive approach against the Mughals. He continued to resist Aurangzeb’s relentless attempts to conquer the Deccan. However, due to internal betrayals and strategic miscalculations, he was captured by Mughal forces on February 1, 1689, near Sangameshwar (in present-day Maharashtra).[44]

According to contemporary Mughal and Marathi records, Sambhaji and his close aide Kavi Kalash were captured by Mughal commander Muqarrab Khan. He was taken to Bahadurgad,[45] where he was presented before Aurangzeb. The Mughal emperor saw this as a major victory, as Sambhaji had been a thorn in his side for years.

2. Mughal Chronicles and Their Accounts of His Torture
3. Maasir-i-Alamgir[46]i

One of the most referenced Mughal sources, Maasir-i-Alamgiri, written by Saqi Mustad Khan, provides an official court account of Aurangzeb’s reign. It mentions that Sambhaji was brought before Aurangzeb in chains and was humiliated. The text states:

“Sambhaji was bound and presented before the emperor. He was asked to surrender, accept Islam, and serve the empire. Upon his refusal, he was subjected to punishment.”

While the chronicle acknowledges the harsh treatment of Sambhaji, it does not explicitly state the duration of his torture.

1. Akhbarat (Mughal Court Records)

Another Mughal record, Akhbarat,[47] which contains daily court reports, states that Sambhaji was subjected to extreme physical abuse. Some of the documented tortures include:

• Blinding
• Removal of the tongue
• Skinning alive
• Parading in humiliating attire

These records do not mention a 40-day duration but confirm that his execution was prolonged and torturous.

3. Marathi Historical Sources and the 40-Day Claim

While Persian records provide a Mughal perspective, Marathi sources such as Sabhasad Bakhar and Chitnis Bakhar offer details from the Maratha side. These sources claim that Sambhaji was tortured for 40 days before his execution.

1. Sabhasad Bakhar[48]

Written by Krishnaji Anant Sabhasad, this chronicle details the brutal torture inflicted on Sambhaji. According to this text:

• He was beaten and whipped
• His fingernails were ripped out.
• His eyes were gouged outbefore execution.
• His limbs were mutilated

The text asserts that this torture lasted for over a month before he was finally executed.

1. Chitnis Bakhar[49],[50]

The Chitnis Bakhar, written by Malhar Ramrao Chitnis, reinforces the narrative that Sambhaji endured inhumane torture. It highlights how he refused to bow before Aurangzeb and steadfastly refused to convert to Islam.

Both these Marathi sources emphasize 40 days of torture, making this duration a significant part of Marathi historical memory.

4. European and Portuguese Observations

Several European sources, particularly Portuguese Jesuit records, also document the events surrounding Sambhaji’s execution. The Portuguese, who had colonial interests in Goa, kept a close watch on Deccan politics.

1. Jesuit Letters from Goa

Some Portuguese letters mention that:

• Sambhaji was captured and tortured over an extended period.
• His execution was one of the most brutal acts ever witnessed.
• He never pleaded for mercy.

Although these sources confirm severe torture, they do not specify a 40-day duration.

1. Accounts of European Travelers

European travelers who visited India during Aurangzeb’s reign also recorded that Sambhaji’s execution was prolonged and exceptionally brutal. However, like Portuguese sources, they do not provide an exact timeline.

5. Oral Traditions and Folklore

Beyond written history, oral traditions and folklore in Maharashtra have played a significant role in shaping the narrative of Sambhaji Maharaj’s martyrdom. In local ballads and folk songs, the 40-day torture is a recurring theme.

These traditions emphasize:

• His unwavering defianceagainst Aurangzeb.
• The public nature of his humiliation, intended to demoralize the Marathas.
• His death as an act of martyrdom, inspiring future Maratha resistance.

While oral traditions cannot always be verified historically, they are crucial in understanding how Sambhaji’s legacy has been remembered.

6. The Execution of Sambhaji Maharaj[51]

After weeks (or possibly 40 days) of torture, Sambhaji was executed on 11^th March, 1689. His body was cut into pieces and thrown into the river, further emphasizing Aurangzeb’s intent to dishonour him even in death. This along with Martyrdom of Guru Tej Bahadur was the biggest blunder by religious bigot Aurangzeb.

His close associate Kavi Kalash,[52], [53] was also tortured and executed. The brutal execution of Sambhaji sent shockwaves across the Deccan, and instead of demoralizing the Marathas, it ignited their fierce resistance, eventually leading to the downfall of Mughal power in India.

7. Conclusion: Was It Really 40 Days of Torture?

From the available historical evidence, we can conclude:

1. Mughal Recordsconfirm extreme torture but do not mention 40 days.
2. Marathi Chronicles(Sabhasad and Chitnis Bakhar)[54] explicitly state a 40-day period.
3. Portuguese and European Accountsconfirm prolonged torture but do not specify the duration.
4. Oral Traditionsstrongly uphold the 40-day claim.

While there is no direct Persian or European confirmation of the exact 40-day period, there is no doubt that Sambhaji faced one of the most brutal executions in Indian history. His steadfast refusal to surrender and unwavering spirit made him a martyr in Maratha history, and his legacy continues to inspire generations.

Whether it was 40 days or not, Sambhaji Maharaj’s death stands as a symbol of defiance against tyranny[55], and his courage remains a powerful chapter in India’s resistance against the Mughal Empire.

3. Historical Context and Misuse of Religion

• Aurangzeb’s Personal Piety vs. unIslamic Actions:
  • Aurangzeb presented himself as a devout Sunni Muslim, memorizing the Quran, practicing asceticism, and patronizing Islamic scholarship.
  • However, his actions often diverged from Islamic principles. For example, his destruction of temples contradicted his own earlier decree: *“According to the Shariah, ancient temples should not be torn down”.[56]
• Political Justifications:
  • Aurangzeb frequently used religion to legitimize political repression. The torture of Sikh Gurus, Maratha leaders,[57] and Hindu priests was often framed as religious persecution but was primarily aimed at eliminating threats to his authority.
  • Historical narratives, both contemporary and modern, are polarized. Some sources portray him as a “devout and just ruler”, while others highlight his brutality. This dichotomy often reflects broader ideological biases rather than objective historical analysis.

4. Conclusion: No Islamic Basis for Aurangzeb’s Brutality

• Clear Divergence from Islamic Teachings: The torture methods employed by Aurangzeb—sawing, burning, boiling, and dismemberment—are explicitly prohibited in Islam. The Quran and Hadith emphasize mercy, justice, and the prohibition of coercion and torture.
• Political Instrumentalization of Religion: Aurangzeb used religious rhetoric to justify actions that were primarily political, exploiting communal identities to consolidate power. His legacy remains contentious precisely because his actions often contradicted the Islamic principles he claimed to uphold.
• Modern Implications: Understanding this history is crucial for contextualizing contemporary interfaith dynamics in South Asia. Aurangzeb’s actions cannot be justified by Islamic texts but must be analysed as a complex interplay of political ambition, personal piety, and historical circumstances.

Summary Table: Aurangzeb’s Actions vs. Islamic Teachings

Aurangzeb’s Action		Islamic Teaching	Contradiction?
Sawing, burning, boiling alive		Prohibition of torture and mutilation (Hadith: “Allah punishes those who torture”)[58]	Yes
Forced conversions		Quran 2:256: “No compulsion in religion”	Yes
Temple destruction		Early decree: “Ancient temples should not be torn down” (Aurangzeb’s own statement)	Yes
Public humiliation and execution		Sanctity of honour and life (Hadith: “Your blood, wealth, honour are sacred”)	Yes

Historical Analysis

While Aurangzeb’s personal religiosity is documented, his actions must be evaluated against universal Islamic ethical standards. The brutality witnessed in his reign reflects a departure from these standards, driven by political exigencies rather than religious doctrine. For further reading, refer to primary sources such as the Hadith compilations of Sahih al-Bukhari and Sahih Muslim, and historical analyses like Aurangzeb: The Life and Legacy of India’s Most Controversial King (Truschke, 2017).[59]

The Brutal Tyranny of Aurangzeb Continues against the family of Guru Tegh Bahadur: “The Martyrdom of the Sahibzadas: A Mughal  Reflection of Execution of Minors”

Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Guru of Sikhism, had four sons named Sahibzada Ajit Singh, Sahibzada Jujhar Singh, Sahibzada Zorawar Singh, and Sahibzada Fateh Singh. Tragically, all four of Guru Gobind Singh’s sons were martyred.

According to the search results, the execution of Guru Gobind Singh’s two younger sons, Sahibzada Zorawar Singh (aged 9) and Sahibzada Fateh Singh (aged 7), is well-documented. They were executed by being bricked up alive. This means that they were enclosed in a wall and left to die. The exact circumstances surrounding their execution are not provided in the search results.

It is important to note that the search results do not provide specific information about the execution methods for Guru Gobind Singh’s other two sons, Sahibzada Ajit Singh and Sahibzada Jujhar Singh. Therefore, it is unclear how they were executed.

The martyrdom of Guru Gobind Singh’s sons is a significant event in Sikh history and is commemorated by Sikhs to this day. Their sacrifice is seen as a testament to their unwavering faith and commitment to Sikh principles.

Guru Gobind Singh’s two youngest sons, Sahibzada Zorawar Singh and Sahibzada Fateh Singh, were executed during the Mughal era. They were bricked alive in a wall on the orders of Wazir Khan, the Nawab of Sirhind,[60] after refusing to convert to Islam. The exact details of their execution are historical, and this event is considered a tragic episode in Sikh history.

1. Immediate Aftermath: The Seeds of Righteous Rebellion

The brutal execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur and his disciples was intended to terrorize the Sikh community and any potential dissenters into submission. However, it had the opposite effect, galvanizing the Sikhs and many Hindus into a firm resolve to resist Mughal tyranny.

• Succession and Resolve of Guru Gobind Singh:The young Guru Gobind Singh Ji, who was only nine years old at the time of his father’s martyrdom, was profoundly shaped by the event. The search results note that his first thought was to avenge his father’s tragic death and that he resolved to “stand up for the down-trodden Hindu community and its despised faith and to avenge their wrongs by every means in his power” . This resolve was the direct outcome of the execution.
• Widespread Indignation and Unity:The execution was universally regarded by Hindus as a sacrifice for their faith. The entire Punjab region “began to burn with indignation and revenge,” stirring Hindus and Sikhs to their depths . This event transcended religious boundaries, uniting people under a common cause against oppression. The freedom-loving Jats of Punjab[61], in particular, found a new leader in the youthful Guru Gobind Singh .

2. The Creation of the Khalsa: Institutionalising the Rebellion

The most significant and direct consequence was the creation of the Khalsa Panth by Guru Gobind Singh Ji in 1699.[62]

• Transformation into a Military Order:Guru Gobind Singh realized that to survive the existential threat posed by the Mughals, the Sikhs needed to be transformed from a community of spiritual devotees into a “well-disciplined and well-organised military order” . The Khalsa was established as a sovereign community of saint-soldiers (sant-sipahi),[63] duty-bound to protect the righteous and fight against injustice.
• The Spirit of the Khalsa:[64]The Khalsa was imbued with the spirit of unwavering courage and sacrifice embodied by Guru Tegh Bahadur and his martyred disciples. Guru Gobind Singh’s touch “transferred the dregs of humanity into droughty warriors, thoroughly self-respecting, eminently chivalrous and totally indifferent to hardships and sufferings” . This was the ultimate institutionalization of the rebellion sparked in 1675.

3. Historical “Karmic Retribution” The Beginning of the End Against Aurangzeb and the Mughals

While “karma” is a metaphysical concept, the historical consequences for Aurangzeb and his empire were severe and can be seen as a form of retribution.

• Direct Military Challenge:The creation of the Khalsa directly led to a prolonged and devastating military conflict between the Sikhs and the Mughal Empire. Guru Gobind Singh fought a series of battles against Mughal forces, never submitting to their authority.
• Erosion of Mughal Power[65]:The relentless resistance initiated by the Sikhs, first under Guru Gobind Singh and later under Banda Singh Bahadur[66], is cited as a significant factor in the downfall of the Mughal Empire. The search results state: “By executing the pious and innocent Guru, Aurangzeb himself hastened the downfall of his mighty empire” . The constant warfare in the Punjab[67] drained Mughal resources and morale.
• The Rise of the Sikh Empire[68]:The rebellion that began with Guru Tegh Bahadur’s martyrdom did not end. It continued through the 18th century, with Sikhs (the Misls) gradually taking control of the Punjab. This struggle culminated in the establishment of a sovereign Sikh Empire under Maharaja Ranjit Singh by the early 19th century, ruling the very heartland Aurangzeb had sought to subjugate .
• Legacy of Intolerance Backfired:Aurangzeb’s policy of religious intolerance, exemplified by Guru Tegh Bahadur’s execution, ultimately fractured the delicate social fabric that had held the diverse Mughal Empire together. It fostered widespread resentment and united various communities against his rule, ensuring that his empire would not long survive his death.

Epilogue: The Unending Echo

The spot where Guru Tegh Bahadur’s head was severed is now the sacred Gurdwara Sis Ganj Sahib. The spot where he was cremated is Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib[69]. Thousands visit every day, not just Sikhs, but people of all faiths. The echo of his sacrifice continues to resonate, a silent, powerful sermon that asks each generation a simple, profound question: What are you willing to stand for?

The Ultimate Retribution

The execution of Guru Tegh Bahadur was a catastrophic miscalculation by Aurangzeb. Instead of crushing dissent, it:

1. Sparked a righteous rebellionthat united people against tyranny.
2. Forged the Khalsa[70], (Equality, discipline, and devotion to God) a formidable military and spiritual force dedicated to justice.
3. Initiated the process of Mughal declineby creating an unending and costly conflict in its most vital province.
4. Ultimately led to the rise of the Sikh Empirein the land of its birth.

The true “karmic retribution”[71] (Actions have consequences) for Aurangzeb was that his act of supreme injustice became the very seed of his empire’s destruction. The shield he tried to break (“Hind di Chadar”) instead became the sword that helped liberate the land.

Conclusion: Peace Through Fearless Justice

The propagation of peace, as exemplified by Guru Tegh Bahadur, is an active, courageous, and often costly endeavour. It requires the moral courage to confront injustice head-on. His peace was not negotiated from a position of weakness but asserted from an unassailable position of spiritual and moral strength. He demonstrated that sometimes, the most powerful way to preach peace is to become the ultimate barrier against war on the human conscience.

Bottom Line: Reflection on Patience and Resilience

The martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur was a classic historical example of a tyrannical power, through its own brutality, creating the forces of its own downfall. The rebellion it sparked was both immediate and long-lasting, culminating in the complete reversal of Mughal power in Punjab and the establishment of Sikh sovereignty, a fitting and powerful consequence for Aurangzeb’s actions.

True and lasting peace is guaranteed not by the absence of conflict, but by the fearless defence of the right of every individual to exist with dignity and freedom of belief. Guru Tegh Bahadur’s life and martyrdom teach us that the highest form of seva (selfless service) is to be the shield for those who cannot protect themselves. His legacy is a global, eternal covenant: that to live righteously and die for a righteous cause is to achieve immortality and propagate peace for all generations to come.  His sacrifice as well as those of his children and grandchildren, not converting to Islam, even under the spectre of gruesome and brutal deaths, are beacons of religious freedom and interfaith solidarity, which should be emulated by all of humanity to obviate peace disruption and brutal expression of the primal brains.  Raders are respectfully encouraged to reflect on these tragic and dark chapters of Indian, Sikh history from two viewpoints: first and foremost are the personal sacrifices of an entire dynasty, without surrender, including the children and the legacy of “standing tall, having your head and life cut off, rather than to grovel in the sand”.   This was aptly exemplified by the Gurujis entire family, annihilating the Gurujis dynasty, in its entirety, demonstrating the laws of Karmas.  Regrettable these oppressive ideologies, still persist, are operative by different governments and in particular in Kashmir, in the present day India.  Humanity has not learnt anything from past historical mistakes and misdemeanours.  Happily, these great empires, globally, have come to an inglorious and pathetic ends. This is guaranteed, as history has repeatedly shown.

Comments and discussion are invited by e-mail: vawda@ukzn.ac.za

Global: + 27 82 291 4546

 References:

[1] Attributed to Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth of the ten Sikh Gurus.

 

[2] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=d99d6c27f4808137e7a6b1f14fc09497c3007808c15b9f661412c9fa8c22f3b3JmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&u=a1L3ZpZGVvcy9zZWFyY2g_cT1oZStOaW50aCtMaWdodCtpbitzaWtoaXNtJnFwdnQ9aGUrTmludGgrTGlnaHQraW4rc2lraGlzbSZGT1JNPVZEUkU

 

[3] Protests in India’s northern Ladakh region turn deadly

 

[4] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=a2a1985b9b3eef506a68b4333cf67f97fe94442a23e5ed628f2a784d6bff99a0JmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Ladakh+and+Kargil&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvS2FyZ2ls

 

[5] https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/other/india-arrests-activist-sonam-wangchuk-after-ladakh-protests/ar-AA1NmSvg?ocid=entnewsntp&pc=U531&cvid=68d770a4dece44fdbcff1e5a7db65cea&ei=34

 

[6] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=411589574171c9b02c3b64e3bda0a8ef9b5374d28be84d01861fde09152e41cdJmltdHM9MTc1ODc1ODQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=dharma&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvRGhhcm1h

 

[7] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=72ce3b845c485489c361fc62b2ebfd8b583efbe72672c00727f9ebeef0dc7156JmltdHM9MTc1ODc1ODQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=the+guru+granth+sahib+in+english&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuc2lraG5ldC5jb20vb2xkc2lraG5ldC9zZ2dzL3RyYW5zbGF0aW9

uLw

 

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[9] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=d369acaa1bc377f53ec0456ee00018b05e987e058d0616beea87595ab8dc8467JmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Mughal+Emperor+Aurangzeb&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYnJpdGFubmljYS5jb20vYmlvZ3JhcGh5L0F1cmFuZ3plYg

 

[10] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=2dbd845f7dd61b297057fc31647fb099eaa752fc6454fa102a6574e4d3bcbc69JmltdHM9MTc1ODc1ODQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Tyag+Mal+in+sikhism&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvR3VydV9UZWdoX0JhaGFkdXI

 

[11] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=f8910c221fe697f6348b58889b203e49c3b7dbeb9e083971362271a23a9c61efJmltdHM9MTc1ODc1ODQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Guru+Hargobind+Sahib+Ji%2c&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYnJpdGFubmljYS5jb20vYmlvZ3JhcGh5L0d1cnUtSGFyZ29iaW5kIzp-OnRleHQ9R3VydSUyMEhhcmdvYmluZCUyMCUyOGJvcm4lMjAxNTk1JTJDJTIwV2FkYWxpJTJDJTIwSW5kaWElRTIlODAlOTRkaWVkJTIwMTY0NCUyQyUyMEtpcmF0cHVyJTJDLG9uJTIwdGhlJTIwb3JkZXIlMjBvZiUyMHRoZSUyME11Z2hhbCUyMGVtcGVyb3IlMjBKYWglQzQlODFuZyVDNCVBQnIu

 

[12] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=214295276d4dcd62a9d470dec6364b3748117434febf191d5f3e7c918fc0197aJmltdHM9MTc1ODc1ODQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=bakala+town&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvQmFiYV9CYWthbGE

 

[13] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=7b5e24a6cb3a638849ff7f22d80495c0346540f7d0da2232ceb6e027551a1999JmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Kashmiri+Pandits%2c+led+by+Pandit+Kirpa+Ram+(who+later+became+Bhai+Mati+Das)%2c+&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGhlc2lraGVuY3ljbG9wZWRpYS5jb20va2lycGEtcmFtLXBhbmRpdC8jOn46dGV4dD1FeHBsb3JlJTIwdGhlJTIwaW5zcGlyaW5nJTIwam91cm5leSUyMG9mJTIwS2lycGElMjBSYW0lMkMlMjBhLE1hdGFuJTJDJTIwNjUlMjBrbSUyMGVhc3QlMjBvZiUyMFNyaW5hZ2FyJTJDJTIwaW4lMjBLYXNobWlyLg

 

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[16] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=2ac133158a7e99c5bea7c8a3f7f62d0345ae15cb8a77665e1f7223df28b56f51JmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&u=a1L2ltYWdlcy9zZWFyY2g_cT1tYWxpa3B1cityYW5naHJhbiZpZD1CQjUwQkUwRDg0RTlDRThBODkyNkQ1NDc2NTYzMDcxQzIyNDkzRDkzJkZPUk09SVFGUkJB

 

[17] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=01ba6690c69d89c243a84e40316faca8098ff1d3af09dc5dc23cdd89f60641c7JmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&u=a1L3ZpZGVvcy9zZWFyY2g_cT1UaGUrR3VydSUyN3MrVGVnaCtEZWZpbml0aXZlK1JlZnVzYWwrKFRoZStDb3JlK29mK3RoZStNYXJ0eXJkb20pJTNhJnFwdnQ9VGhlK0d1cnUlMjdzK1RlZ2grRGVmaW5pdGl2ZStSZWZ1c2FsKyhUaGUrQ29yZStvZit0aGUrTWFydHlyZG9tKSUzYSZGT1JNPVZEUkU

 

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[19] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=d2ac12dd6e803bed015c3e6fe95fce441885a7ca3fa25dad1a10bf88a3084fedJmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=The+Seed+of+the+Khalsa&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cueW91dHViZS5jb20vd2F0Y2g_dj1POW95b2hRQ0duQSM6fjp0ZXh0PVRoZSUyMHRoaW5nJTIwaXMlMkMlMjB0aGUlMjBzZWVkJTIwb2YlMjB0aGUlMjBLaGFsc2EsZm91bmRhdGlvbiUyMHdpdGglMjB2YWx1ZXMlMjBhbmQlMjBSZWhhdCUyMCUyOENvZGVzJTIwb2YlMjBjb25kdWN0JTI5Lg

 

[20] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=1accb68843ab70e4a03938fc13f12c2a89dada19a44cb88a844bd83c0a9ea2d2JmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=the+formation+of+the+khalsa&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvS2hhbHNh

 

[21] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=b7b150c15b8ceaa1ddc7919cdc5875f10b086862b288871427d37c3285087db5JmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=UN+Universal+Declaration+of+Human+Rights+(1948)%2c&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudW4ub3JnL2VuL2Fib3V0LXVzL3VuaXZlcnNhbC1kZWNsYXJhdGlvbi1vZi1odW1hbi1yaWdodHM

 

[22] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=85c2005bd0f27454ed7c6a19f0053e0a460ad6980afe8b64673e860432ee949bJmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Article+18%2c+of+the+Indian+Constitution&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubGF3Y3RvcHVzLmNvbS9jbGF0YWxvZ3VlL2NsYXQtcGcvYWJvbGl0aW9uLW9mLXRpdGxlcy1hcnRpY2xlLTE4LW9mLWluZGlhbi1jb25zdGl0dXRpb24v

 

[23] https://www.transcend.org/tms/2025/06/the-profound-influence-of-and-dialogue-with-islam-on-mahatma-gandhis-peace-and-ethical-philosophies/

 

[24] https://www.transcend.org/tms/2025/03/peace-disruptions-the-hidden-contexts-of-assassinations-of-robert-f-kennedy-and-martin-luther-king-jr-part-1/

 

[25] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=42775227304a09453add3de60103234f9ce8a9b05a0f0aab952c3b64766de8efJmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=al+Chand+and+Bishan+Kaur)+on+September+14%2c+1632%2c&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGhlc2lraGVuY3ljbG9wZWRpYS5jb20vYmlzaGFuLWthdXIv

 

[26] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=1a6efc88394b4cd1b14a8c81cf8ef97254290b2b2bbb524e079c96943f0d174dJmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Kartarpur&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvS2FydGFycHVyLF9QYWtpc3Rhbg

 

[27] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=5d0bdd206fa1070a11e28121f5f840b99c76f923c4818d0ff02eb84c9e655547JmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&u=a1L3ZpZGVvcy9yaXZlcnZpZXcvcmVsYXRlZHZpZGVvP3E9QmhhaStKYWl0YStKaSYmbWlkPTJGNTdBQ0FFQkMyMkJGN0U0MTRDMkY1N0FDQUVCQzIyQkY3RTQxNEMmRk9STT1WQU1HWkM

 

[28] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=4da08ba257665ee91a9a0ee4c86657ad2a903ad244d117e5ba5be5a4a5559885JmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&u=a1L3NlYXJjaD9xPWNoYW5kbmkrY2hvd2srd2Vic2l0ZSZGT1JNPVFTUkU2

 

[29] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=307f378a4458f323a8480ed4f9a42d31c2f5be35dda494b81b93da5bfa5511d3JmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Bhai+Lakhi+Shah+Vanjara%2c+&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvQmhhaV9MYWtoaV9SYWlfQmFuamFyYQ

 

[30] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=478d3ffc10ef0825465b4f2d3d11269a3b2fcad513477f488b9ece9f9ffb7a4cJmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYmluZy5jb20vYWxpbmsvbGluaz91cmw9aHR0cHMlM2ElMmYlMmZkc2dtYy5pbiUyZiZzb3VyY2U9c2VycC1sb2NhbCZoPUtrS0cxTHRNSiUyYmMycjQlMmZ5VWRHZUlzVyUyZmpXZWJYNmt4MzZDZUNRMWRoQ1ElM2QmcD1sd19tYWdzbWx0JmlnPUJDRENGQkFGREI5RTRDRTY5REVBMTMzNEZBRjY3QTU5JnlwaWQ9WU40MDcweDMwNjA2OTIwODI0OTk3MDg2NjE

 

[31][31] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=3f97355d833963afa8e96862fa118812e17e634f20e32b8705f3386c0688de60JmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=%e2%80%a2%09Life+in+Anandpur+Sahib&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvQW5hbmRwdXJfU2FoaWI

 

[32] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=84fb354db80fbcfa52306192b1fa63bdadb6f6d299293cbae897bf851891635dJmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Sahibzada+Zorawar+Singh+Ji&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvWm9yYXdhcl9TaW5naF8oU2lraGlzbSk

 

[33] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=2b3b99b0e6cac9e29ce78ccfa5de750cb008e2dd9d3ec1e6c74d4d1e148f3cbcJmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Sahibzada+Fateh+Singh+Ji%2c&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvRmF0ZWhfU2luZ2hfKFNpa2hpc20p

 

[34] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=de34a3979563eee930f7f845f190760f71cd2683e95577f90e4eb11cd10c962aJmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=%e2%80%a2+cold+prison+tower+(Thanda+Burj)+of+Sirhind.&u=a1aHR0cDovL3d3dy5kaXNjb3ZlcnNpa2hpc20uY29tL3Npa2hfZ3VyZHdhcmFzL2d1cmR3YXJhX3NyaV90aGFuZGFfYnVyal9zYWhpYi5odG1sIzp-OnRleHQ9V2F6aXIlMjBLaGFuJTIwaW1wcmlzb25lZCUyMHRoZSUyMFNhaGliemFkZXklMjBhbmQlMjBNYXRhJTIwR3Vqcmksa2VwdCUyMGhlcmUlMjBpbiUyMHRoZSUyMGV4dHJlbWUlMjBjb2xkJTIwZHVyaW5nJTIwd2ludGVyLg

 

[35] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=94f996b7e19c2d346c75ebb059d72060fb019da57fe457926f37363771fef618JmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Grihasthi+Jeevan-Joti%2c&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cueW91dHViZS5jb20vd2F0Y2g_dj15Zmx1NFlkc0ZUQQ

 

[36] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=c9b15a87496dd0c86af9f1ded382ac086cca5f36747c71d13ad3d89787dc0abdJmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Mata+Gujri+Ji&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuc2lraGl3aWtpLm9yZy9pbmRleC5waHAvTWF0YV9HdWpyaQ

 

[37] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=d959b5bfa7169955a16e066ab2d9cb88720f18453d9eb909137e7e76a0091032JmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Guru+Gobind+Singh+Ji.&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvR3VydV9Hb2JpbmRfU2luZ2g

 

[38] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=0def5c33cb847ba3e960099c6d7bda8cef6552c83cde7493391ed5aff277c4c1JmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=guru+gobind+singh+ji&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvR3VydV9Hb2JpbmRfU2luZ2g

 

[39] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=b51b4df51dbabb13a8fe4ce2dbdd084502f58868373f98eda38c6d3a36581e2aJmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Bhai+Mati+Das+was+sawn+alive&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9pbmRpYW5ibG9nLmNvLmluL3RoZS1tYXJ0eXJkb20tb2YtYmhhaS1tYXRpLWRhcy1hLXRhbGUtb2Ytc3VwcmVtZS1zYWNyaWZpY2UvIzp-OnRleHQ9SGUlMkMlMjBhbG9uZyUyMHdpdGglMjBCaGFpJTIwU2F0aSUyMERhcyUyMGFuZCUyMEJoYWksbW9zdCUyMGhvcnJpZmljJTIweWV0JTIwaW5zcGlyaW5nJTIwaW5jaWRlbnRzJTIwaW4lMjBJbmRpYW4lMjBoaXN0b3J5Lg

 

[40] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=520719e8f6a5a2794c28040ae01cb91a8667f1e356c21aaa07908d940e85c9a3JmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Bhai+Sati+Das+was+burned+alive%2c&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvQmhhaV9TYXRpX0Rhcw

 

[41] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=7ea898bada429490d73d4a18f6b1854b8445cb61234bdc99b0d5518d35ec306bJmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Bhai+Dayala+was+boiled+alive.&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuc2lraGl3aWtpLm9yZy9pbmRleC5waHAvQmhhaV9EYXlhbF9EYXM

 

[42] Historical Evidence Of Torture and Execution of Chhatrapati Sambhaji Maharaj – THE INDIAN BLOG

 

[43] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=dfa8aba85886275045f525ed0a11e9a754d470c0c025d75876763668a80db979JmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Fatawa-e-Alamgiri&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvRmF0YXdhXyUyN0FsYW1naXJp

 

[44] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=4b9f8c61b95652de2c68664044f0ae9216906111ddadd5714d5e710ad147a06fJmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=However%2c+due+to+internal+betrayals+and+strategic+miscalculations%2c+he+was+captured+by+Mughal+forces+on+February+1%2c+1689%2c+near+Sangameshwar+(in+present-day+Maharashtra).&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubmV3czlsaXZlLmNvbS9rbm93bGVkZ2UvaG93LWRpZC1jaGhhdHJhcGF0aS1zYW1iaGFqaS1tYWhhcmFqLWRpZS0yODIzNjI5Izp-OnRleHQ9VGhpcyUyMGFydGljbGUlMjBleHBsb3JlcyUyMHRoZSUyMGxpZmUlMjBhbmQlMjB0cmFnaWMlMjBkZWF0aCxhbmQlMjBoaXMlMjBldmVudHVhbCUyMGNhcHR1cmUlMkMlMjBicnV0YWwlMjB0b3J0dXJlJTIwYW5kJTIwZXhlY3V0aW9uLg

 

[45] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=ee01fd42f5b067d5cb8c00a1e74fa4a5104b882765c0904613c5f4670fa2fe27JmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Muqarrab+Khan.+He+was+taken+to+Bahadurgad%2c&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvTXVxYXJyYWJfS2hhbg

 

[46] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=6f70a7d176a68ae3c70271f8c9450b92e7b3fa39c5968454836572004deeb74dJmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=+Maasir-i-Alamgir&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvTWFhc2lyLWktQWxhbWdpcmk

 

[47] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=4a166939caedae1c20f4c0fad94c3b90de4a1554ceabe13f2a6db3b169dc4d47JmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Mughal+record%2c+Akhbarat%2c&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9yb3lhbGFzaWF0aWNzb2NpZXR5Lm9yZy9kaWdpdGl6YXRpb24tb2YtYWtoYmFyYXQv

 

[48] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=22ec54fa3d046c237a7048c88ca5e33a7e8a25e016ad2daf3dc8f6dde8cb5e1fJmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Sabhasad+Bakhar&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvU2FiaGFzYWRfQmFraGFy

 

[49] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=34f6d96ea2f21aa5fe7a9c967e9ae493c6cc5ed172a10843ab429280a1ab6133JmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Chitnis+Bakhar&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvQ2hpdG5pc19CYWtoYXI

 

[50] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=7596ad58915759ee81fc5fb86d6df1d74d1fe1bdcb92b54066810edbcf5a8c1eJmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Chitnis+Bakhar&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuc2NyaWJkLmNvbS9kb2N1bWVudC84MTA3Mzg3NDMvQ2hpdG5pcy1CYWtoYXI

 

[51] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=cf614c01d92864bc915be35b58d82556087085ec4ec24f4a2cb8e85b47eac7b3JmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=The+Execution+of+Sambhaji+Maharaj&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvRXhlY3V0aW9uX29mX1NhbWJoYWpp

 

[52] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=499d579ffb204c77237360941be3bb5f6410a8916134fa31c33e08da09bd05a4JmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=kavi+kalash+in+chhava&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cueW91dHViZS5jb20vd2F0Y2g_dj1RaGlPWmxjMWpMbw

 

[53] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=3bcef8217fc56e4630a97c3e4149e4d5ebf516579d99513310e427ffcc1378e5JmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Kavi+Kalash%2c&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvS2F2aV9LYWxhc2

g

[54] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=c913202feed1d4d1d7283d7f2b22a9f10386cf1f2e6e17cf57bca63be5bb8114JmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Sabhasad+and+Chitnis+Bakhar)&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvU2FiaGFzYWRfQmFraGFy

 

[55]https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=68772cff4e2edf288dbbb0072a3edf4b9b69faabc29b35f36e0043daf2fc7af6JmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Sambhaji+Maharaj%e2%80%99s+death+stands+as+a+symbol+of+defiance+against+tyranny&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9rZXNhcmlleHByZXNzLmNvbS8yMDI0LzAzLzEwL3RoZS10cmFnaWMtZGVtaXNlLW9mLXNhbWJoYWppLW1haGFyYWotYS10YWxlLW9mLWJldHJheWFsLXRvcnR1cmUtYW5kLWhlcm9pc20vIzp-OnRleHQ9SGlzJTIwZGVmaWFuY2UlMjBpbiUyMHRoZSUyMGZhY2UlMjBvZiUyMHVuc3BlYWthYmxlJTIwY3J1ZWx0eSxvZiUyMGhvcGUlMjBhbmQlMjByZXNpbGllbmNlJTIwZm9yJTIwdGhlJTIwTWFyYXRoYSUyMHBlb3BsZS4

 

[56] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=7928e3712ab4ccc4be7858d35f58088a62d74b4c0e43fa4884a740ad4ba6e17eJmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=hindu+temples+what+happened+to+them+pdf&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuaGluZHVzdGFuYm9va3MuY29tL3BkZnMvMTAxMjA0ODgtSGluZHUtVGVtcGxlc1doYXQtSGFwcGVuZC10by1UaGVtLWJ5LVNpdGEtUmFtLUdvZWwucGRm

 

[57]

[58] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=00b5e658fb64d440728c3d7d69e0b48b1b4bbb90980b2f67d991388ef52877bbJmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=%22Allah+punishes+those+who+torture%22)&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYWJ1YW1pbmFlbGlhcy5jb20vZGFpbHloYWRpdGhvbmxpbmUvMjAxMi8wMS8xMi9hbGxhaC10b3J0dXJlLXB1bmlzaC8

 

[59] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=0531697ea40a168fcedbe31601bb8f4aa5225ef7ec7310b6eeb21f4c233f1a93JmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Aurangzeb%3a+The+Life+and+Legacy+of+India%e2%80%99s+Most+Controversial+King+(Truschke%2c+2017).&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuanN0b3Iub3JnL3N0YWJsZS80ODU1NjUwNQ

 

[60] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=ab364f999db9b854618643fadc83d3c6d0b72d5f775296f083ccd1526f94857fJmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Wazir+Khan%2c+the+Nawab+of+Sirhind%2c&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvV2F6aXJfS2hhbl8oU2lyaGluZCk

 

[61] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=bf5591546b5c0a832c613917934a650f2df2e1878560a32d7e2a7e3e57b13a05JmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=jats+of+punjab&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvSmF0cw

 

[62] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=bd4716714ce838b2fdadb6d4ff67105893588ba76bb2583d3c612327d67f6f1dJmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=creation+of+the+Khalsa+Panth+by+Guru+Gobind+Singh+Ji+in+1699.&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuamV0aXIub3JnL3BhcGVycy9KRVRJUjIzMDkyNTIucGRm

 

[63] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=a0bfec15d879697172e370735a722e17acc597517cadf2b61930da35721e1da9JmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=sant-sipahi)%2c&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvU2FudF9TaXBhaGk

 

[64] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=05ba9c1e02cb676e8ee9c031e27ab83bd5bc8b16137e94aae51b7e8a3a8407d9JmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=%e2%80%a2+The+Spirit+of+the+Khalsa%3a&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9zaGluaW5nc2lraC5jb20vdGhlLXNwaXJpdC1vZi1raGFsc2Etc2lraC1pZGVudGl0eS1hbmQtY29tbWl0bWVudC8jOn46dGV4dD1UaGUlMjBLaGFsc2ElMjB3YXMlMjBmb3JtYWxseSUyMGVzdGFibGlzaGVkJTIwb24lMjBNYXJjaCUyMDMwJTJDLGNvbW11bml0eSUyMGRlZGljYXRlZCUyMHRvJTIwc2VsZmxlc3NuZXNzJTJDJTIwanVzdGljZSUyQyUyMGFuZCUyMHNwaXJpdHVhbCUyMGRpc2NpcGxpbmUu

 

[65] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=e87d935c4215fcec8036d59323466b41fa35066799fb8318282c76f8076830a7JmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=decline+of+mughal+empire+ppt&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuc2xpZGVzaGFyZS5uZXQvc2xpZGVzaG93L3RoZS1kZWNsaW5lLW9mLW11Z2hhbHMvNDgyMTg3ODQ

 

[66] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=0e34e2b22df26a7def1d9a78dafc6a78d6da51b71313d031d6b272bb8bff09afJmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=banda+singh+bahadur+death&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvQmFuZGFfU2luZ2hfQmFoYWR1cg

 

[67] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=3a99420776d55f6847e0ac6ffc5c84a07495e60a0c2ab00ef0a4712c26222d74JmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Punjab&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvUHVuamFi

 

[68] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=044e7abc2da0701202237f3a561cd6d21963457b46f989e76603e7a7079d3664JmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=The+Rise+of+the+Sikh+Empire&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuc2lraGhlcm9zLmNvbS9oaXN0b3J5LWFuZC1jdWx0dXJlL3RoZS1yaXNlLW9mLXNpa2gtZW1waXJlLWV4cGxvcmluZy10aGUtZ2xvcmlvdXMtcGVyaW9kLW9mLXB1bmphYnMtc2lraC1ydWxlLw

 

[69] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=903ba113bd553f496f74aef91ce910e345bd6cc20de4183e5f909ca4b760ce0cJmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Gurdwara+Rakab+Ganj+Sahib&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuc2lraGl3aWtpLm9yZy9pbmRleC5waHA_dGl0bGU9R3VyZHdhcmFfUmFrYWJfR2Fual9TYWhpYg

 

^[70] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=314d2f4e61532e8a19bd5c65160c104f086ccf1cb9ed34d7a8ea9d4ccf7f8efeJmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=khalsa+philosophy&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9waGlsb3NvcGh5Lmluc3RpdHV0ZS9yZWxpZ2lvbnMtb2YtdGhlLXdvcmxkL2toYWxzYS1tb3ZlbWVudC1zaWtoaXNtLWFybXMtZXF1YWxpdHkvIzp-OnRleHQ9VGhlJTIwS2hhbHNhJTIwTW92ZW1lbnQlMjB3YXMlMjBncm91bmRlZCUyMGluJTIwc2V2ZXJhbCUyMGtleSxpbnRvJTIwdGhlJTIwbW9zdCUyMGltcG9ydGFudCUyMG9mJTIwdGhlc2UlMjBjb3JlJTIwdmFsdWVzLg

 

[71] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=dbef3300e93713874cdb9617f67dbb7c0657193c17a58aec22014085bd3c566bJmltdHM9MTc1ODkzMTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=karmic+retribution+meaning&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cud2lzZG9tbGliLm9yZy9jb25jZXB0L2thcm1pYy1yZXRyaWJ1dGlvbg

______________________________________________

Professor G. Hoosen M. Vawda (Bsc; MBChB; PhD.Wits) is a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace Development Environment.
Director: Glastonbury Medical Research Centre; Community Health and Indigent Programme Services; Body Donor Foundation SA.
Principal Investigator: Multinational Clinical Trials
Consultant: Medical and General Research Ethics; Internal Medicine and Clinical Psychiatry:UKZN, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine
Executive Member: Inter Religious Council KZN SA
Public Liaison: Medical Misadventures
Activism: Justice for All
Email: vawda@ukzn.ac.za

Tags: Amritsar, Aurangzeb, Chhaava, Golden Temple. Guru Gobind Singh, Guru Tegh Bahadur, Kashmir, Ladakh, Mughal Emperor, Punjab, Sambhaji Maharaj, Sikhism, The Khalsa, chattrapati

This article originally appeared on Transcend Media Service (TMS) on 29 Sep 2025.

Anticopyright: Editorials and articles originated on TMS may be freely reprinted, disseminated, translated and used as background material, provided an acknowledgement and link to the source, TMS: The Unflinching Sentinel: Guru Tegh Bahadur in the Pursuit of Eternal Propagation of Peace, Justice and Righteousness (Part 2), is included. Thank you.

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