The Garden of Peace Memories: Revisiting Kashmir’s Cultural Past and Present, Odyssean Soul (Part 4)

TRANSCEND MEMBERS, 13 Oct 2025

Prof Hoosen Vawda – TRANSCEND Media Service

This publication is suitable for general readership. Parental guidance is recommended for minors who may use this paper as a resource material for projects.

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“Can The Sacred Harmony in the Vale of Kashmir be Ever Restored?” [1]

 Prologue: An Echo from the Vitastas[2],[3]

This publication, Part 4 in the series on Kashmir [4],[5],[6], explores the arts, crafts and indigenous culture in the heart of the Himalayas, where the Jhelum[7], [8] flows and the chinars[9] whisper ancient prayers, devotees of Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, and Buddhism gather in reverent unity. Vitastā (वितस्ता).is the name of a river originating from Himālaya[10], a holy mountain (kulaparvata) in Bhārata[11], according to the Varāhapurāṇa chapter 85[12]. There are settlements (janapada) where Āryas[13] and Mlecchas[14] dwell who drink water from these rivers. Bhārata is a region south of Hemādri[15], once ruled over by Bharata (son of Ṛṣabha[16]), whose ancestral lineage can be traced back to Svāyambhuva Manu,[17] who was created by Brahmā[18], who was in turn created by Nārāyaṇa[19], the unknowable all-pervasive primordial being.

In Kashmir, each structure, be it mosque, mandir, gurdwara, or monastery, stands distinct yet interconnected, echoing the spirit of shared sanctity. This image is a tribute to the syncretic soul of Kashmir, where the divine is approached not through division, but through the harmony of hearts of the diverse religious and cultural groups of Kashmiris.

Historically, Kashmir has been a cradle of spiritual confluence, home to the mystic poetry of Lal Ded[20], the teachings of Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali[21],[22] also called Rishi Nund Reshi[23] and the Sikh Gurus. [24], [25]The confusion arises because “Nund Rishi” is also referred to as “Rishi Nund” or “Nund Lal” by Kashmiri Hindus. These are different names for the same person, reflecting the syncretic reverence he commands across religious communities in Kashmir. Muslims often call him Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali or Sheikh-ul-Alam (Spiritual Guide of the World). Hindus refer to him as Nund Rishi, Nund Lal, or Sahajananda[26]. This dual naming is a testament to his unifying spiritual legacy, much like his contemporary Lal Ded[27], who is said to have spiritually nurtured him in his infancy. Their legacies remind us that Kashmir’s true heritage lies not in conflict, but in coexistence. May the memory of this sacred unity guide us toward a future of peace and mutual reverence. It is important to review the background of Sheik Noor-ud-din Wali. Sheikh Noor-ud-Din Wali (R.A) or Nund Reshi is a famous Sufi saint from Kashmir. He was born in 1377 CE on the day of Eid al-Adha. He is also known as Sheikh ul Alam and Alamdar-e-Kashmir. He is highly respected by both Muslims as well as Hindus.

Sheikh Noor-ud-Din Wali was born in Qaimoh.[28] It is a village in the district of Kulgam. His father’s name was Salar-ud-din. He was a Chowkidar (night watchman). His mother’s name was Sadra. She was also known as Sadra Mouj [29]and Sadra Ded. They were well known for being devoted. They accepted Islam and became Muslims through Hazrat Mir Syed Simnania[30] (R.A.). He was a famous Islamic scholar. His mausoleum is in Kulgam[31]. There are a few tales related to his birth and the time after it. It is sad that his parents were eager to have a son after their marriage. Salar-ud-din was a chowkidar in Khai village.[32] It was full moon night, and he was doing his duties. He reached the village’s edge and took a bit of a rest next to a sadhu’s hut. The sadhu was not just an expert in astronomy, but also a developed spiritualist.

Salar overheard that the sadhu was telling his wife about a bouquet of roses. These roses were going to emerge from the spring of Khaijogipora[33] at midnight. It was that very night that if any lady would breathe in the aroma of those roses, she might give birth to a saint of the universe.

Within a split second, a bouquet of lilies would arrive in its place, replacing the roses. Any other woman who would pick the lilies and breathe in their smell would also give birth to a saint. The latter one would be of inferior stature.

After hearing this, Salar-ud-din ran towards his home. He told his wife about the incident. Thus, they rushed towards the spring, where they discovered a bouquet of roses. The bouquet was poking out of its clear, milky water. Sadra took a whiff of the bouquet after picking it up. While they were heading back to home, they saw the Sadhu and his wife walking towards the same spring. Sadra was swayed by a wonderful smell; the yogi could tell by the way she was expressing herself.

It is said that after nine months, she gave birth to a son. It is also said that the baby didn’t drink the milk from his mother for three consecutive days. His parents were worried. On the evening of the third day, Lal Ded came to their home. She took the baby and buzzes few words in his ear. 

If not ashamed of being born, Why to feel shy of the worldly pleasures?

After this, the baby started drinking the milk from her breast. This is how he had his first taste of the world. Lal Ded then returned the child to her mother after he felt satisfied. She warned by saying, “Let you take care of my spiritual successor.”

It is said he was named by Syed Hussain Simnani. His parents used to call him “Nund”. He later used this as his pen name. We have very few records of his early life. However, it is obvious that he was an intelligent kid. This led people to believe that his accomplishments were the result of his spirituality.

The historians or anthologists never tried to learn about his early age. They were only interested in his miraculous deeds. So they only collected the information that was relevant to their subjects. Some of his verses tell us about his early life. They are connected with tradition. They throw some light on his childhood and youth.

Nund Reshi was taken to the local maktab by his mother. There he was taught the first two letters of the Arabic alphabet, “Alif” and “Bay,” by the teacher. He repeated the first letter “Alif” with happiness but denied repeating the second letter “Bay.” His teacher scolded him. He replied by saying, “Alif “is Allah, who is the one and only. “Bay “creates duality. The teacher got annoyed by the kid. He expelled him from the institution.

It disappointed her mother very much. She took her to a weaving centre. There, he started working as a trainee. He remained very nice to his master and was learning the profession. He noticed that the weaver uses his teeth to cut the thread as he plays the shuttle on the loom. He would also swallow the broken bits. The little student told the teacher that he was misappropriating the things that were given to him.

The master felt embarrassed. He called his mother. He requested that she take his son back. He said that “he is an ascetic kid. And he cannot pick up worldly occupations.” This prevented the master from enjoying the company of the bright little boy.

Her frustrated mother took him back. Sheikh Noor-ud-Din Wali (R.A) had two stepbrothers, Shash and Gundro. She requested that they train him as a night watchman. But instead of training, they started spoiling him. They were rogues, while Nund was a saint. They began to bother him as he grew up. He joined them a few times to find work. Nund realised that he couldn’t be happy with them. He then apprenticed with a few traders. There, too, he felt disillusioned with the methods of the world.

At the age of thirty, Sheikh Noor-ud-Din Wali (R.A) decided to retreat to a cave for meditation. The cave where he did his meditation is in Qaimoh. It is ten feet deep. It is said that he spent his twelve years in the forest. In his last days, he kept himself to one cup of milk a day. And finally, he limited himself to only water.

Nund Reshi passed away at the age of 63 in the year 1440 A.D. During that time, Kashmir was ruled by the Shah Miri Dynasty. He followed his coffin to the cemetery. Makhdum Baba Usman Uchchap Ganai presided over the funeral prayer. He was the divine alim (scholar) of his time.[34]

 

Before the argument, the data, and the analysis, there is the memory. This is an attempt to listen to the whispers that rise from the silt of the Jhelum, to trace the fading calligraphy on the old wooden façades of Srinagar, and to feel the tremor in the voice of a Pandit woman singing a Vanvun song in exile. This paper is not merely an academic exercise; it is a pilgrimage. It is a journey to map the odyssey of the Kashmiri soul, a soul that, like Odysseus, has navigated tumultuous seas, yearned for a homeland, and carries within it the indelible scars and splendours of a long journey. We begin not with a thesis, but with an invocation: to remember the Garden, not as it is, but as it was in its perennial bloom, and as it dreams to be once more.

 Introduction: The Palimpsest of Paradise[35]

Kashmir has long been imagined as a terrestrial paradise, a “Garden” of breathtaking beauty. Yet, its contemporary narrative is often dominated by the discordant notes of geopolitical conflict. This paper seeks to shift the focus to the deeper, more enduring stratum: its cultural consciousness. We posit Kashmir not just as a geographical or political entity, but as a living, breathing palimpsest where ancient Buddhist peace, vibrant Hindu Shaivism, and profound Sufi Islam have layered to create a unique “Odyssean Soul.” This soul is characterized by resilience, a syncretic identity, and a perpetual journey towards its own essence. The primary objective here is to excavate the “Peace Memories”—the cultural, spiritual, and artistic residues of this syncretism—and explore how they persist in the present, offering a potential lexicon for reconciliation and reclamation.

Historical Context and Current Tensions

The conflict stems from the 1947 partition of India[36]. The princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, ruled by a Hindu Maharaja but with a majority Muslim population, became a disputed territory when tribal militias from Pakistan invaded, leading the ruler to accede to India. This triggered the first India-Pakistan war over Kashmir.

Recent events highlight the ongoing volatility. In April 2025, a militant attack on tourists in Pahalgam (Indian-administered Kashmir) killed 26 people.[37] India blamed Pakistan-based militant groups, and in May 2025, launched air strikes on what it called “terrorist infrastructure” inside Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir.[38] Pakistan denied involvement in the initial attack and reported casualties from the Indian strikes, leading to a dangerous military escalation between the nuclear-armed neighbours.[39]

Nund Rishi’s Impact on Kashmir’s Culture and Interfaith Harmony

1. Founder of the Rishi Order[40], A Syncretic Sufi Tradition

Nund Rishi established the Rishi Order, a uniquely Kashmiri spiritual movement that blended Islamic Sufism with Hindu asceticism and Bhakti devotion. This order emphasized:

• Meditation and simplicity
• Vegetarianism and non-violence
• Love for nature and all living beings

It resonated deeply with both Muslim and Hindu communities, creating a spiritual common ground.

2. Influence of Lal Ded – A Shaivite Mystic[41]

Nund Rishi was spiritually nurtured by Lal Ded (Lalleshwari), a revered Hindu Shaivite poet-saint. The spiritual kinship between Lal Ded and Nund Rishi symbolizes the harmonious blending of Shaivism and Sufism in Kashmir. Their teachings transcended religious boundaries, fostering a culture of tolerance, compassion, and unity. Their combined legacy laid the foundation for the Rishi order in Kashmir, which emphasizes inner spirituality over external rituals and promotes a universal message of love and understanding.

In summary, the profound connection between Nund Rishi and Lal Ded exemplifies the rich tapestry of Kashmir’s spiritual heritage, characterized by a deep commitment to inner realization, universal love, and the transcendence of religious divisions.

Lal Ded (Lalleshwari) profoundly shaped the Rishi Sufi Order in Kashmir through her mystic poetry, known as ‘Vakhs’.

Her teachings shaped his worldview, and he often echoed her themes of:

• Inner purity over ritual
• Unity of the divine
• Liberation through love and detachment

This guru-disciple relationship across faiths became a symbol of Kashmir’s spiritual inclusivity. A widely recounted legend narrates that as an infant, Nund Rishi refused to nurse from his mother. Lalleshwari (Lal Ded), upon visiting, addressed the child:

“If you are not ashamed of being born, why are you ashamed of being breastfed?”

Following her words, the child began to nurse, an act interpreted as Lal Ded imparting spiritual wisdom to Nund Rishi. This anecdote underscores the deep spiritual bond between the two mystics. Both Lal Ded and Nund Rishi employed vernacular Kashmiri poetic forms (‘Vakhs’ and ‘Shruks’) respectively to convey their mystical experiences and teachings. Their verses emphasize themes such as the impermanence of the material world, the importance of self-realization, and the unity of existence. Nund Rishi’s poetry often reflects the influence of Lal Ded’s thought, acknowledging her spiritual stature and expressing a desire to attain similar enlightenment, he writes:[42]

That Lalla of Padmanpore,

The one who drank the nectar,

The one who kept gazing at Shiva,

God, give me a gift like that!

The spiritual kinship between Lal Ded and Nund Rishi symbolizes the harmonious blending of Shaivism and Sufism in Kashmir. Their teachings transcended religious boundaries, fostering a culture of tolerance, compassion, and unity. Their combined legacy laid the foundation for the Rishi order in Kashmir, which emphasizes inner spirituality over external rituals and promotes a universal message of love and understanding.

 

3. Poetry That Spoke to All

His shruks (Kashmiri verses) were written in the vernacular, making them accessible to common people. His poetry:

• Criticized materialism and hypocrisy
• Advocated for compassion and humility
• Used metaphors from both Islamic and Hindu traditions

This helped bridge cultural divides and fostered a shared moral and spiritual vocabulary.

4. A Saint for All Faiths

• Muslims revere him as a Wali (friend of God) and spiritual guide.
• Hindus honour him as a Rishi (sage) and moral teacher.
• His shrine at Charar-e-Sharif[43] is visited by people of all faiths, especially during his Urs (death anniversary).

This dual reverence is rare and reflects his unifying presence in Kashmiri society.

5. Ecological and Ethical Teachings

His famous verse:

Ann poshi teli yeli wan poshi (Food will last only as long as the forests last), shows his deep ecological awareness, linking spirituality with sustainability, a message that transcends religious boundaries.

6. Legacy of Peace and Cohesion

In times of political and religious tension, Nund Rishi’s teachings have been invoked to:

• Promote interfaith dialogue
• Encourage peaceful coexistence
• Remind Kashmiris of their shared spiritual heritage

His life remains a moral compass for those seeking unity in diversity.

The Kashmiri Language (कॉशुर / کٲشُر)

Kashmiri is not just a dialect; it is a distinct language with a history spanning over a millennium.

1. Linguistic Family and Uniqueness

• Dardic Connection: Kashmiri belongs to the Dardic group of the Indo-Aryan language family. This is a crucial point of distinction. While it has absorbed immense vocabulary from Sanskrit, Persian, and Arabic, its core grammatical structure and certain phonetic features link it to other Dardic languages spoken in the mountainous regions of Gilgit-Baltistan and Nuristan (Afghanistan), rather than directly to the plains of Punjab or Hindi-speaking areas.
• A Linguistic Island: This makes Kashmiri something of a “linguistic island” within the broader Indo-Aryan landscape, giving it a unique character.

2. Historical Evolution and Influences

The language’s history reflects the region’s tumultuous past, with each wave of rulers leaving a mark on the vocabulary.

• Sanskrit Base (Ancient Era): The foundational vocabulary and grammar are derived from Sanskrit. The oldest known text, the Chumma Sampradaya, dates back to the 11th century.
• Persian Influence (14th-19th Century): With the arrival of Islam and the rule of Persian-speaking dynasties (Shah Mir, Mughals, Afghans), Kashmiri absorbed a massive number of Persian words related to administration, culture, law, and everyday life. The Perso-Arabic script became the primary medium for writing.
• Arabic Influence: Primarily through Persian and Islam, Arabic contributed many religious and scholarly terms.
• Modern Influences: In the 20th and 21st centuries, Urdu (Pakistan’s national language) and English have become significant sources of new vocabulary, especially for modern concepts, technology, and administration.

3. The Script Question: A Unique Challenge

One of the most complex aspects of the Kashmiri language is its script. There is no single, universally accepted script, which poses challenges for its preservation and standardization.

• Perso-Arabic Script[44] (with modifications): This is the most widely used script, especially among the Muslim majority. It is the official script used in schools in the Kashmir Valley. However, standard Arabic script lacks characters for certain Kashmiri vowel sounds, so modified versions with additional diacritical marks (like zer, zabar, pesh) are used.
• Sharada Script[45] (Historical): This is an ancient script indigenous to Kashmir, derived from the Brahmi script. It was the primary script for Sanskrit and Kashmiri for centuries until it was largely displaced by Perso-Arabic. Today, it is used mainly by the Kashmiri Pandit (Hindu) community for religious and ceremonial purposes. There are revival movements to bring it back into broader use.
• Devanagari Script:[46] Used primarily by the Kashmiri Pandit community in exile and for academic purposes in India. It is also an official script for the language in India.

This script division often falls along religious and political lines, making the standardization of written Kashmiri a sensitive issue.

4. Literary Heritage

Kashmiri boasts a rich literary tradition that is a great source of pride for its people.

• Lal Ded (14th Century): The most revered figure in Kashmiri culture. A female mystic poet-saint, her poetic verses (vaakhs) are foundational to Kashmiri literature and spiritual thought, influencing both Sufi Islam and Kashmiri Shaivism. Her works are recited by Kashmiris of all faiths.
• Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali (Nund Rishi) (14th-15th Century): The foremost Sufi saint of Kashmir, his poetry continues the tradition of Lal Ded and is deeply woven into the cultural fabric.
• Habba Khatoon[47],[48] (16th Century): A poet-queen known as the “Nightingale of Kashmir,” her lyrical poems about love and separation are immensely popular.
• Modern Era: The 20th century saw a renaissance with poets like Ghulam Ahmad Mahjoor[49] and Abdul Ahad Azad,[50] who are celebrated for using the language to express nationalist and progressive ideas.

5. Current Status and Challenges

Despite its rich history, the Kashmiri language faces significant challenges in the 21st century.

• Status: It is one of the 22 scheduled languages of India but is not an official language of the Union. It is an official language of the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, alongside Urdu, Hindi, and English.
• Domain Shrinkage: The use of Kashmiri is often restricted to the home and informal settings. In education, government, and media, Urdu, Hindi, and English dominate. Many urban, educated Kashmiris are more fluent in Urdu or English than in literary Kashmiri.
• Demographic Pressures: The exodus of the Kashmiri Pandit community in the 1990s led to a significant loss of native speakers who were custodians of certain linguistic and literary traditions.
• Global Diaspora: The Kashmiri diaspora around the world works to keep the language alive, but distance from the homeland presents its own set of challenges for language transmission to new generations.

It is necessary to emphasise that for the Kashmiri people, their language is far more than a tool for communication. It is a vessel of their thousand-year history, their spiritual wisdom (from Lal Ded to the Rishis), and their distinct identity. The struggle to preserve and promote Kashmiri in the face of modernization, political conflict, and the dominance of other languages is a central concern for intellectuals and cultural activists in the region today.

Kashmir has a rich and diverse cultural landscape that includes live theatre, a growing film industry, vibrant singing arts, and established museology studies, though some areas face challenges due to the region’s historical and political context.

The table below summarizes the key aspects of these cultural fields in Kashmir.

Cultural Field	Key Details & Examples	Notable Figures/Institutions
Film Industry	A small but emerging Kashmiri-language cinema; historically used as a scenic backdrop for Bollywood.	Directors: Tariq Bhat (Welcome to Kashmir), Musa Syeed (Valley of Saints), Ali Emran (Qouluf). Actors: Mir Sarwar, Zaira Wasim.
Singing & Music	Diverse traditional genres like Sufiana Kalam (classical), Chakri (folk storytelling), and Henzae (ancient Pandit hymns).	Contemporary artists: Zartasha Zainab, Sunayana Kachroo. Traditional instrument: Santoor, mastered by Pandit Shivkumar Sharma (from Jammu) and Bhajan Sopori.
Museology	Academic programs dedicated to preserving and studying the cultural heritage of Jammu and Kashmir.	Centre for Studies in Museology at the University of Jammu; Sheikh Noor-ud-din Noorani Museum of Heritage.
Live Theatre & Performance	Traditional performing arts like Rouf/Wanwun[51] (ceremonial dance) and Ladishah (sarcastic folk singing).	The Kashmir World Film Festival and Verite Film Festival serve as platforms for cinematic and storytelling performances.

Film Industry: A Story of Resilience

The Kashmiri film industry is small and has faced significant obstacles, but a new wave of filmmakers is emerging.

• Historical Context: The first Kashmiri feature film, Mainz Raat, was released in 1964. However, the eruption of militancy in 1989 led to cinema halls being shut down for decades and halted local film production. For a long time, Bollywood primarily used Kashmir’s landscape as a picturesque backdrop for romantic stories without engaging with the local reality.
• Contemporary Voices: Recently, Kashmiri filmmakers have begun creating films that tell their own stories. These films, such as Harud[52], Kashmir Daily,[53] and Valley of Saints[54], often focus on realistic portrayals of life, cultural identity, and the impact of conflict, moving away from commercial formulas.
• Revival Efforts: The reopening of multiplexes in Srinagar and the establishment of mini-theatres in towns like Pulwama and Shopian since 2022 are positive steps toward reviving cinema culture.

Singing and Musical Arts

Kashmiri music is a profound expression of the region’s soul, blending influences from Central Asia and North India.

• Traditional Forms: The classical music of the region is Sufiana Kalam[55], which uses specific modes (maqams) and instruments like the santoor and rubab. Chakri is a popular, rhythmic folk song form often used to tell stories, while Henzae is an ancient form of singing practiced by the Kashmiri Pandit community.
• Contemporary Artists: Today, artists and independent music labels like Renzu Music [56]are working to promote Kashmiri musicians on modern platforms, blending traditional sounds with contemporary genres.
• Unique Folk Traditions: Ladishah[57] is a unique and important part of Kashmiri music, a humorous and sarcastic form of folk singing that comments on current social and political issues.

Museology and Heritage Preservation

There is a formal academic and institutional effort to preserve Kashmir’s cultural heritage.

• The Centre for Studies in Museology at the University of Jammu offers specialized programs to train students as curators, conservationists, and heritage managers. Its mission is to preserve the “pluralistic culture” of Jammu and Kashmir and encourage research.
• The affiliated Sheikh Noor-ud-din Noorani Museum of Heritage[58] aims to be a major resource centre for the diverse cultural facets of the region.

Live Theatre and Performance Arts

While the search results do not detail a modern urban theatre scene, they highlight vibrant traditional performing arts that are deeply embedded in Kashmiri culture.

• Rouf (or Wanwun) is a traditional dance form performed by women on important occasions like marriages and festivals.
• As mentioned, Ladishah is a performative folk tradition where singers travel from village to village, composing and singing humorous, on-the-spot commentaries on social and political issues. This can be seen as a form of grassroots, mobile live theatre.

Challenges and Opportunities

Despite this rich heritage, the cultural scene faces challenges. A significant issue is the lack of infrastructure, such as dedicated film schools, government grants, and production facilities, which forces many artists to leave the Valley to train. However, there is a growing recognition that supporting these arts is crucial for economic opportunity, cultural expression, and healing.

The Crown Jewel: Kashmiri Carpets & Rugs[59]

Kashmiri carpets are not just floor coverings; they are works of art woven with patience and skill. Their fame stems from several key characteristics:

Aspect	Description
Primary Material	Silk or high-quality Pashmina wool. Silk carpets have a finer, more luminous sheen, while wool carpets are more durable.
Distinctive Feature	Hand-Knotted Pile: Unlike flat-weaves or machine-made rugs, each knot is tied by hand onto the warp threads. A single carpet can contain hundreds of knots per square inch (KPSI), a measure of its density and intricacy.
Iconic Designs	Persian Influences: The most famous designs are Persian motifs like the hunting scene (Shikargaah), garden (Gul-e-Gulzar), and tree-of-life. Kashmiri Designs: Floral patterns like the Buta/Paisley and the Jamaawar (all-over pattern).
Craftsmanship	The process is incredibly labour-intensive. A single, high-quality carpet can take a team of weavers several months or even years to complete. The skill is often passed down through generations within families.

 

 Beyond Carpets: A Tapestry of Other Renowned Crafts

While carpets are the most internationally known, Kashmir’s craft tradition is remarkably diverse.

1. Pashmina[60] and Shahtoosh [61] Shawls

This is perhaps as famous as the carpets. The word “Pashmina” comes from pashm, the Persian word for “soft gold” or wool.

• Pashmina: Made from the ultra-fine undercoat of the Changthangi goat [62](a breed of the Asiatic Ibex) found in the high altitudes of Ladakh. Authentic Pashmina shawls are incredibly soft, light, and warm. The most exquisite Pashminas are embroidered with intricate patterns using a technique called Sozni.
• Shahtoosh (or “Ring Shawl”): Historically, shawls were made from the down hair of the Tibetan antelope (Chiru). A Shahtoosh shawl was so finely woven it could supposedly be pulled through a wedding ring. However, hunting the Chiru is now banned internationally (under CITES) as it is an endangered species. The trade is illegal, and genuine Shahtoosh is virtually unavailable in legal markets.

2. Papier-Mâché[63]

A craft believed to have been brought to Kashmir by Persian Sufi saint Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani in the 14th century. It involves:

• Saqqaat: Creating a base object from a special pulp of paper and cloth.
• Naqashi: The intricate painting process, where artists use natural pigments and squirrel-hair brushes to paint elaborate floral patterns, mythological scenes, or calligraphy. The final step is a glossy varnish. Items range from decorative boxes and vases to Christmas ornaments.

3. Woodwork (Khatamband & Walnut Wood Carving)[64]

• Khatamband: This is an ancient craft of creating decorative geometric patterned ceilings without using nails. Wooden pieces (typically deodar or walnut) are carved into interlocking shapes (like polygons and stars) that fit together like a puzzle.
• Walnut Wood Carving: Kashmir is one of the few places in the world where the walnut tree grows. The rich, dark wood is carved into exquisite furniture, screens, boxes, and decorative items featuring floral and geometric patterns.

4. Namda (Felted Rugs)[65]

A traditional craft where wool is matted, pressed, and rolled using water and soap to create a felted fabric. These rugs are then often embroidered with colorful chain-stitch patterns (Aari work). Namdas are softer and less expensive than knotted carpets.

5. Crewel Embroidery[66]

This involves stitching patterns with a hooked needle (Aari) onto a cotton or wool fabric (often used for curtains and upholstery). The designs are typically large, bold floral and vine motifs, embroidered with thick, woolen threads.

6. Kashmiri Jewellery[67]

Kashmiri jewellery is not just something one wears, it is an heirloom, a storyteller, and a piece of living history. The breathtaking valley of Kashmir, with its snow-capped peaks and serene lakes, has long inspired artisans to craft jewellery that reflects its natural beauty and cultural richness. IIt is necessary to explore the enchanting world of Kashmiri jewellery, uncover its most iconic pieces, and understand why it continues to captivate hearts worldwide. Subtle yet stunning, Kashmiri jewellery is the perfect blend of elegance and tradition. Unlike flashier designs from other regions, Kashmiri pieces are known for their intricate detailing and sophisticated charm. Artisans, often working with silver, gold, and semi-precious stones, create designs inspired by chinar leaves, flowers, and birds, symbols that mirror the valley’s natural landscape.[68]

Must-Know Names in Kashmiri Jewellery

Each piece of Kashmiri jewellery tells a story, steeped in customs and age-old traditions. Here are some of the most celebrated names you should know:

• Tumar: The iconic bridal headpiece that adds royalty to every Kashmiri bride’s look.
• Dejhoor: Traditional earrings, instantly recognizable and worn by married women as a symbol of their new status.
• Kanphool: Earrings with delicate floral patterns, capturing nature’s grace.
• Guluband: A close-fitting choker that sits elegantly at the base of the neck.
• Haar: A long, graceful necklace often featuring engraved pendants.
• Athoor: Nose pins or rings that frame the face with understated beauty.

These are not just accessories, they’re part of a woman’s identity, often passed down as precious family heirlooms.[69]

Paper Mache Kashmir – The Elegance of Handmade Art[70]

Paper Mache Kashmir is a centuries-old craft known for its intricate hand-painted designs and eco-friendly techniques. This traditional art form of Paper Mache, Kashmir is one of the most intricate and fascinating crafts that has been practiced in Kashmir for centuries. Rooted in Persian influence and refined by local artisans, this delicate art form has become a symbol of Kashmiri culture and tradition. Whether it is a beautifully decorated box, a vibrant wall hanging, or a delicately designed ornament, Kashmiri Paper Mache exudes an unmatched charm that captures the essence of the valley’s artistic heritage.

 

Summary

Kashmir’s arts and crafts are a direct reflection of its geography and history. The cold climate necessitated warm textiles like Pashmina, while its position on the Silk Road brought Persian and Central Asian influences, seen in carpet designs and Papier-Mâché. The common threads running through all these crafts are:

• Use of Local Materials: Pashmina wool, walnut wood.
• Intricate Handicraft: A rejection of mass production in favour of meticulous, time-consuming artistry.
• Floral and Geometric Motifs: A distinct visual language inspired by the region’s natural beauty (often called the “Kashmir pattern”).

These crafts are not just economic activities; they are a vital part of Kashmiri cultural heritage and a source of immense pride for its people.

The term Kashmiriyat[71] is a profound and evocative concept, though its meaning and contemporary relevance are subjects of deep discussion and debate. It refers to a unique cultural identity and a spirit of communal harmony traditionally associated with the people of the Kashmir Valley.

At its core, Kashmiriyat (कश्मीरियत • کٔشِیر یَت) embodies the idea of a shared cultural identity that transcends religious differences. It posits that before the political conflicts of the 20th and 21st centuries, Kashmiri Muslims, Pandits (Hindus), and Sikhs were bound together more by their common land, language, and culture than they were divided by religion.

Here’s a breakdown of its key elements:

The Pillars of Kashmiriyat

1. Shared Land and Language: The foundation of Kashmiriyat is the deep connection to the land of Kashmir itself and the Kashmiri language. This common homeland and mother tongue were seen as a unifying force stronger than religious affiliation.
2. Syncretic Religious Traditions: This is the most crucial aspect. Kashmiriyat is rooted in a history of religious syncretism, where the boundaries between Islam and Hinduism were often blurred.
   • Influence of Sufism: The spread of Islam in Kashmir was significantly influenced by Sufi saints like Bulbul Shah, Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali (also known as Nund Rishi), and others. Their message emphasized love, tolerance, and a personal connection with the divine, which resonated with the existing spiritual traditions.
   • Influence of Kashmiri Shaivism: This indigenous school of Hindu philosophy, which flourished in Kashmir, focused on universal consciousness and the oneness of all beings. The poetry of saints like Lal Ded (14th century) was revered by both communities. Her verses are considered a spiritual treasure for all Kashmiris, regardless of faith.
3. Common Cultural Practices: The culture reflected this syncretism. People participated in each other’s festivals. For example, Kashmiri Muslims would celebrate Shivratri with their Pandit neighbors, and Pandits would participate in the Urs (death anniversary) of Sufi saints. They shared a common cuisine, folklore, and aesthetic sensibilities.

The Historical Context and the Modern Debate

The concept of Kashmiriyat is complex, and its current status is a matter of intense introspection:

• A Historical Reality: There is significant historical evidence of this syncretic culture, particularly from the 14th to the early 20th century. It represents an era where a distinct Kashmiri identity, based on shared values and peaceful coexistence, was a social reality.
• *A Romanticized Ideal?: In the wake of the violent conflict that began in 1989, which led to the exodus of most of the Kashmiri Pandit population, many scholars and observers argue that Kashmiriyat has been severely damaged, if not destroyed. They see it as a romanticized memory of a past that no longer exists, a casualty of political violence and communalism.
• *A Political Tool?: The term has also been used for political purposes. The Indian state has often promoted the idea of Kashmiriyat to emphasize Kashmir’s historical place within the pluralistic fabric of India. Conversely, some Kashmiri separatist intellectuals have also invoked it to define a unique Kashmiri identity that is distinct from both India and Pakistan.

Community Cohesion and Kashmiriyat

In essence, Kashmiriyat is the idea of a collective Kashmiri ethos defined by tolerance, communal harmony, and a shared cultural heritage that transcends religious identities.

• If viewed as a historical concept, it points to a genuine period of syncretism where the lines between Islam and Hinduism were fluid, creating a unique Kashmiri identity.
• If viewed in the present context, it is often seen as a wounded or fading ideal, a victim of the ongoing political conflict. Yet, for many, it remains an aspirational value—a memory of a more harmonious past and a hope for a peaceful future.

It is a term laden with nostalgia, loss, and for some, a continued hope for the soul of Kashmir.

In the 1960s’ and 1970s, numerous Bollywood films were shot in Kashmir in house boats and mountains. The relationship between Bollywood and Kashmir has gone through distinct phases: a golden era of romance in the 1960s-70s, a long interruption due to conflict, and now a significant resurgence with filming activities returning strongly to the valley.

A Love Story Interrupted

From the 1960s to the 1980s, Kashmir was the quintessential backdrop for Bollywood romance. Iconic films like Kashmir Ki Kali (1964), Jab Jab Phool Khile (1965), and Bobby (1973) were shot extensively in locations such as Gulmarg, Pahalgam, and Srinagar’s Dal Lake. The region’s picturesque landscapes, gardens, and houseboats became synonymous with cinematic fantasy and escapism.

However, with the outbreak of militancy in the late 1980s and early 1990s, this relationship was abruptly cut short. For about two decades, the focus of films set in Kashmir shifted from its beauty to the conflict, and the physical presence of film crews in the valley became rare.

Bollywood’s Return to Kashmir

After a decades-long hiatus, Bollywood has been actively returning to Kashmir. The current status is one of vibrant revival, driven by improved security and supportive government policies.

• Surge in Productions: There has been a record-breaking increase in film shoots. Reports indicate that in the recent past, over 350 film crews have shot in the region, generating significant revenue for the local economy.
• Diverse Projects: The valley is attracting not just mainstream Hindi films like Shah Rukh Khan’s Dunki[72] and Emraan Hashmi’s Ground Zero,[73] but also productions in Punjabi, Telugu, and Kannada.
• Renewed Government Support: The local government has implemented a new film policy and is actively promoting “film tourism,” opening up hundreds of scenic destinations for filmmakers. This initiative was highlighted at major events like the G20 tourism working group meeting in Srinagar.

The relationship between Kashmir and Bollywood is being renewed, with the valley once again becoming a sought-after destination for filmmakers seeking its unique beauty.

The author trusts that the above narrative gives the reader, a clear picture of the past and present status of Bollywood activities in Kashmir, noting the parent of this multibillion dollar film industry of India, with worldwide distribution.

The Odyssey of a Syncretic Soul

1. The Foundation of the Garden: Trika Shaivism[74], Buddhist Compassion, and Sufi Mysticism

• The Abode of Shiva: Exploring the non-dualistic philosophy of Kashmiri Shaivism, where the world is seen as a manifestation of divine consciousness (Pratyabhijna—Recognition). This intrinsic unity forms the philosophical bedrock of peace.
• The Lotus of Compassion: Tracing the legacy of Buddhist emperors like Ashoka and the ethos of Karuna (compassion) that left an indelible mark on the Kashmiri psyche.
• The Sufi Breath: Examining how Sufi saints like Bulbul Shah and Nund Rishi (Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali) championed a faith of unity, communal harmony, and service to humanity (Rishism), weaving Islamic mysticism into the existing spiritual fabric.

1. The Blossoming: Expressions of a Composite Culture

• The Language of the Soul: The role of Kashmiri poetry from Lal Ded and Nund Rishi to Habba Khatoon and Mahjoor, articulating a shared spiritual and emotional landscape that transcended religious boundaries.
• Sacred Spaces, Shared Places: Analysing the architecture of mutual reverence—the proximity of shrines like Khankah-e-Moula[75] and Shankaracharya Temple, and the folk traditions where saints of one faith were venerated by all.
• The Tapestry of Life: The shared celebration of festivals (Navreh, Eid), the composite traditions of marriage, and the culinary tapestry that defined everyday Kashmiri life.

III. The Long Winter: Fragmentation and the Exodus of the Soul

• The Political Storm: A brief contextualization of the geopolitical conflicts that led to the fracturing of the social fabric.
• The Unmooring: Analysing the trauma of the Kashmiri Pandit exodus not just as a demographic shift, but as a severing of a vital nerve in the cultural body of Kashmir—the loss of its ancient Sanskritic and priestly lineage.
• Living in the Aftermath: The ongoing challenges faced by communities in the Valley and in exile, and the emergence of competing, monolithic narratives that obscure the shared past.

1. The Persistence of Memory: Signs of the Odyssean Return

• Echoes in Art and Literature: How contemporary Kashmiri artists, writers, and filmmakers (from both sides of the divide) are subconsciously drawing upon the reservoir of syncretic memory to tell their stories.
• The Digital Dastangoi[76],[77]: The role of social media in creating virtual spaces where “Peace Memories” are shared, rekindling conversations about a composite identity.
• The Unsung Bridges: Instances of inter-community solidarity and individual efforts that, though small, signal the enduring pull of the Odyssean soul towards its home—the Garden.

Epilogue: The Unfinished Song

The night in the Valley is cold, but the hermit thrush still sings the same song it sang when the rishis walked the meadows. The shikara glides on the Dal, as it did for the Pandit priest and the Muslim artisan alike. The odyssey is not over. The Kashmiri soul, weathered and wise, is still navigating its way home. This home is not a map drawn by borders, but a state of being—a return to the recognition of its own syncretic, beautiful, and wounded wholeness. The journey is fraught, the destination uncertain, but the memory of the Garden compels the voyage.

Conclusion: Tending the Blossoms Amidst the Ruins

This revisitation of Kashmir’s cultural past reveals that the “Garden of Peace” was not a myth but a historical reality built on a profound philosophical and cultural syncretism. While political conflict has wrought immense devastation, the “Odyssean Soul” of Kashmir—its resilient, composite identity—has not been eradicated. The “Peace Memories” are not mere nostalgia; they are active, residual forces that manifest in art, literature, and quiet acts of remembrance. The path forward does not lie in ignoring the present pain, but in consciously cultivating these memories. The future of Kashmir depends on its ability to recognize its own Odyssean nature—to acknowledge the wounds of the journey, but to be guided, ultimately, by the indelible memory of the Garden.

Take Home Message

The hope for a peaceful and harmonious Kashmir lies not in the imposition of a singular political narrative, but in the deliberate and courageous revival of its deeply embedded, pluralistic cultural memory. By rediscovering and celebrating its shared heritage of Shaivist philosophy, Buddhist compassion, and Sufi mysticism, the people of Kashmir, in all their diversity, can begin to re-imagine a future that honours the true, Odyssean depth of their collective soul.

Bottom Line

Kashmir’s essence is, and has always been, syncretic. Its soul’s odyssey is a journey back to this unity. The “Garden of Peace” must be replanted not in the soil, but in the heart.

Comments and discussion are invited by e-mail: vawda@ukzn.ac.za

Global: + 27 82 291 4546

References:

[1] Personal quote by the author October 2025.

 

[2] What Does The Name Vitasta Mean?

 

[3] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=0842b31f09d6642242a591d7df1717ff29cef87e77b9df8dabe469f1b19e118eJmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Vitastas&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cud2lzZG9tbGliLm9yZy9kZWZpbml0aW9uL3ZpdGFzdGE

 

[4] https://www.transcend.org/tms/2025/09/the-unbroken-spirit-of-peace-propagation-a-historical-examination-of-sikh-oppression-and-resilience-from-guru-tegh-bahadur-to-the-present-era-part-1/

 

[5] https://www.transcend.org/tms/2025/09/the-unflinching-sentinel-guru-tegh-bahadur-in-the-pursuit-of-eternal-propagation-of-peace-justice-and-righteousness-part-2/

 

[6] https://www.transcend.org/tms/2025/10/the-transformation-of-kashmir-from-peaceful-heaven-on-earth-with-shikaras-and-pashminas-to-hell-on-earth-amidst-gross-peace-disruption-part-3/

 

[7] Vitasta, Vitashta, Vitastā: 17 definitions

[8] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=6d6cabbe64f26714cc0cd6012357df4af2dddcf3d907bc4eb6b9be81246b65f3JmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=jhelum+river&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvSmhlbHVtX1JpdmVy

 

[9] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=591ed7a2ea35f144f2a3418636284ff9ace63b78b6b6af67a2d557e7c4ab31f5JmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=chinars&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9tZWRpdW0uY29tL0ByaXlhbndhcnIvaWYtdGhlLWNoaW5hcnMtY291bGQtc3BlYWsta2FzaG1pcnMtaGlzdG9yeS10aHJvdWdoLWl0cy10aW1lbGVzcy10cmVlcy1kZGI4MmQ1ZjBhODk

 

[10] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=1149ffcdee0c25fd941e13fef45b1541386d1347ec21df36d6c63936c937cedfJmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Him%c4%81laya&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvSGltYWxheWFz

[11] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=85073ea969263cc4d5553eb031f09c9c85e7cddbc66d1d66d9606cdcaf8f1e2eJmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Bh%c4%81rata&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvQmhhcmF0YV8oTWFoYWJoYXJhdGEp

 

[12] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=d6967511f7d98592a2e79bd1cac36fe3d4a6dcdfb9e0ea9309712fe8a8c3cc77JmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Var%c4%81hapur%c4%81%e1%b9%87a+chapter+85&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cueW91dHViZS5jb20vd2F0Y2g_dj0tcmJkRVRhRjlWcw

 

[13] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=9187fdffb38dfef9be0ec82eba59cfb0e65bb768888df6cbec6bbcf23e1386b4JmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=%c4%80ryas&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvQXJ5YV8oQnVkZGhpc20p

 

[14] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=f3f53c0fa9bad4c3e4e9078033f9f7f0380c21c918716d602c336fe47fc95c92JmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Mlecchas&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvTWxlY2NoYQ

 

[15] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=c5280942d5a39fb63be355af5eec6114c1cc847b2f4603ff74bfe495079fb803JmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=hemadri+meaning&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYXNrLW9yYWNsZS5jb20vYmFieS1uYW1lL2hlbWFkcmkvIzp-OnRleHQ9SGVtYWRyaSUyMGlzJTIwYSUyMG5hbWUlMjBvZiUyMEluZGlhbiUyMG9yaWdpbiUyQyUyMHRyYW5zbGF0aW5nLGluJTIwSGluZHUlMjBjb21tdW5pdGllcyUyMGFuZCUyMGNhcnJpZXMlMjBzaWduaWZpY2FudCUyMHNwaXJpdHVhbCUyMGNvbm5vdGF0aW9ucy4

 

[16] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=0ee54ff4e4d70ea9c3997f625857503f6529607806daa6d72aa811cd16605bd6JmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=son+of+%e1%b9%9a%e1%b9%a3abha&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvUmlzaGFiaGFuYXRoYSM6fjp0ZXh0PVJpc2hhYmhhbmF0aGElMjAlMjhEZXZhbmFnYXJpJTNBJTIwJUUwJUE0JThCJUUwJUE0JUI3JUUwJUE0JUFEJUUwJUE0JUE4JUUwJUE0JUJFJUUwJUE0JUE1JTI5JTJDJTIwYWxzbyUyMFJpc2hhYmhhZGV2YSUyMCUyOERldmFuYWdhcmklM0ElMjAlRTAlQTQlOEIlRTAlQTQlQjclRTAlQTQlQUQlRTAlQTQlQTYlRTAlQTUlODclRTAlQTQlQjUlMkMlMjAlRTElQjklOUElRTElQjklQTNhYmhhZGV2YSUyOSUyQyxjcm9zcyUyMHRoZSUyMHNlYSUyMG9mJTIwaW50ZXJtaW5hYmxlJTIwcmViaXJ0aHMlMjBhbmQlMjBkZWF0aHMu

 

[17] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=9383b8eda96a1629e22af0a3b09baed2501e919927991ce1dcdd0f6a33efeeeeJmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=svayambhuva+manu&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvU3dheWFtYmh1dmFfTWFudQ

 

[18] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=2ef7f0a79c5240ba2f9cd35a7ea8bdde7bdb3901bba8190e0321d3375e26a64fJmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Brahm%c4%81&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYnJpdGFubmljYS5jb20vdG9waWMvQnJhaG1hLUhpbmR1LWdvZA

[19] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=1843a1cfe04caef13f21edc80ddba7a75c65e6fed9d6651894c8ffa7307472d7JmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=+N%c4%81r%c4%81ya%e1%b9%87a&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvTmFyYXlhbmE

[20] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=4d06d095fffef8b9512f4f57ad691e7d1a9dda987fca6eaf13ba1bc5a17a6a33JmltdHM9MTc1OTYyMjQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Lal+Ded&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvTGFsbGVzaHdhcmk

 

[21] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=75cdc19a4769c505d2b794e7121e7623f5ecfbefed4f48e21274e27baf085bf8JmltdHM9MTc1OTYyMjQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Sheikh+Noor-ud-din+Wali&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cucG9lbWh1bnRlci5jb20vaS9lYm9va3MvcGRmL3NoZWlraF9ub29yLXVkLWRpbl93YWxpXzIwMTJfNy5wZGY

 

[22] Sheikh Noor-ud-Din Wali (R.A) – The Renowned Saint & Poet of Kashmir

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[24] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=f635e97d618cca204463f660caeca57857f236bfe59dc74be07a248c4595a8e7JmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=sikh+gurus+list&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvU2lraF9ndXJ1cw

 

[25] https://www.transcend.org/tms/2025/09/the-unflinching-sentinel-guru-tegh-bahadur-in-the-pursuit-of-eternal-propagation-of-peace-justice-and-righteousness-part-2/

[26] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=bbb9c46375193794af0c5fffc4408888f3cda0119c4d146550fb616064ff73b3JmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Sahajananda&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvU2FoYWphbmFuZGFfU2FyYXN3YXRp

[27] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=31702ac8758bd843a7d9be99a29f451ecdc7d2a3afc6c1b398dd580ddb8e271cJmltdHM9MTc1OTc5NTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=lal+ded+kashmir&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cua2FzaG1pcmljYS5jb20vYmxvZy9sYWwtZGVkLw

 

[28] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=7616fe97d73bd5c64994e7e3982bea7c5a05e00e6adfc43b2db0c9a4bfdc2cf5JmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Qaimoh.&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvUWFpbW9o

 

[29] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=8ad011d8d949e46c2f0ce2cc995370a8b042c575a1b356a7ca61575bee29e12eJmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Sadra+Mouj&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuc2NyaWJkLmNvbS9kb2N1bWVudC82NjE1MTU1NjIvV29tZW4tUmlzaGlzLW9mLUthc2htaXI

 

[30] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=0ebafd92cc49598a08cef57685b40569f8430be1b262bc35b2f961706fa034c2JmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Hazrat+Mir+Syed+Simnania&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvTWlyX1N5ZWRfSHVzc2Fpbl9TaW1uYW5p

 

[31] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=c970e36ae5db0dce18ede9c1180b4d9b7cc59ff8e66eacdcbf7317efafc8f75fJmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Kulgam&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvS3VsZ2Ft

 

[32] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=277beae5a9451025b4e56ee51693e4841c941d048d9904aa89cd8a5d387c743cJmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Khai+village.kashmir&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly92aWxsYWdlaW5mby5pbi9qYW1tdS0mLWthc2htaXIvYW5hbnRuYWcvcGFoYWxnYW0va2hhaS15YXIuaHRtbA

 

[33] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=cbee896a0b3057186dd97ef0677d9b005783fa1d61b2c741e2f1220c52649c2cJmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Khaijogipora&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly92aWxsYWdlaW5mby5vcmcvdmlsbGFnZS8yMzI

 

[34]https://www.talesofkashmir.com/2024/02/sheikh-noor-ud-din-wali-ra-renowned.html#:~:text=There%20are%20a,of%20his%20time.

 

[35] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=d15247850b444b9e386434c37e3615be3f0e7b8231f84eb762bdf85dcafaeea3JmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=palimpsest+definition&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9wb2VtYW5hbHlzaXMuY29tL2RpY3Rpb24vcGFsaW1wc2VzdC8

 

[36] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=de681c7d83b49bc3a9ff84248572bd9a7a50eb9ae53392b0fbbc827053f13a0cJmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=india+pakistan+partition+1947&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvUGFydGl0aW9uX29mX0luZGlh

 

[37]

https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=2bb2b7c5abc72e27dcaf8296532ff33f38b44d16894711903eb2d511762fe933JmltdHM9MTc1OTc5NTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Pahalgam+(Indian-administered+Kashmir)+killed+26+people.&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvMjAyNV9QYWhhbGdhbV9hdHRhY2sjOn46dGV4dD1UaGUlMjAyMDI1JTIwUGFoYWxnYW0lMjBhdHRhY2slMjB3YXMlMjBhJTIwdGVycm9yaXN0JTIwYXR0YWNrLDI2JTIwY2l2aWxpYW5zJTIwd2VyZSUyMGtpbGxlZCUyMG9uJTIwMjIlMjBBcHJpbCUyMDIwMjUu

 

[38] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=137d58c455978dd2d39b183bb07c686520c10f2c532586f38f46e1165b2cdc0fJmltdHM9MTc1OTc5NTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Pahalgam+(Indian-administered+Kashmir)+killed+26+people.&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubXNuLmNvbS9lbi1pbi9uZXdzL0luZGlhL2thc2htaXItbWFuLXdoby1wcm92aWRlZC1sb2dpc3RpY2FsLXN1cHBvcnQtdG8tcGFoYWxnYW0tdGVycm9yaXN0cy1hcnJlc3RlZC9hci1BQTFOZDlLMD9vY2lkPUJpbmdOZXdzU2VycA

 

[39] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=485024ac80ef644a79754e0ef6312caaf0011310f41b7d2b4d385ac1235912c2JmltdHM9MTc1OTc5NTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=India+and+Pakistan+nuclear-armed+neighbours.&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGltZXNub3duZXdzLmNvbS9pbmRpYS9wYWhhbGdhbS10ZXJyb3ItYXR0YWNrLWluZGlhLWFuZC1wYWtpc3Rhbi1jb21wYXJpbmctdGhlLXR3by1udWNsZWFyLXdlYXBvbnMtbWlnaHQtZXhwbGFpbmVkLWluZGlhLXBha2lzdGFuLW51Y2xlYXItd2FyLWFydGljbGUtMTUxNTQzNzY5Izp-OnRleHQ9Qm90aCUyMG5hdGlvbnMlMjBwb3NzZXNzJTIwc2lnbmlmaWNhbnQlMjBudWNsZWFyJTIwYXJzZW5hbHMlMkMlMjB3aXRoJTIwSW5kaWEsYXR0YWNrJTIwb24lMjB0b3VyaXN0cyUyMGluJTIwSmFtbXUlMjBhbmQlMjBLYXNobWlyJTI3cyUyMFBhaGFsZ2FtLg

 

[40] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=8115e089e99d5f5d65fef6a686dd76ae77fdb304d87ccb65db35c8002315b84eJmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=rishi+order+of+sufism&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvUmlzaGlfb3JkZXI

 

[41] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=572ecc0a2db5fee459755a03826e6d60053bc20ff914fcd54127e934d27baf30JmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=a+shaivite+mystic&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuaW5kaWNhLnRvZGF5L2xvbmctcmVhZHMvdGhlLWN1cmlvdXMtY2FzZS1vZi1rYXNobWlyLXNoYWl2aXNtLw

 

[42] Lalleshwari – Wikipedia

 

[43] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=577864c6ffb8e43c82f35e81787c15782b7ea5280885be9f2dcbd63be101cb57JmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Charar-e-Sharif&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvQ2hhcmFyLWUtU2hhcmllZl9zaHJpbmU

 

[44] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=a2e34ad12030d110e3b4417ee464cb8b3b26c0d389a807474046c54034973140JmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=perso-arabic+to+indic+script+transliteration&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9hY2xhbnRob2xvZ3kub3JnL1cxNC01MTM1LnBkZg

 

[45] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=55c09e0dadef66bcc745d614939ab42aac4aabb96f0fae8c92752c2f40291a16JmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=sharada+script&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvU2hhcmFkYV9zY3JpcHQ

 

[46] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=7bec626b304049a430389a2261957a37e871cf94447ce62fc3d21820eee14f0aJmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=devanagari+script&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvRGV2YW5hZ2FyaQ

 

[47] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=e02e720796380afd743a78d91fa9afc6f32a8d92b343a6c7b5ae5f3998efc79cJmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=%e2%80%a2%09habba+habba+khatoon&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvSGFiYmFfS2hhdG9vbg

 

[48]https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=d6ce5c8697267dd6a47b96c640aba3791830dcd191e775c7455aec34c850ed97JmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=%e2%80%a2%09habba+habba+khatoon&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9rYXNobWlydGltZXMuY29tL29waW5pb24vY29tbWVudC1hcnRpY2xlcy9oYWJiYS1raGF0b29uLXRoZS12YW5pc2hlZC1xdWVlbi1vZi1rYXNobWly

 

[49] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=e5dd2e808319c9045239fc03a4951df095c00549ba3601826bb260de734c9a65JmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Ghulam+Ahmad+Mahjoor&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvTWFoam9vcg

 

[50] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=ee5e83c8ac85381936fd64a58357c3d9e898789a144da598a69735ba6d086446JmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=abdul+ahad+azad&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvQWJkdWxfQWhhZF9BemFk

 

[51] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=d011cc793f2846a9f127f9e74abb5b6db5a5e8224ce0e49c99acd336b6a2fc29JmltdHM9MTc2MDEyOTU1OA&ptn=3&fclid=0e039564-a61b-11f0-9b0c-0995a12d013d&u=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

 

[52] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=7b3422ef9631c99be6f116b08d11cc0c64ba46e5e19ecc4cc95be0dbdc9829cfJmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&u=a1L3ZpZGVvcy9yaXZlcnZpZXcvcmVsYXRlZHZpZGVvP3E9SGFydWQra2FzbWlyK2ZpbG0mJm1pZD03Q0Y2QTlGMkZGODNGQjNDM0ZEODdDRjZBOUYyRkY4M0ZCM0MzRkQ4JkZPUk09VkFNR1pD

 

[53] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=a4d3de61324869850dee95f2105a14fb8e9681013c1046f0d3430a8f42d61f17JmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Kashmir+Dailymovie&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuaW1kYi5jb20vdGl0bGUvdHQ1NDM2Njk4Lw

 

[54] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=19b00a2750459c9eb193288eeae03c73caa543b5375f2370df68f60fe1bfd705JmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Valley+of+Saints+movie&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvVmFsbGV5X29mX1NhaW50c18oZmlsbSk

 

[55] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=ca9ea58b6e882d9b49f1138fd422c7daf089f4da8744ad55781290d8fdd259eaJmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=sufiana+kalam&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly96aWtyYXluYWJpLmNvbS9zdWZpYW5hLWthbGFtLnBocCM6fjp0ZXh0PVN1ZmklMjBtdXNpYyUyMG9yJTIwU3VmaWFuYSUyMEthbGFtJTIwaXMlMjB0aGUlMjBkZXZvdGlvbmFsLGluJTIwcHVuamFiaSUyQyUyMEFtaXIlMjBLaHVzcm93JTIwYW5kJTIwS2h3YWphJTIwR2h1bGFtJTIwRmFyaWQu

 

[56] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=ebe0cfd023113d4080dcebd80640b86fdea73f5de7c569cf0363e708c6980278JmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Renzu+Music+kashmir&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9icmlnaHRlcmthc2htaXIuY29tL3Jlbnp1cy1zb25ncy1vZi1wYXJhZGlzZS1hbGJ1bS1yZXZpdmVzLWthc2htaXJpLW11c2ljYWwtaGVyaXRhZ2U

 

[57] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=618a6c8860eb5c509412d40b2cfb9b9bb9030dd277988ec2abb538c07063d9fcJmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=ladishah&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvTGFkaXNoYWg

 

[58] https://www.bing.com/aclick?ld=e8ZWF8TYHz09wJyS3GVRr2ADVUCUx_B4_O6I2FlDw48G4C5rbphg3dei4ac1jgp1_5Ak7SqDa1urQf5oQOBaD8UNWNDzUklYx8r5Doh-hN4grv_BPKVpxxUI4Q4GosMfHRzvrRHN1g_mIw6j-cfdTbkqDvzgWJZpE8SOWSuryn1CsIRPsTfhiumk3jeYvwwzbozbokvw&u=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&rlid=9d4ed6ad068216a01daebe44739f6cc9

 

[59] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=55ea3c0ab172fbc8602d85223807ac86bd4d5d0b8cc93d1e27e83dc3e0fc2335JmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=kashmiri+rugs+and+carpets&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9jYXJwZXRzb2ZrYXNobWlyLmNvbS90aGUtcmljaC1oZXJpdGFnZS1vZi1rYXNobWlyaS1ydWdzLw

 

[60] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=6e574eb3a3bd5d2a328202711c23c47dfd977646e3de0e5344f244b77cf06a51JmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=pashmina+scarf+kashmir&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cua2FzaG1pcnNlYXNvbnMuY29tL2NvbGxlY3Rpb25zL3Bhc2htaW5hLXNoYXdscw

 

[61] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=e11865aeac05221877835febbb297567267611b36b54c0b6e78f14b7bcd23f45JmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=shahtoosh+shawls&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cua2FzaG1pcmljYS5jb20vYmxvZy9zaGFodG9vc2gv

 

[62] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=cf82b948d3af29d3756c3188c12590df49f8bb77c30de474eb2f3519ac54cfe0JmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Changthangi+goat+&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvQ2hhbmd0aGFuZ2k

 

[63] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=0d143c7a6229bd870dc03cbecba26974b5534b9e23300d1f824bb9c65bef374cJmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Papier-M%c3%a2ch%c3%a9+kashmir&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvS2FzaG1pcl9wYXBpZXItbSVDMyVBMmNoJUMzJUE5

 

[64] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=4e3de01cb8905151a99f9062d4cf99943b7c8a69bc1ad05ad82bb10312a2527dJmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Khatamband+%26+Walnut+Wood+Carving)&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9nYWF0aGEub3JnL0NyYWZ0LW9mLUluZGlhL3Jlc2VhcmNoLWtoYXRhbWJhbmQtY3JhZnQtc3JpbmFnYXIv

 

[65] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=6d09032996c03b305fd1d908340f6fe51c492b16dec2404f4c8371bf083305f7JmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Namda+(Felted+Rugs)&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGhlc2hhbnRpaG9tZS5jb20vY29sbGVjdGlvbnMva2FzaG1pcmktbmFtZGEtcnVncw

 

[66] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=3f6576a48d1eefff6ddd9947069aae31b1ad9af6a6430c8baab712c093a3559bJmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=crewel+embroidery+kashmir&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYmVzdG9ma2FzaG1pci5jb20vYmxvZy9jcmV3ZWwtZW1icm9pZGVyeS8

 

[67] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=746737fcb36dbde5c41d4eaedd0972d068d83b91bdb7ea0809d5df393b0bd752JmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=kashmiri+jewellery&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9rYXNodXJodW5hci5jb20vdHJhZGl0aW9uYWwta2FzaG1pcmktamV3ZWxsZXJ5LWEtaGlzdG9yeS13b3JuLXdpdGgtcHJpZGUv

 

[68] Kashmiri Jewellery – Tradional Tumar, Dejhoor & Silver Ornaments

 

[69] https://kashurhunar.com/traditional-kashmiri-jewellery-a-history-worn-with-pride/#:~:text=Must%2DKnow%20Names,precious%20family%20heirlooms.

 

[70] https://kashurhunar.com/paper-mache-kashmir-the-elegance-of-handmade-art/#:~:text=Paper%20Mache%20Kashmir%20is,the%20valley%E2%80%99s%20artistic%20heritage.

 

[71] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=a03c02b3990c80db11238c2832516d915649261dcfb0b16219c95c2f5f873986JmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=kashmiriyat+meaning&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvS2FzaG1pcml5YXQ

[72] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=8e84ffc148994fc472c685c1ad7ae7fdef6ce11103467478b663788c656beac5JmltdHM9MTc1OTc5NTIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=shah+rukh+khan+dunki+movie+review&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly90aW1lc29maW5kaWEuaW5kaWF0aW1lcy5jb20vZW50ZXJ0YWlubWVudC9oaW5kaS9tb3ZpZS1yZXZpZXdzL2R1bmtpL21vdmllLXJldmlldy8xMDYxNzM0ODAuY21z

 

[73] Ground Zero out on OTT: Emraan Hashmi’s action-thriller drops online but there’s a catch!

 

[74] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=f177bb1ad90ab87fd2a176edbcb45105f8319941991b42f4d5769a5aa1293cecJmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Trika+Shaivism&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvS2FzaG1pcl9TaGFpdmlzbQ

 

[75] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=4e89a7e8f1a54200eedde410672a30e06d74ce77ea8a34d8a7aca7f861e5863cJmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Khankah-e-Moula&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvS2hhbnFhaC1lLU1vdWxh

 

[76] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=baebeb6f0d5ffcce0cea95ca72d5c09ec4ab868191d40d9950e0e8a210ee4b64JmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Digital+Dastango&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9waXJhbWFsZm91bmRhdGlvbi5vcmcvYXJ0LW9mLWRhc3RhbmdvaS1hbi1hZ2Utb2xkLXdheS1vZi1zdG9yeXRlbGxpbmctYW5kLWN1bHR1cmFsLXJldml2YWw

 

[77] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=adec086e3c945fc6884572ebe2506247690fa7fb15748c5a739ff1bf01954cc8JmltdHM9MTc2MDA1NDQwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Digital+Dastango&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9zaWdtYS5zbWFydG5nby5vcmcvaXNzdWUtMS9kYXN0YW5nb2kv

______________________________________________

Professor G. Hoosen M. Vawda (Bsc; MBChB; PhD.Wits) is a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace Development Environment.
Director: Glastonbury Medical Research Centre; Community Health and Indigent Programme Services; Body Donor Foundation SA.
Principal Investigator: Multinational Clinical Trials
Consultant: Medical and General Research Ethics; Internal Medicine and Clinical Psychiatry:UKZN, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine
Executive Member: Inter Religious Council KZN SA
Public Liaison: Medical Misadventures
Activism: Justice for All
Email: vawda@ukzn.ac.za

Tags: Aradhana, Bollywood movies, Carpet weaving, Chinar., Kashmir, Kati Patang, Lal Ded, Lalleshwari, Paper Mache craft, Pashmina, Rahul Dev Burman, Rajesh Khanna, Rishi Nund, Sachin Dev Burman, Shahtoosh Shawl, Shakti Samanta, Sharmila Tagore, Sheik Noor-ud-din Wali, Shikara

This article originally appeared on Transcend Media Service (TMS) on 13 Oct 2025.

Anticopyright: Editorials and articles originated on TMS may be freely reprinted, disseminated, translated and used as background material, provided an acknowledgement and link to the source, TMS: The Garden of Peace Memories: Revisiting Kashmir’s Cultural Past and Present, Odyssean Soul (Part 4), is included. Thank you.

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