The Transformation of Kashmir: From Peaceful Heaven on Earth with Shikaras and Pashminas to Hell on Earth, Amidst Gross Peace Disruption (Part 3)

TRANSCEND MEMBERS, 6 Oct 2025

Prof Hoosen Vawda – TRANSCEND Media Service

This publication is suitable for general readership. Parental guidance is recommended for minors who may use this paper as a resource material for projects.

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“The Kashmiri Odyssey from Serene Paradise to a Region of Turmoil. A Chronicle of Lost Peace in the 21^st Century.”[1]

 Prologue:

This publication explores pathways to peace in the long-disputed region of Kashmir. Building on the historical and humanitarian concerns raised in Part 1[2], it shifts the focus from conflict to constructive peacebuilding, drawing on global models, interfaith traditions, and indigenous Kashmiri values. It proposes a multi-track approach to reconciliation, justice, and healing. The present situation is critical in Kashmir, as reported y Jenipher Camino Gonzalez (with AFP and Reuters). Violent protests in Pakistan-controlled Kashmir have left at least eight people dead, Pakistani officials confirmed on Thursday. 02^nd October 2025 Control over the territory of Kashmir has been divided between Pakistan and India, which have disputed it since the two countries were formed in 1947. The protest in Pakistan-administered Kashmir began on Monday, 29^th September 2025, as thousands took to the streets of Muzaffarabad, the capital of the territory, to demand an end to lucrative benefits for the political class, such as free electricity and expensive cars.  Authorities blocked internet and mobile phone services. Officials also reportedly warned local media against covering the events. According to AFP news agency reporters on the ground, streets were stained with blood and littered with spent bullet casings, shards of glass and scattered stones. Three policemen and five civilians have been killed so far, according to two security officials who spoke to Reuters news agency. The officials confirmed that clashes had been ongoing since the protests began on Monday. Pakistani TV reported that businesses, schools and transportation services went on strike in response to the unrest.[3]  Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif[4] addressed the situation, offering to set up a committee of senior officials to resolve the conflict. “The government is always ready to resolve the problems of our Kashmiri brothers,” he said.

The committee would be responsible for investigating the violence that occurred and seeking dialogue with protesters, Sharif’s office said in a press release. The protests have been led by the Awami Action Committee (AAC)[5], a civil rights organisation formed to fight for local rights in the mostly rural, Muslim-majority region. AAC protest leader Shaukat Nawaz said police had fired at protesters. “The bullets being fired at us are made in Pakistan to be used against the enemy and are now being used against us,” he said.[6] Such is the regular unrest in the entire, region, both externally, as well as internally. The presentation also highlights the role of Kashmiri women activists, particularly Parveena Ahangar[7] and the APDP[8],.Parveena Ahangar (born in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir) is the Founder and Chairperson of Association of Parents of Disappeared Persons (APDP) in Jammu and Kashmir, as a silent architect of peace. It introduces a multi-track diplomacy model, integrating grassroots voices, trauma healing, legal justice, and international engagement. A visual roadmap outlines short-, mid-, and long-term strategies for restoring dignity, memory, and coexistence in the Valley.

Through case studies of persecuted religious groups, Muslims, Hindus, Sikhs, Christians, Shias, Ahmadiyyas[9],[10] and Uyghurs[11], the presentation calls for a pluralistic and restorative approach to peace. It concludes with actionable recommendations for policymakers, civil society, and global institutions to support a just and inclusive future for Kashmir.

Digital Truck Advertising by Dr Ghulam Nabi Fai[12]

In the diaspora, The World Kashmir Awareness Forum (WKAF), a Washington-based advocacy body, displayed razor-sharp messages on mobile billboard trucks in Washington calling on the United Nations to fulfil its pledge towards the people of Jammu & Kashmir – right to self-determination. the electronic screens on the mobile digital trucks carried messages such as: “Indian Forces: Out of Kashmir”; “No justice: No Peace”;  “Freedom for all: Freedom for Kashmir”; “India: Stop Land Grabbing in Kashmir;” “India:  Stop Demographic Terrorism in Indian Occupied Kashmir”; “Elections in Kashmir Just a Name: Indian Government Has no Shame”; “Hold India Accountable  for War Crimes in Kashmir”; “No Election, No Selection: UN Resolutions Only Solution’:[13]

“Digital advertising has proved to be the most effective way to spread a message as the brightly lit words on the screens catch attention of the people walking on the streets and those coming in and out of government and commercial buildings. Our objective was to target the audience at the right places, and we were able to control the location where most of the people were able to notice our messages aimed at promoting the cause of Kashmir” said Dr. Ghulam Nabi Fai, Chairman, World Forum for Peace & Justice.[14]

The route of digital truck in Washington included: All federal buildings, including the State Department; the Capitol Hill; Library of Congress; The Washington Monument; The White House; foreign embassies, various Museums; Lincoln Memorial; Washington National Cathedral; the Indian Embassy; the World Bank and IMF.[15]

While thanking the people of Pakistan for their continuous diplomatic support for the cause of Kashmir, Dr. Fai elucidated that the response by the world powers, including the United States to the Kashmiri situation must be based on the principles of the right of a people with a distinct historical and cultural identity to decide their own future; the sanctity of international agreements worked out by the United Nations; a peaceful and stable subcontinent free from the possibility of a regional nuclear exchange; and the consistent application of human rights standards.

Dr. Fai appealed to the United Nations Secretary General to appoint a special envoy on Kashmir. The breaking of the impasse over Kashmir between India and Pakistan would be greatly facilitated by the presence of a special envoy who would define the obligations of the parties under the agreements concluded between them, spell out the contentious issues and the conflicting positions, and remove the confusion about what needs to be done to narrow the gap.

Introduction

The general Kashmir region has been the subject of historical oppression brutality and turmoil since the Mughal era and most regrettably this peace disruption is still ongoing in the present day.  Kashmir is geographically located in the northwest corner of India, surrounded by high mountains, as part of the Himalaya range, gouged out by deep valleys and beautiful lakes.  The Mughal emperors aptly described the region as “Heaven on Earth” in view of its serene beauty.   The region of Kashmir is surrounded by super regional powers: India, Pakistan, and China. and is populated by the major religious groupings in each region: Muslim majority in Kashmir Valley and Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Hindu majority in Jammu, Buddhist and Muslim populations in Ladakh, and sparse population in China-administered areas. The Line of Control and Line of Actual Control are both stark reminders of the once beautiful region, carved out into geopolitical segments, which is the basic cause of ongoing local Peace Disruption, and international flashpoints between Pakistan and India, which has escalated regularly into belligerent cross border incursions and crises.

Key Geopolitical and Demographic Points on Kashmir[1]

1. Territorial Control
   • India-administered regions: Jammu, Kashmir Valley, and Ladakh.
   • Pakistan-administered regions: Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Gilgit-Baltistan.
   • China-administered regions: Aksai Chin and adjacent sparsely populated areas.
2. Dividing Lines
   • The Line of Control (LoC) separates Indian- and Pakistan-administered territories.
   • The Line of Actual Control (LAC) marks the boundary between Indian- and China-administered areas.
3. Surrounding Countries
   • The region borders India (south), Pakistan (west and northwest), and China (northeast and east).
4. Population Demographics and Religious Groupings
   • Kashmir Valley: Overwhelming Muslim majority.
   • Jammu: Predominantly Hindu (about 87%), with significant Muslim and Sikh minorities.
   • Ladakh: Mixed population—about 46% Buddhist, with a large Muslim community.
   • Azad Jammu and Kashmir (Pakistan-administered): About 99% Muslim.
   • China-administered areas (Aksai Chin): Sparsely populated, with no significant permanent population.
5. Geopolitical Complexity
   • The region is divided among three nuclear-armed countries, each administering distinct subdivisions.
   • The demographic and religious diversity adds further complexity to the ongoing disputes and peace efforts.

Kashmir Region: De Facto Control Summary

1. India-administered Kashmir (approx. 55% of the region)

• Territories:
  • Jammu
  • Kashmir Valley
  • Ladakh (including the Siachen Glacier)
• Status:
  • Since 2019, reorganized into two Union Territories:
    • Jammu and Kashmir (with a legislative assembly)
    • Ladakh (without a legislative assembly)
  • Administered by: Government of India
  • Capital cities:
    • Srinagar (summer)
    • Jammu (winter)
  • Security: Heavily militarized, especially along the Line of Control (LoC)

2. Pakistan-administered Kashmir (approx. 30%)

• Territories:
  • Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) – nominally self-governing
  • Gilgit-Baltistan – administered as a separate territory
• Administered by: Government of Pakistan
• Capital cities:
  • Muzaffarabad (AJK)
  • Gilgit (Gilgit-Baltistan)
• Note: While AJK has its own president and prime minister, both regions are politically and militarily integrated with Pakistan.

3. China-administered Kashmir (approx. 15%)

• Territories:
  • Aksai Chin – claimed by India as part of Ladakh
  • Trans-Karakoram Tract (Shaksgam Valley) – ceded by Pakistan to China in 1963 (India does not recognize this)
• Administered by: People’s Republic of China
• Integrated into: Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
• Status: Sparsely populated, strategic high-altitude region

Key Boundaries

• Line of Control (LoC): De facto border between Indian and Pakistani controlled areas.
• Line of Actual Control (LAC): De facto border between Indian and Chinese controlled areas.

The above summary highlights the main territorial, demographic, and religious features depicted in the regional map, providing clear context for readers of this paper. Peacebuilding is urgent and possible. There is a moral imperative of moving beyond victimhood and vengeance. In understanding peacebuilding, it is important to appreciate Negative peace vs. positive peace (Johan Galtung)[16], [17]

• Conflict transformation vs. conflict resolution
• The role of restorative justice, truth-telling, and reconciliation

3. Kashmiri Traditions of Peace

• Kashmiriyat [18]as a cultural foundation for coexistence
• Sufi saints and Rishi-Sufi syncretism (e.g., Lal Ded[19], Sheikh Noor-ud-din)[20]
• Interfaith harmony before the rise of militarization

4. Multi-Track Diplomacy in Kashmir

• Track I: Inter-Governmental negotiations (India, Pakistan, China)
• Track II: Civil society, NGOs, diaspora engagement
• Track III: Faith leaders, educators, artists, and youth

5. Healing the Wounds

• Truth and Reconciliation Commissions (e.g., South Africa, Rwanda)
• Trauma-informed peacebuilding
• Role of women and youth in post-conflict healing

6. The Role of International Law and Institutions

• UN Resolutions and their limitations
• The need for a UN Special Rapporteur on Kashmir [21]
• Legal avenues: ICC, ICJ, and Human Rights Council[22]

7. Digital Peacebuilding

• Countering hate speech and misinformation
• Promoting Kashmiri voices through storytelling, art, and media
• Diaspora-led digital diplomacy[23]

8. Recommendations

• Establishment of a Kashmir Peace and Reconciliation Forum
• Interfaith pilgrimages and cultural exchanges
• Demilitarization and confidence-building measures (CBMs)
• Education for peace and nonviolence

9. The Future: A New Dawn for the Valley

• Reclaiming Kashmir as a symbol of unity, not division
• The spiritual and civilizational duty to restore peace

Understanding Kashmiri Voices: Beyond Victimhood, Toward Agency

1. Reclaiming the Narrative

Kashmiri scholars and activists like Dr. Ather Zia[24] argue that much of the literature and media on Kashmir is dominated by non-native voices, often distorting or simplifying the lived realities of Kashmiris. These external narratives tend to:

• Frame Kashmiris as passive victims or violent insurgents
• Ignore the political aspirations and cultural complexity of the people
• Reduce the conflict to a binary of India vs. Pakistan, erasing Kashmiri agency

Zia emphasizes that writing, poetry, and ethnography are tools of resistance and reclamation. Her work, including Resisting Disappearance,[25] documents the activism of Kashmiri women, especially those from the Association of Parents of Disappeared Persons (APDP).

2. Kashmiri Women as Protagonists[26]

Contrary to dominant portrayals, Kashmiri women are not merely victims of war or patriarchy. They are:

• Political actors, leading protests, organizing civil society, and preserving memory
• Cultural custodians, keeping alive oral traditions, poetry, and resistance literature
• Peacebuilders, advocating for justice, demilitarization, and reconciliation

Zia critiques both Indian state narratives and patriarchal resistance movements for sidelining women’s voices. She calls for a gender-just peace process that centers women’s experiences and leadership.

3. Literature as Resistance

Kashmiri writers, poets, and academics are using literature to:

• Challenge state-sponsored narratives
• Preserve collective memory of trauma and resilience
• Assert political identity and cultural sovereignty

This includes:

• Anthologies of essays and poetry by Kashmiris
• Digital storytelling platforms amplifying local voices
• Diaspora activism that bridges global solidarity with local struggles

4. Implications for Peacebuilding

To build a just and lasting peace in Kashmir, it is essential to:

• Center Kashmiri voices, especially women, youth, and minorities
• Avoid imposing external solutions without local consultation
• Support grassroots initiatives that promote healing, dialogue, and memory work
• Recognize the plurality of Kashmiri identities—Muslim, Pandit, Sikh, Christian, and others

“Listening to the Valley: Kashmiri Voices and the Ethics of Peace”

• Ather Zia’s work on women’s activism
• APDP’s role in truth-telling and memory preservation
• Local writers and poets who articulate the pain and hope of Kashmir

Kashmiri Women’s Activism: The Silent Architects of Peace

In the shadow of militarization and political erasure, Kashmiri women have emerged as powerful agents of resistance, memory, and peacebuilding. Their activism, often overlooked in mainstream narratives, is rooted not in ideology or partisanship, but in the lived experience of loss, resilience, and an unyielding commitment to justice.

1. Mothers of the Disappeared

Since the 1990s, thousands of Kashmiris have been subjected to enforced disappearances. In response, women, many of them mothers and wives, formed the Association of Parents of Disappeared Persons (APDP). These women gather monthly in Srinagar’s Pratap Park, holding faded photographs of their loved ones, demanding truth and accountability.

Their activism is not merely symbolic. It is a form of nonviolent resistance, a public reclaiming of memory in a society where forgetting is often enforced by fear. As Dr. Ather Zia notes, these women are “archivists of grief,” transforming personal pain into collective testimony.

2. Gendered Peacebuilding

Kashmiri women have long advocated for nonviolent solutions, even when caught between state violence and militant resistance. Their peacebuilding efforts include:

• Community mediation and trauma counseling
• Educational outreach in conflict zones
• Documentation of human rights abuses, often at great personal risk

Unlike formal political actors, these women operate in liminal spaces—between the home and the street, between mourning and mobilization, where they build bridges of empathy and solidarity.

3. Cultural Resistance

Through poetry, storytelling, and art, Kashmiri women have preserved the emotional and cultural memory of the conflict. Writers like Nitasha Kaul,[27] Farah Bashir[28], and Mehreen Andrabi[29] use literature to challenge dominant narratives and assert the right to self-representation.

Their work often explores themes of:

• Loss of childhood and innocence
• Gendered trauma under occupation
• Hope as a radical act

These cultural expressions are not escapist—they are acts of defiance, reclaiming the Kashmiri voice from the margins.

4. Intersectional Solidarity

Kashmiri women’s activism is also intersectional. It includes:

• Dalit and tribal women in Jammu[30],[31]
• Kashmiri Pandit women in exile[32]
• Sikh and Christian minorities advocating for peace[33],[34]

This pluralism reflects the true spirit of Kashmiriyat, where peace is not the absence of conflict, but the presence of justice for all.

Women as the Moral Compass of the Valley

In a region where power is often measured in guns and borders, Kashmiri women offer a different metric: dignity, memory, and moral clarity. Their activism is not loud, but it is enduring. It does not seek domination, but healing. Any peace process that excludes them is not only unjust, it is incomplete.

Case Study: Parveena Ahangar – The Iron Lady of Kashmir[35]

In the heart of Srinagar, where grief often walks unspoken, Parveena Ahangar has become a symbol of unwavering resistance and maternal courage. Known as the “Iron Lady of Kashmir,” she is the founder and chairperson of the Association of Parents of Disappeared Persons (APDP), a grassroots movement that emerged in the 1990s in response to the enforced disappearances of thousands of Kashmiris.

A Mother’s Quest for Justice

Parveena’s activism began in 1990 when her 17-year-old son, Javed Ahmad Ahangar, was abducted by Indian security forces and never seen again. Refusing to be silenced, she transformed her personal tragedy into a collective struggle for truth and accountability.

“I did not know what a protest was. I only knew I had to find my son. But then I saw there were thousands like me.” Parveena Ahangar

Building a Movement of Memory

Under her leadership, APDP became a platform for mothers, wives, and sisters of the disappeared to:

• Document cases of custodial disappearances
• Organize monthly sit-ins at Pratap Park in Srinagar
• Petition national and international human rights bodies
• Preserve the memory of the missing through photographs, testimonies, and public vigils

Her work has been recognized globally. In 2017, she was awarded the Rafto Prize for Human Rights in Norway, and she has been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize.

A Voice for the Voiceless

Parveena Ahangar’s activism is not aligned with any political party or militant group. Her moral authority stems from her nonviolent resistance, her refusal to forget, and her insistence on justice without revenge.  She once said: “We are not asking for the moon. We are asking for our children. We are asking for truth.”

Legacy and Lessons

Parveena’s story exemplifies the power of maternal activism in conflict zones. Her work:

• Challenges the normalisation of impunity, as it is the global norm in Israel, in the present era.[36]
• Reclaims public space for mourning and resistance
• Inspires a new generation of Kashmiri women activists

Verified Quotes by Parveena Ahangar

“The pain a mother endures, waiting for her son’s return, is like drinking a slow poison.”  Parveena Ahangar, Al Jazeera interview[37] in 2011.This quote captures the psychological torment of enforced disappearance, not just as a political crime, but as a slow erosion of the soul. Parveena Ahangar spoke these words in an interview with Al Jazeera, describing the psychological torment of mothers whose sons were forcibly disappeared by security forces. The metaphor of “slow poison” captures the chronic, corrosive grief that defines the lives of thousands of Kashmiri women. It is not a single moment of loss, but a daily erosion of hope, dignity, and mental health. This quote can be used to illustrate the long-term trauma of conflict and the emotional cost of impunity.

“Daughter, please search for my missing son too [for as long as] you are alive.”
A plea made to Parveena by another grieving mother, Muglee[38]

This was a plea made to Parveena by Muglee, another grieving mother, shortly before her death. It reflects how Parveena’s activism has become intergenerational and collective, she is not only searching for her own son, Javed, but has become the custodian of hundreds of other mothers’ hopes. This quote underscores the moral responsibility she carries and the deep trust placed in her by Kashmir’s grieving families. It also highlights the gendered solidarity that sustains the APDP movement. Parveena recounts this moment to illustrate how her activism became a collective mission. She carries not only her own grief but the burden of hundreds of other mothers, making her a living archive of Kashmir’s disappeared, due to abduction by Indian soldiers, a situation, which is ongoing, nearly 15 years later.

“My son, come here, you finally came. I have kept a sacrificial goat for you which we would distribute at the shrine.” Muglee’s final words, as remembered by Parveena

These were the hallucinatory final words of Muglee, as remembered by Parveena. They reveal the depth of denial and hope that many mothers cling to, even in their final moments. The reference to a sacrificial goat and shrine reflects the spiritual rituals of reunion and gratitude that remain unfulfilled. This quote can be used to explore the intersection of faith, grief, and cultural memory in Kashmir, and how unresolved trauma manifests in spiritual longing.This quote, shared by Parveena, reflects the hallucinatory hope that many mothers cling to in their final moments. It underscores the spiritual and cultural dimensions of mourning in Kashmir.

Religious Demographics of the Kashmir Region (21^st Century)

India-administered Jammu & Kashmir (2025 estimates) [Jammu & Ka…s Data …]

• Total population: ~14.08 million
• Muslims: 68.31% (~8.57 million)
• Hindus: 28.44% (~3.57 million)
• Sikhs: 1.87% (~234,848)
• Buddhists: 0.9% (~112,584)
• Christians: 0.28% (~35,631)
• Others (Jains, tribal faiths, unspecified): <0.2%

Note: Ladakh, now a separate Union Territory, has a significant Buddhist population, especially in Leh district, and Shia Muslim majority in Kargil.

Pakistan-administered Kashmir (Azad Jammu & Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan)

• Muslims: Over 95% (predominantly Sunni, with Shia majorities in parts of Gilgit-Baltistan)
• Minorities: Small populations of Christians, Hindus, and Ismailis in Gilgit-Baltistan
• Ahmadiyya Muslims: Present but constitutionally excluded from Islam and heavily persecuted

China-administered Kashmir (Aksai Chin and Shaksgam Valley)

• Population: Sparse and largely uninhabited
• Ethnic groups: Uyghur Muslims in adjacent Xinjiang region
• Religious freedom: Severely restricted; Uyghur Muslims face systematic repression, including mosque closures, surveillance, and internment

Persecuted Religious Groups in the Kashmir Region

India-administered Kashmir

• Muslims: Face militarization, surveillance, detentions, and restrictions on religious gatherings since the revocation of Article 370 in 2019 [The India-…minorities]
• Kashmiri Pandits (Hindus): Victims of targeted killings and mass exodus in 1990; many still live in exile [The India-…minorities]
• Christians and Sikhs: Generally less targeted but increasingly marginalized in communal rhetoric

Pakistan-administered Kashmir

• Ahmadiyya Muslims: Declared non-Muslim by law; face blasphemy charges, mob violence, and exclusion
• Christians and Hindus: Subject to forced conversions, abductions, and discrimination [The India-…minorities]
• Shia Muslims (Gilgit-Baltistan): Face sectarian violence and marginalization from Sunni-majority institutions

China-administered Kashmir

• Uyghur Muslims: Victims of mass internment, religious suppression, and cultural erasure under China’s policies in Xinjiang
• No significant religious minorities in Aksai Chin itself due to low population

Detailed Cases of Religious Persecution in Kashmir

Kashmiri Pandits (Hindus)

• 1990 Exodus: Over 100,000 Kashmiri Pandits fled the Valley due to targeted killings, threats, and mosque announcements demanding their departure. [Terror has…dus in J&K]
• 1998 Wandhama Massacre: 23 Pandits from a single family were executed by terrorists disguised as Indian soldiers. [Terror has…dus in J&K]
• 2003 Nandimarg Massacre: 24 Pandits, including women and children, were killed in Pulwama by Lashkar-e-Taiba militants. [Terror has…dus in J&K]
• 2021 Srinagar School Attack: Principal Satinder Kaur (Sikh) and teacher Deepak Chand (Pandit) were selectively executed inside a school. [Terror has…dus in J&K]

Kashmiri Sikhs

• 2000 Chittisinghpora Massacre: 36 Sikh men were killed in Anantnag by terrorists dressed as Indian Army personnel. [Terror has…dus in J&K]
• 2021 Srinagar School Attack: Sikh principal Satinder Kaur was killed alongside a Pandit colleague. [Terror has…dus in J&K]
• General Status: Despite violence, many Sikhs chose to remain in Kashmir, citing economic necessity and attachment to land. [On the Oth…miri Sikhs]

Kashmiri Shias

• Historical Cycles of Persecution:
  • 1532–1831: Repeated massacres, forced conversions, and destruction of Shia neighborhoods under various rulers (Mughals, Afghans, Sikhs, Dogras). [Persecutio…Wikipedia]
  • 1684 Hasanabad Riot: Sunni militias lynched Shia businessman Abdul Shakoor and his family; governor’s mansion was torched. [Persecutio…Wikipedia]
  • 1831 Zadibal Pogrom: Shia suburb burned; Persian merchants fled Kashmir permanently. [Persecutio…Wikipedia]
• Modern Incidents:
  • 2000 Assassination of Agha Syed Mehdi in Budgam [Persecutio…Wikipedia]
  • 2000–2009: Multiple assassination attempts on Shia cleric Iftikhar Ansari; suicide bombing in Muzaffarabad killed 10, injured 65 [Persecutio…Wikipedia]
  • 2020 Muharram Crackdown: Peaceful mourners attacked with pellets and bullets; Pandits allowed rituals on same route [Persecutio…Wikipedia]

Christians

• Status: Small community, generally not targeted in mass violence but faces social marginalization and limited representation.
• Incidents: Some Christian teachers and workers have been caught in crossfire or communal tensions, especially during school attacks. [Terror has…dus in J&K]

Ahmadiyya Muslims (Pakistan-administered Kashmir)

• Legal Persecution: Declared non-Muslim by Pakistan’s constitution; denied religious rights.
• Violence: Subject to mob attacks, blasphemy accusations, and exclusion from public life.
• No specific Kashmir incidents cited, but persecution mirrors broader Pakistani pattern.

Uyghur Muslims (China-administered Kashmir / Xinjiang)

• Systemic Repression: Mass internment, mosque closures, surveillance, and cultural erasure.
• No significant population in Aksai Chin, but adjacent Xinjiang region is heavily affected.

A Mosaic of Pain, Patience and Resilience

Each religious group in Kashmir has faced distinct forms of persecution, shaped by historical legacies, geopolitical agendas, and sectarian ideologies. A just peace must begin by acknowledging these traumas, protecting minority rights, and restoring interfaith harmony rooted in Kashmiriyat.

Overview A Region of Diversity Under Duress

Kashmir’s religious mosaic, once a symbol of Kashmiriyat and peaceful coexistence—is now fractured by geopolitical agendas, religious nationalism, and militarization. Peacebuilding must begin by acknowledging the suffering of all communities, especially those persecuted or displaced, and restoring their rights, dignity, and voice.

Muslims (India-administered Kashmir)

Case Study: Post-2019 Crackdown after Article 370 Revocation

• Following the revocation of Article 370 in August 2019, Kashmiri Muslims faced:
  • Mass detentions, including minors
  • Communication blackouts
  • Restrictions on religious gatherings, especially during Eid and Muharram
• Impact: Psychological trauma, economic paralysis, and erosion of civil liberties
• Source: UN Human Rights Office reports and Amnesty International

Hindus (Kashmiri Pandits)

Case Study: Wandhama Massacre (1998)

• Event: 23 Kashmiri Pandits were massacred in Ganderbal district by militants dressed as Indian soldiers [Terror has…dus in J&K]
• Context: Part of a broader campaign of ethnic cleansing that led to the 1990 mass exodus of Pandits from the Valley
• Impact: Displacement, trauma, and loss of ancestral homes
• Quote: “They talked to the family members and gathered them in a place and shot them.”

Sikhs

Case Study: Chittisinghpora Massacre (2000)[39]

• Event: 35 Sikh men were killed by militants dressed as Indian soldiers on the eve of President Clinton’s visit.
• Impact: Shock and fear among the Sikh micro-minority, though most chose to remain in Kashmir
• Resilience: Despite the violence, Sikhs cited land attachment, economic necessity, and respect from Muslim neighbours as reasons to stay
• Quote: “Our father was martyred here, we will die here too.”

Christians

Case Study: Marginalization and Fear of Conversion

• While not widely targeted, Christians in Kashmir face:
  • Social exclusion
  • Suspicion of proselytization
  • Limited representation in civil society
• Impact: Quiet withdrawal from public life, underreporting of grievances
• Source: Journal of Global South Studies [Conflict a…ashmir …]

Shia Muslims

Case Study: Budgam Assassination & Muharram Crackdowns

• Event: Assassination of Shia leader Agha Syed Mehdi in 2000; repeated bans on Muharram processions [Persecutio…Wikipedia]
• Historical Context: Shias have faced persecution since the 16th century, including massacres, forced conversions, and mob violence
• Modern Impact: Sectarian discrimination, surveillance, and exclusion from mainstream Sunni narratives
• Quote: “We are caught in the talons of a tyrant, like an innocent dove in a hawk’s.”

Ahmadiyya Muslims (Pakistan-administered Kashmir)

Case Study: Legal Exclusion and Mob Violence

• Status: Declared non-Muslim by Pakistan’s constitution
• Impact: Denied religious rights, targeted by blasphemy laws, and subject to mob attacks
• Recent Incident: Attacks on Ahmadi mosques and graves in Gilgit-Baltistan
• Source: Human Rights Watch and Dawn reports

Uyghur Muslims (China-administered Aksai Chin/Xinjiang)

Case Study: Systematic Repression in Xinjiang

• Event: Mass internment in “re-education camps,” mosque closures, and surveillance
• Impact: Cultural erasure, religious suppression, and psychological trauma
• Source: UN OHCHR Xinjiang Report (2022)

Epilogue: The Unending Echoes of Peace Propagation between the mountains of Kashmir.

In the shadow of barbed wire and broken dreams, the Valley of Kashmir still whispers the songs of saints and sages. While Part 1 of this series exposed the brutal realities of occupation and erasure, this second part seeks to illuminate the path forward—not through retaliation, but through reconciliation. Peace in Kashmir is not a utopian fantasy; it is a moral necessity. Drawing from the wisdom of Kashmiriyat, the resilience of its people, and the frameworks of global peacebuilding, this article offers a vision of healing rooted in justice, dignity, and hope. Based on a comparative analysis of diplomatic efforts and stakeholder positions, the most readily acceptable solution for a peaceful Kashmir, though still aspirational, would likely involve a multi-pronged framework that balances sovereignty, autonomy, and human dignity. Kashmiri Traditions of Peace: The Soul of Kashmiriyat

Long before the region became a geopolitical flashpoint, Kashmir was a sanctuary of spiritual synthesis and cultural harmony. The essence of Kashmiriyat, a centuries-old ethos of mutual respect, compassion, and coexistence, offers a powerful indigenous framework for peacebuilding.

1. The Rishi-Sufi Legacy

Kashmir’s spiritual landscape was shaped by the Rishi-Sufi tradition, a unique confluence of Islamic mysticism and indigenous Shaivite and Buddhist philosophies. Saints like:

• Sheikh Noor-ud-din Wali (Nund Rishi), a revered Muslim mystic, preached simplicity, nonviolence, and unity. His teachings were deeply influenced by the Shaivite yogini Lal Ded (Lalleshwari), whose vaakh (mystic verses) transcended religious boundaries.
• These figures are still venerated by both Muslims and Hindus, symbolizing a shared spiritual heritage that resisted sectarianism.

Their message was not one of conquest, but of inner transformation, humility, and service to humanity, values that can guide modern peace efforts.

2. Syncretic Shrines and Shared Spaces

Kashmir’s landscape is dotted with shrines (ziyarats and asthans) where people of all faiths once prayed together. These sacred spaces were not just religious centers but community hubs where disputes were resolved, and social bonds were nurtured.

• The Hazratbal Shrine[40], housing a relic of the Prophet Muhammad, and the Kheer Bhawani Temple[41], dedicated to the Hindu goddess Ragnya Devi[42], are both examples of interfaith reverence.
• Pilgrimages to these sites were often joint affairs, with Muslims and Hindus offering flowers, lighting lamps, and sharing meals.

Reviving these traditions of shared sacredness could serve as a symbolic and practical step toward reconciliation.

3. Oral Traditions and Folk Wisdom

Kashmiri folk songs (wanwun)[43], proverbs, and storytelling traditions often emphasize peace, patience, and the impermanence of conflict. These oral traditions, passed down through generations, reflect a worldview that values harmony with nature and neighbours alike.

• For example, the proverb “Akh te akh gayi, beyi kya kari?” (“If one eye is lost, what will the other do?”) speaks to the futility of internal strife.
• Folk tales often feature moral lessons about forgiveness, empathy, and the dangers of pride and vengeance.

These cultural artifacts can be revitalized in peace education curricula, community theatre, and digital storytelling.

4. Nonviolence as a Way of Life

While the region has seen armed resistance, it has also produced nonviolent movements rooted in Islamic ethics and Gandhian principles. Many Kashmiri civil society leaders, poets, and educators have long advocated for dialogue over destruction, even in the face of immense suffering.

• The Ahimsa (nonviolence)[44] practiced by Kashmiri Pandits and the Islamic concept of sabr (patience)[45] converge in a shared moral vocabulary that can be harnessed for peacebuilding.

Conclusion: Reclaiming the Soul of the Valley

Kashmir’s peace traditions are not relics of a forgotten past, they are living legacies waiting to be reawakened. In a region where external powers have often imposed their will, it is these indigenous philosophies of harmony that offer the most authentic and sustainable path to peace.

The author presents a synthesis of the most discussed and potentially viable models:

Most Acceptable Peacebuilding Framework for Kashmir

1. Musharraf’s Four-Point Formula (2004–2007)[46]

Widely regarded as the closest the region came to consensus, this proposal included:

• Demilitarisation of Kashmir
• Self-governance without full independence
• No change in borders, but softening of the Line of Control (LoC)
• Joint supervision by India, Pakistan, and Kashmiris

Why it gained traction:

• It respected India’s territorial concerns
• It acknowledged Pakistan’s moral support stance
• It gave Kashmiris a voice in governance
• It avoided redrawing borders, which China and India oppose

2. Track II Diplomacy and Confidence-Building Measures[47]

• Cross-LoC bus, rail services and trade routes
• Joint cultural and religious events
• Academic and youth exchanges These informal efforts helped reduce tensions and build trust, especially in the early 2000s.[48], [49]

3. Autonomy with International Oversight[50]

• Restoration of special status (e.g., Article 370) with enhanced autonomy
• UN or neutral third-party monitoring of human rights and ceasefire violations
• Truth and Reconciliation Commission to address historical grievances

Challenges:

• India’s current stance opposes third-party involvement
• Pakistan seeks internationalization, while India prefers bilateralism
• China remains silent but strategic, especially regarding Aksai Chin

4. Joint Sovereignty or Condominium Model

• Proposed by scholars and peace advocates
• Kashmir would be jointly administered by India and Pakistan with local Kashmiri governance
• Borders remain, but movement and trade are liberalized

Benefits:

• Avoids territorial loss for either country
• Empowers Kashmiris
• Reduces militarization

5. Regional Peace Treaty with Human Rights Guarantees

• A trilateral agreement (India–Pakistan–China) with Kashmiri representation
• Guarantees religious freedom, cultural preservation, and economic development
• Supported by international legal instruments (e.g., UN Resolutions 47 & 122)

Global Consensus Elements

• No forced demographic changes
• Respect for religious pluralism
• Demilitarization of civilian zones
• Restoration of civil liberties and internet access
• Inclusion of Kashmiri voices in all negotiations

Author’s Suggested Policy Brief: A Multi-Stakeholder Framework for Peace in Kashmir

Purpose: To propose a pragmatic, inclusive, and culturally sensitive roadmap for peace in the Kashmir region, addressing the concerns of all stakeholders, India, Pakistan, China, and the Kashmiri people.

Overview of Recommendations

Kashmir remains one of the most volatile and emotionally charged geopolitical conflicts in the world. This policy brief outlines a multi-track peacebuilding framework that respects territorial integrity, restores civil liberties, and empowers Kashmiri voices. Drawing from historical proposals, indigenous traditions, and international legal instruments, the brief recommends a phased approach to reconciliation, demilitarisation, national societal cohesion against external interference and regional cooperation.

Key Recommendations

1. Restore Autonomy and Civil Liberties
   • Reinstate special status (e.g., Article 370) with enhanced local governance
   • Lift restrictions on communication, assembly, and religious practice
2. Demilitarize Civilian Zones
   • Gradual withdrawal of armed forces from urban centers
   • Establish joint monitoring mechanisms with local and international observers
3. Empower Kashmiri Voices
   • Include Kashmiri representatives in all bilateral and multilateral talks
   • Support civil society, women’s groups, and youth-led peace initiatives
4. Revive Cross-Border Engagement
   • Reopen trade and travel routes across the Line of Control (LoC)[51], not recognised as an international border
   • Promote cultural exchanges and interfaith pilgrimages
5. Address Historical Grievances
   • Establish a Truth and Reconciliation Commission[52] like South Africa did to heal the wounds of apartheid, post 1994.[53]
   • Document and acknowledge enforced disappearances and displacement
6. Engage China Constructively
   • Recognize China’s strategic interests in Aksai Chin and CPEC[54]
   • Propose trilateral dialogue on border stability and regional development
7. Anchor Peace in International Law
   • Invoke UN Resolutions 47 [55] and 122[56]
   • Align with the Genocide Convention [57]and Rome Statute for accountability[58],[59]

Stakeholder Alignment Matrix

Stakeholder	Interests	Acceptable Compromises
India	Territorial integrity, security	Autonomy without secession
Pakistan	Moral support, strategic depth	Soft borders, joint supervision
China	Border stability, CPEC security	Non-interference, trilateral dialogue
Kashmiris	Dignity, identity, self-governance	Cultural preservation, local control

Implementation Timeline

Phase	Actions
Short-Term	Lift communication bans, initiate Track II diplomacy
Mid-Term	Restore autonomy, begin demilitariaation, launch reconciliation forums
Long-Term	Establish regional peace treaty, integrate Kashmir into SAARC dialogue[60],[61],[62]

 

Take Home Message of Peace in Kashmir

Kashmir’s story is one of breathtaking beauty, resilience, and hope, even in the face of profound hardship. Amidst the turmoil and uncertainty, it is vital to remember that peace is not merely the absence of conflict, but the presence of justice, compassion, and understanding, which is sadly lacking, if not totally absent, principally due to the subjugative and oppressive regime of the Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s government of India, in recent times. True peace in Kashmir and indeed anywhere in the world, can only be achieved when we listen to every voice, honour every life, as well as respect every tradition religion and culture. It requires courage to forgive, wisdom to seek dialogue over division, and empathy to see the humanity in one another. The author appeals to the readers to let us choose the path of reconciliation, celebrate our shared ancestry, heritage, work together cohesively to heal wounds and build bridges. By nurturing a culture of respect, tolerance, and cooperation, we can transform Kashmir once again into a land of harmony, a true “Heaven on Earth”, where all its people can live with dignity, security, and hope. May this message inspire us all to become ambassadors of peace, not only for Kashmir, but for our shared world.

Bottom Line: Reflection on Solutions for Sustained Peace

The author raises the question as to what is the most readily acceptable solution for the future of a peaceful Kashmir, by all interested parties, concerned.  This will hopefully alleviate the suffering of all Kashmiris, as it is another hot spot, presently, for global conflict. Readers are kindly invited to comment, follow up with further personal publications on Kashmir and are respectfully directed to read the complimentary paper, on Kashmir, published by the author, in Transcend Media Journal on 20^th November 2023.[63] It is to be noted that since then, the situation in the region has worsened, with gross peace disruption caused by India under Prime Minister Modi’s government.

 

Comments and discussion are invited by e-mail: vawda@ukzn.ac.za

Global: + 27 82 291 4546

References:

[1]https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=12db89b0d2b5d3129aae5e7461b19c66bb30980489461745c7a366c96a530b7aJmltdHM9MTc1OTUzNjAwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Key+Geopolitical+and+Demographic+Points+on+Kashmir&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9hdGxhc2luc3RpdHV0ZS5vcmcvYS1nZW9wb2xpdGljYWwtYW5hbHlzaXMtb2Yta2FzaG1pci1wYXJ0LTEtdGhlLWdlb2dyYXBoaWMtc3RyYXRlZ2ljLXNpZ25pZmljYW5jZS1vZi1rYXNobWlyLw

 

[1] Attributed to Guru Tegh Bahadur, the ninth of the ten Sikh Gurus.

 

[2] https://www.transcend.org/tms/2023/11/the-forgotten-part-1-kashmir-heaven-on-earth-turned-hell-on-earth-by-21st-century-india/

 

[3] Pakistan: Kashmir unrest leaves 8 dead

 

[4] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=ca0aba407c90b3010bbd7eaacd1ff1af4dfc7fc7ff83287ab443ab8ad65ab895JmltdHM9MTc1OTQ0OTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Pakistani+Prime+Minister+Shehbaz+Sharif&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvU2hlaGJhel9TaGFyaWY

 

[5] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=f53d364c73f4c67f98cf7fd37e5ae7f54e963eaaf6d78ef7e8a04ca39381931dJmltdHM9MTc1OTQ0OTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Awami+Action+Committee+(AAC)&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuZGFpbHlwYXJsaWFtZW50dGltZXMuY29tLzIwMjUvMDkvMjQvaXNzdWUtb2YtYXdhbWktYWN0aW9uLWNvbW1pdHRlZS1pbi1hamstYW5kLXdheS1mb3J3YXJkLw

 

[6] https://www.msn.com/en-za/news/other/pakistan-kashmir-unrest-leaves-8-dead/ar-AA1NKK9n?ocid=entnewsntp&pc=U531&cvid=68dfbe3eb0be4bd59dde5c23421e1fe7&ei=85#:~:text=%22The%20bullets%20being%20fired%20at%20us%20are%20made%20in%20Pakistan%20to%20be%20used%20against%20the%20enemy%20and%20are%20now%20being%20used%20against%20us%2C%22%20he%20said.

 

[7] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=27e23eb028870c12223b85da5c1472ab70d759ace2b3db288970cb8d3b01886aJmltdHM9MTc1OTQ0OTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Parveena+Ahangar&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvUGFydmVlbmFfQWhhbmdlcg

 

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[9] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=cedbb5f7d11c42bbef1ee6927b9a46695b028e154b4dc6c7d6d36e87100cf6c3JmltdHM9MTc1OTQ0OTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Ahmadiyyas&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvQWhtYWRpeXlh

 

[10] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=1b98a53525ac44b624448f4f2aac2642a5067a4b1847053207cca56d085e3c35JmltdHM9MTc1OTQ0OTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Ahmadiyyas&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cud29ybGRhdGxhcy5jb20vYXJ0aWNsZXMvd2hhdC1hcmUtdGhlLWFobWFkaXl5YS1iZWxpZWZzLmh0bWw

 

^[11] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=1093e4a75e12ee46658facd5ac2cec5c30a37f35c65fde0234511ccd3344c82cJmltdHM9MTc1OTQ0OTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&u=a1L3ZpZGVvcy9zZWFyY2g_cT1VeWdodXJzK2luK2thc2htaXImcXB2dD1VeWdodXJzK2luK2thc2htaXImRk9STT1WRFJF

 

[12] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=0b271442f0cd3d0aadb8f3a6e947a742d9a12c9d7d513c782565dae91cee4efcJmltdHM9MTc1OTUzNjAwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Digital+Truck+Advertising+by+Dr+Ghulam+Nabi+Fai&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9mYXJhYW4ub3JnL2VuL2RpZ2l0YWwtYWR2ZXJ0aXNpbmctdHJ1Y2tzLWluLXR3by11cy1jaXRpZXMtZmxhc2gta2FzaG1pci1mcmVlZG9tLW1lc3NhZ2VzLw

 

[13] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=29342f8c1722e71c902ba71bd31a552838c30c19b87182ae2146ec0365dd304fJmltdHM9MTc1OTUzNjAwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Digital+Truck+Advertising+by+Dr+Ghulam+Nabi+Fai&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudGVsZWNvYWxlcnQuY29tLzIwMjQvMDEvMDgvZGlnaXRhbC1sZWQtdHJ1Y2tzLWluLW55LWRlbWFuZGluZy11bi1pbnRlcnZlbnRpb24taW4ta2FzaG1pci8

 

[14] Digital advertising trucks in Washington flash Kashmir freedom messages

 

[15] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=c19737353297e1d1c25b15b63d25e069ba6f94cbd291c6557d0f2673e2ffcbb3JmltdHM9MTc1OTUzNjAwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Digital+Truck+Advertising+by+Dr+Ghulam+Nabi+Fai&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9kYWlseXRpbWVzLmNvbS5way8xMjk4ODMxL3VzLWJhc2VkLWthc2htaXItZ3JvdXAtdXNlcy1kaWdpdGFsLXRydWNrLXRvLXNlZWstcHJvYmUtaW50by1wYWhhbGdhbS1hdHRhY2sv

 

[16] https://www.transcend.org/tms/2023/11/the-forgotten-part-1-kashmir-heaven-on-earth-turned-hell-on-earth-by-21st-century-india/

 

[17] https://www.transcend.org/tms/2025/08/the-attainment-of-peace-a-multidimensional-perspective/

 

[18] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=8ec0b93a1ca4a98cb775cc8824b7891edc9c4ffc4a237446a25c139f763c3ed0JmltdHM9MTc1OTQ0OTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=%e2%80%a2+Kashmiriyat&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvS2FzaG1pcml5YXQ

 

[19] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=ad72c1a0ef940173e2b0423d7e6a1ca0817f01cf50482915da3730a4a15efffdJmltdHM9MTc1OTQ0OTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Lal+Ded&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvTGFsbGVzaHdhcmkjOn46dGV4dD1MYWxsZXNod2FyaSUyQyUyMCUyOGMuJTIwMTMyMCVFMiU4MCU5MzEzOTIlMjklMjBhbHNvJTIwY29tbW9ubHklMjBrbm93biUyMGFzJTIwTGFsLHZhdHN1biUyMG9yJTIwVmFraHMlMkMlMjBtZWFuaW5nJTIwJTIyc3BlZWNoJTIyJTIwJTI4ZnJvbSUyMFNhbnNrcml0JTIwdiVDNCU4MWMlMjku

 

[20] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=80d54484bfb2812f149090b73f9973d0c8f991ff82ffcfa8373cd29fe68ea231JmltdHM9MTc1OTQ0OTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Sheikh+Noor-ud-din)&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvTnVuZF9SaXNoaQ

 

[21] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=e8ceebc820320691f617d624ce0b2f777c12b3ce73cd2566bfb5fd3d8c3f65a9JmltdHM9MTc1OTUzNjAwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&u=a1L3ZpZGVvcy9zZWFyY2g_cT0lZTIlODAlYTIlMDlUaGUrbmVlZCtmb3IrYStVTitTcGVjaWFsK1JhcHBvcnRldXIrb24rS2FzaG1pciZxcHZ0PSVlMiU4MCVhMiUwOVRoZStuZWVkK2ZvcithK1VOK1NwZWNpYWwrUmFwcG9ydGV1citvbitLYXNobWlyJkZPUk09VkRSRQ

 

[22]https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=594e50701247e0222f5ce421f865354214549a1d19577fcd29aa3db1aaf41ab8JmltdHM9MTc1OTUzNjAwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=united+nations+human+rights+council&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvVW5pdGVkX05hdGlvbnNfSHVtYW5fUmlnaHRzX0NvdW5jaWw

 

[23] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=330b1bd6373416062fead146dcdaefcf1bd17d7d70e329a97ab035dbe180ace0JmltdHM9MTc1OTUzNjAwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=%e2%80%a2%09Diaspora-led+digital+diplomac&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cucmVzZWFyY2hnYXRlLm5ldC9wdWJsaWNhdGlvbi8zNjg3NTIxNjVfRElBU1BPUkFfRElQTE9NQUNZX0lOX1RIRV9ESUdJVEFMX0FHRQ

 

[24] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=0bdea01e391eda9b8c6159f3170664606a9b5e53b1f457feff9593bf5f56ead2JmltdHM9MTc1OTQ0OTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Dr.+Ather+Zia&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuY29sb3JhZG8uZWR1L2Nhcy9hdGhlci16aWE

 

[25] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=1646dffe74ce31edad87307a3d5561591efcf8ae5a87cc7c9405245332b0ea27JmltdHM9MTc1OTQ0OTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Zia+emphasizes+that+writing%2c+poetry%2c+and+ethnography+are+tools+of+resistance+and+reclamation.+Her+work%2c+including+Resisting+Disappearance%2c&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cucGVybGVnby5jb20vYm9vay80MjUyNzgzL3Jlc2lzdGluZy1kaXNhcHBlYXJhbmNlLW1pbGl0YXJ5LW9jY3VwYXRpb24tYW5kLXdvbWVucy1hY3RpdmlzbS1pbi1rYXNobWlyLXBkZiM6fjp0ZXh0PVRocm91Z2glMjBhbiUyMGFtYWxnYW0lMjBvZiUyMGV0aG5vZ3JhcGh5JTJDJTIwcG9ldHJ5JTJDJTIwYW5kJTIwcGhvdG9ncmFwaHklMkMscmVzaXN0YW5jZSUyMHdoaWxlJTIwZmFjaW5nJTIwaW5jcmVhc2luZyUyMG1pbGl0YXJ5JTIwdmlvbGVuY2UlMjB1bmRlciUyMEluZGlhLg

 

[26] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=aa1e789e202b9ad78edde6ee597ef9d0eaa6c8158d04778a09c818b19d3a90d5JmltdHM9MTc1OTQ0OTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Kashmiri+Women+as+Protagonists&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuamV0aXIub3JnL3ZpZXc_cGFwZXI9SkVUSVIxOTAzNTc5

 

[27] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=96f1bbc1601c2e58b785b08db0a43de29806974c4d5804904e0cabc1cda39c53JmltdHM9MTc1OTQ0OTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=nitasha+kaul&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvTml0YXNoYV9LYXVs

 

[28] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=dd40104354cc2fe1d20b39fb15beb797702b53e65a12b433e01ffbd570ffed83JmltdHM9MTc1OTQ0OTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=farah+bashir&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9sYXJldmlld29mYm9va3Mub3JnL2FydGljbGUvdGhlLWJyYXZlLWZhY2Utb2Yta2FzaG1pcmktd29tZW4tYS1jb252ZXJzYXRpb24td2l0aC1mYXJhaC1iYXNoaXIv

 

[29] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=1357f364dc7bb6cd69ffef2f0bef7351b906cb7b9aaf16f1ff787ca01a3599a9JmltdHM9MTc1OTQ0OTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Mehreen+Andrabi+author&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9nZGNiZW1pbmEuZWR1LmluL3VwbG9hZC9vcmdzdHIvb3Jnc3RyLWZpbGVlNmM0YmEzZmE2YTlhYmU1OTk1ZDRlOTE1OGE4YTA0NC5wZGY

 

[30] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=06fa0d6660f4a8a2991068a6082f324c85379337609b094e87cd32e1002f74cdJmltdHM9MTc1OTQ0OTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=dalit+and+tribal+women+in+jammu+and+kashmir&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuaWphbXNyLmNvbS9pc3N1ZXMvNl9Wb2x1bWUlMjAyX0lzc3VlJTIwNC8yMDE5MDUyOF8wNjIzMDRfRE9JJTIwMTQxOS5wZGY

 

[31] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=a9dd149233397aa3e5fa1a9b446671a0d4864f11f79d81618523fbf01caf0185JmltdHM9MTc1OTQ0OTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=dalit+and+tribal+women+in+jammu+and+kashmir&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuanN0b3Iub3JnL3N0YWJsZS9pbmZvLzEwLjE1MjUvYXMuMjAxNC41NC41Ljk0MQ

 

[32] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=c02a7024327ca8a5658fe05d3791ed5f979aa9cc600531d31441a7fa0ef102c0JmltdHM9MTc1OTQ0OTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&u=a1L3ZpZGVvcy9zZWFyY2g_cT1LYXNobWlyaStQYW5kaXQrd29tZW4raW4rZXhpbGUmcXB2dD1LYXNobWlyaStQYW5kaXQrd29tZW4raW4rZXhpbGUmRk9STT1WRFJF

 

[33] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=9a0522892ed2d1bffe16c9265525262bde0541ff2e23b91b705426b61e358a4eJmltdHM9MTc1OTQ0OTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Sikh+and+Christian+minorities+advocating+for+peace+in+kashmir&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9qb3VybmFscy51cHJlc3MudWZsLmVkdS9KR1NTL2FydGljbGUvdmlldy8xOTA0

 

[34] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=66d46bcdfe4535b059787a5cf4da19ab454b9ecbd76f11d902393cbf362e4837JmltdHM9MTc1OTQ0OTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Sikh+and+Christian+minorities+advocating+for+peace+in+kashmir&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cueW91dGhraWF3YWF6LmNvbS8yMDE4LzA3L3RoZS1mZXctY2hyaXN0aWFucy1vZi1rYXNobWlyLw

 

[35] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=e766561c621fb8a009600d5d71d83e220bf8279ed80d5c458f1034b820258f5eJmltdHM9MTc1OTQ0OTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Case+Study%3a+Parveena+Ahangar+%e2%80%93+The+Iron+Lady+of+Kashmir+In+the+heart+of+Srinagar%2c+where+grief+often+walks+unspoken%2c+Parveena+Ahangar+has+become+a+symbol+of+unwavering+resistance+and+maternal+courage.+Known+as+the+%e2%80%9cIron+Lady+of+Kashmir%2c%e2%80%9d+she+is+the+fo&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9jcmNjLnVzYy5lZHUvcGFydmVlbmEtYWhhbmdlci1hLWdyaWV2aW5nLW1vdGhlcnMtZmlnaHQtZm9yLXRoZS1kaXNhcHBlYXJlZC1vZi1rYXNobWlyLw

 

[36] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=5ba52f9388cbd95d9dfc038fcf97602cba31f559dc46b8545c88a8e5746206e2JmltdHM9MTc1OTQ0OTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=normalisation+of+impunity%2c+as+it+is+the+global+norm+in+Israel%2c+in+the+present+era.&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9vbmxpbmUudWNwcmVzcy5lZHUvY3VycmVudGhpc3RvcnkvYXJ0aWNsZS8xMjMvODU3LzM1NC8yMDM4NzUvQXJhYi1Jc3JhZWxpLU5vcm1hbGl6YXRpb24tUmVwcmVzc2lvbi1hbmQtSW1wdW5pdHk

 

[37] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=0cedb633831f444997478bf1aa0f55c6debafab4e305bfde3cddc332c32426aaJmltdHM9MTc1OTQ0OTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Verified+Quotes+by+Parveena+Ahangar+%e2%80%9cThe+pain+a+mother+endures%2c+waiting+for+her+son%e2%80%99s+return%2c+is+like+drinking+a+slow+poison.%e2%80%9d+%e2%80%94+Parveena+Ahangar%2c+Al+Jazeera+interview+This+quote+captures+the+psychological+torment+of+enforced+disappearance%e2%80%94not+just+as+a+political+crime%2c+but+as+a+slow+erosion+of+the+soul.&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYWxqYXplZXJhLmNvbS9uZXdzLzIwMTEvNC8xNy93YWl0aW5nLWZvci1hLWRpc2FwcGVhcmVkLXNvbg

 

[38] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=3b52bbd48559288ab286d6c1e3229725d6ed430f9936f90da9ef4f7ca0f01ce4JmltdHM9MTc1OTQ0OTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=%e2%80%9cDaughter%2c+please+search+for+my+missing+son+too+%5bfor+as+long+as%5d+you+are+alive.%e2%80%9d+A+plea+made+to+Parveena+by+another+grieving+mother%2c+Muglee+&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYWxqYXplZXJhLmNvbS9uZXdzLzIwMTEvNC8xNy93YWl0aW5nLWZvci1hLWRpc2FwcGVhcmVkLXNvbg

 

[39]

 

[40] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=1620d31be8e57bf66b0593fed6b67931aaf389585472400c4d5254461f693ab8JmltdHM9MTc1OTQ0OTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Hazratbal+Shrine+kashmir&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvSGF6cmF0YmFsX1NocmluZQ

 

[41] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=e407f9e414112516e81a191a03f096e8d04a079eb20860625a54b1d547e5c32dJmltdHM9MTc1OTQ0OTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=kheer+bhawani+temple+kashmir&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvS2hlZXJfQmhhd2FuaV9UZW1wbGU

 

[42] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=1d081b48bcc137f36fa7c6d36896f95de16493742a010bd76b6e7464ce9c5f01JmltdHM9MTc1OTQ0OTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Hindu+goddess+Ragnya+Devi&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuaGluZHUtYmxvZy5jb20vMjAxNy8wNS9nb2RkZXNzLXJhZ255YS1kZXZpLWFib3V0LWhpbmR1LWdvZGRlc3MuaHRtbA

 

[43] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=c11b7ebf29d631e1b30646ba2a979770dfe1972fd7282c523d0a82c2946ee4f9JmltdHM9MTc1OTQ0OTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=folk+songs+of+kashmir&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cueW91dHViZS5jb20vd2F0Y2g_dj04d0hUcFpPRkFBaw

 

[44] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=0bd655ca0348a5eceac21227f4b4e85e0848845ea9d250a32001303d970d81f6JmltdHM9MTc1OTQ0OTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=hindu+tradition+of+nonviolence+5+-+ahimsa&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9oaW5kdWN1bHR1cmVodWIuY29tL3BoaWxvc29waHkvYWhpbXNhLyM6fjp0ZXh0PUFoaW1zYSUyQyUyMGElMjBTYW5za3JpdCUyMHdvcmQlMjBtZWFuaW5nJTIwJUUyJTgwJTlDbm9uLXZpb2xlbmNlJUUyJTgwJTlEJTIwb3IlMjAlRTIlODAlOUNub24taW5qdXJ5JTJDJUUyJTgwJTlELGElMjBjb21wYXNzaW9uYXRlJTIwYW5kJTIwa2luZCUyMG1pbmRzZXQlMjB0b3dhcmQlMjBhbGwlMjBiZWluZ3Mu

 

[45] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=dc8b9e74358f209920eea58c9f439518261c4618e3c9a80c1eb507cba8b26893JmltdHM9MTc1OTQ0OTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=what+is+sabr+islam&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cubXVzbGltaWhyYWIuY29tLzIwMjQvMTIvc2Fici1wYXRpZW5jZS1pbi1pc2xhbS1pdHMtbWVhbmluZy1hbmQuaHRtbA

 

[46] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=75f7c2b908aa97eee7b3fe1836bcadbd844b3a09c1a531f0d9e22e07ed89bee3JmltdHM9MTc1OTQ0OTYwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Musharraf%e2%80%99s+Four-Point+Formula+(2004%e2%80%932007)&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cucmVzZWFyY2hnYXRlLm5ldC9wdWJsaWNhdGlvbi8zNTEyNTcyMzVfVGhlX011c2hhcnJhZl9Gb3JtdWxhX0JhY2tfY2hhbm5lbF9Gb3JtdWxhX2FuZF90aGVfUmVzb2x1dGlvbl9vZl90aGVfS2FzaG1pcl9Db25mbGljdA

 

[47] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=88be46aeab92d3c0d4d486b4dcad066d8f4867f35fb367f6274d0bac11798d31JmltdHM9MTc1OTUzNjAwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Track+II+Diplomacy+and+Confidence-Building+Measures+in+kashmir&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9iZWx0d2F5Z3JpZC5vcmcvZGlwbG9tYXRpYy1lZmZvcnRzLXRvLXJlc29sdmUtdGhlLWthc2htaXItY29uZmxpY3QtYS1jb21wYXJhdGl2ZS1zdHVkeS8

 

[48] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=48201081d031003dece7e7d7f5b2caf23b4b9fa0dd82314c55aeb3113d00e7ffJmltdHM9MTc1OTUzNjAwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Academic+and+youth+exchanges+These+informal+efforts+helped+reduce+tensions+and+build+trust%2c+especially+in+the+early+2000s.+in+kashmir&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cucmVzZWFyY2hnYXRlLm5ldC9wdWJsaWNhdGlvbi8zNzI1NTczOTFfWW91dGhfYW5kX1BlYWNlX0J1aWxkaW5nX0FfS2V5X3RvX1N1c3RhaW5hYmxlX0RldmVsb3BtZW50

 

[49] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=03654bc492a9f7cd4dbd1dfad9ae41e30e1d8051c7fd097a4e85969bb7690539JmltdHM9MTc1OTUzNjAwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Academic+and+youth+exchanges+in+early+2000s.+in+kashmir&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuYWNhZGVtaWEuZWR1LzM3MjgxNTAxL1JlcG9ydF9LYXNobWlyaV9Zb3V0aF9SZWRlZmluaW5nX3RoZV9Nb3ZlbWVudF9mb3JfU2VsZl9kZXRlcm1pbmF0aW9u

 

[50] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=cfeeae5808ca8a3917346e5749667c07811013428ecb3b71cbfd8a78e7d02b35JmltdHM9MTc1OTUzNjAwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Autonomy+with+International+Oversight+in+kashmir&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9hemFkaXRpbWVzLmNvbS9hcnRpY2xlcy91bml0ZWQtbmF0aW9ucy1yZXNvbHV0aW9ucy1vbi1rYXNobWlyLXRoZS11bi1yaWdodC10by1zZWxmLWRldGVybWluYXRpb24tdGhlLWthc2htaXItaXNzdWUv

 

[51] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=04ea033414755b8b6f86524f4af6fcf572aa445ac8e2dee463b5a39dc5b80bb5JmltdHM9MTc1OTUzNjAwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Line+of+Control+(LoC)&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvTGluZV9vZl9Db250cm9s

 

[52] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=0cff5f908a285727a18cff401f63f707bdef2bf75ab3c8c3f423d87bd2693ea8JmltdHM9MTc1OTUzNjAwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=stablish+a+Truth+and+Reconciliation+Commission+for+Kashmir&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly90aW1lc29maW5kaWEuaW5kaWF0aW1lcy5jb20vaG9tZS9zdW5kYXktdGltZXMvYWxsLXRoYXQtbWF0dGVycy90cnV0aC1hbmQtcmVjb25jaWxpYXRpb24tYS1ub2JsZS1pZGVhLWJ1dC1pbi1rYXNobWlyLXRoZXktd29udC1nby10b2dldGhlci9hcnRpY2xlc2hvdy8xMDYwNDg0NzYuY21zIzp-OnRleHQ9RHVyaW5nJTIwaXRzJTIwcmVjZW50JTIwdmVyZGljdCUyMG9uJTIwQXJ0aWNsZSUyMDM3MCUyQyUyMHRoZSxib3RoJTIwc3RhdGUlMjBhbmQlMjBub24tc3RhdGUlMjBhY3RvcnMlMjBzaW5jZSUyMHRoZSUyMDE5ODBzLg

 

[53] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=707e0db94b4da5a2caca1016436d9d61595f911360314758f3dfd6b8170eeb43JmltdHM9MTc1OTUzNjAwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=establish+a+truth+and+reconciliation+commission+in+south+africa+today&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuanVzdGljZS5nb3YuemEvdHJjLw

 

[54] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=fb30030321a8889b9fe8387a62ec5175b9bfcce6a43ad426f83b61c0765e6829JmltdHM9MTc1OTUzNjAwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Recognize+China%e2%80%99s+strategic+interests+in+Aksai+Chin+and+CPECh&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9pamVtci52YW5kYW5hcHVibGljYXRpb25zLmNvbS9pbmRleC5waHAvai9hcnRpY2xlL2Rvd25sb2FkLzE3NDcvMTY3OS8zMzk1

[55] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=2c8de9cf03580a8665bbf673eb910f580105f2b7bf1bee6d1e66662c01d7711bJmltdHM9MTc1OTUzNjAwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=united+nations+security+council+resolution+47&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lbi53aWtpcGVkaWEub3JnL3dpa2kvVW5pdGVkX05hdGlvbnNfU2VjdXJpdHlfQ291bmNpbF9SZXNvbHV0aW9uXzQ3

 

[56] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=d92252b4b2ac065a5b9dca1ba3b9d29f5c210d0add07b70d1d23e0b64c5da68dJmltdHM9MTc1OTUzNjAwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=united+nations+security+council+resolution+122+pdf&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9hcmNoaXZlLm9yZy9kb3dubG9hZC9Vbml0ZWRfTmF0aW9uc18xOTU3X2VuL1MtUkVTLTEyMi0xOTU3LWVuX3RleHQucGRm

 

[57] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=2edce460cf822f5adb0c449029b88554c89cc52d01567453a6c5fd82656eacb7JmltdHM9MTc1OTUzNjAwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=genocide+convention+1948&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cub2hjaHIub3JnL2VuL2luc3RydW1lbnRzLW1lY2hhbmlzbXMvaW5zdHJ1bWVudHMvY29udmVudGlvbi1wcmV2ZW50aW9uLWFuZC1wdW5pc2htZW50LWNyaW1lLWdlbm9jaWRl

 

[58] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=bc84673ff2f88c61469de83c41d7e9b0d4137363fe3308d276a92ab7e5028a18JmltdHM9MTc1OTUzNjAwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Rome+Statute+for+accountability&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuY29hbGl0aW9uZm9ydGhlaWNjLm9yZy9maWdodC9zdHJvbmctaWNjL25vLWltbXVuaXR5Izp-OnRleHQ9QXJ0aWNsZSUyMDI3JTIwb2YlMjB0aGUlMjBSb21lJTIwU3RhdHV0ZSUyMHVuYW1iaWd1b3VzbHklMjBkZWNsYXJlcyx0aGVpciUyMGhlYWRzJTIwb2YlMjBzdGF0ZXMlMjBvciUyMG90aGVyJTIwc3RhdGUlMjBvZmZpY2lhbHMu

 

[59] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=91c1c4052e2d692b8f9e0f3014d50ba7c5e133c6831042843a0d151908a90cb6JmltdHM9MTc1OTUzNjAwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Rome+Statute+for+accountability&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cuaWNjLWNwaS5pbnQvc2l0ZXMvZGVmYXVsdC9maWxlcy8yMDI0LTA1L1JvbWUtU3RhdHV0ZS1lbmcucGRm

[60] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=2a3caa378dd283ec8186d451e326df0e34814ba0a18515e42bd3fb827acaec52JmltdHM9MTc1OTUzNjAwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Establish+regional+peace+treaty%2c+integrate+Kashmir+into+SAARC+dialogue&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9zb3V0aGFzaWF0aW1lcy5vcmcva2FzaG1pci1hbmQtY3Jpc2lzLWRpcGxvbWFjeS10aGUtcm9sZXMtb2Ytc2FhcmMtYW5kLXNjby8

 

[61] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=d3b3cd1de2b1a36935fc418c6056d57033b5f465408ff2b41230c9c159488761JmltdHM9MTc1OTUzNjAwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Establish+regional+peace+treaty%2c+integrate+Kashmir+into+SAARC+dialogue&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudXJkdXBvaW50LmNvbS9lbi9wYWtpc3Rhbi9kaWFsb2d1ZS1rZXktdG8tcmVnaW9uYWwtcGVhY2UtZ3Jvd3RoLXNhYXJjLTE5NzAyOTcuaHRtbA

 

[62] https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=e6a69ae9d315fd68eaa19b36122b9fc0bda35c4a1d6f72928e2f36e2d5afbd9eJmltdHM9MTc1OTUzNjAwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=13da0a31-899c-6c03-09c7-1fd488bf6d11&psq=Establish+regional+peace+treaty%2c+integrate+Kashmir+into+SAARC+dialogue&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9kZWZlbmNlam91cm5hbC5jb20vMjAyNC8wMS8wNS9jb25mbGljdHMtaW4tc291dGgtYXNpYS1jaGFsbGVuZ2VzLXRvLXNhYXJjLXJlZ2lvbmFsaXNtLw

 

[63] https://www.transcend.org/tms/2023/11/the-forgotten-part-1-kashmir-heaven-on-earth-turned-hell-on-earth-by-21st-century-india/

_____________________________________________

Professor G. Hoosen M. Vawda (Bsc; MBChB; PhD.Wits) is a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace Development Environment.
Director: Glastonbury Medical Research Centre; Community Health and Indigent Programme Services; Body Donor Foundation SA.
Principal Investigator: Multinational Clinical Trials
Consultant: Medical and General Research Ethics; Internal Medicine and Clinical Psychiatry:UKZN, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine
Executive Member: Inter Religious Council KZN SA
Public Liaison: Medical Misadventures
Activism: Justice for All
Email: vawda@ukzn.ac.za

Tags: Disappearance of Activist, Kashmir, Ladakh, Mughal Emperor, Narendra Modi, Pashmina, Shikara, Solutions for Peace

This article originally appeared on Transcend Media Service (TMS) on 6 Oct 2025.

Anticopyright: Editorials and articles originated on TMS may be freely reprinted, disseminated, translated and used as background material, provided an acknowledgement and link to the source, TMS: The Transformation of Kashmir: From Peaceful Heaven on Earth with Shikaras and Pashminas to Hell on Earth, Amidst Gross Peace Disruption (Part 3), is included. Thank you.

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