This Week in History
HISTORY, 2 Oct 2023
Satoshi Ashikaga - TRANSCEND Media Service
2-8 October 2023
Quote of the Week:
“The central task of our time is to evolve a new system of world order based on principles of peace and justice.” – Richard A. Falk
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2 October
1263 The Battle of Largs is fought between Norwegians and Scots.
1552 Russo-Kazan Wars: Russian troops enter Kazan.
1870 By plebiscite, the citizens of the Papal States accept annexation by the Kingdom of Italy.
1920 Ukrainian War of Independence: Mikhail Frunze orders the Red Army to immediately cease hostilities with the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine.
1937 Rafael Trujillo orders the execution of Haitians living in the border region of the Dominican Republic.
1944 World War II: German troops end the Warsaw Uprising.
1958 Guinea declares its independence from France.
1971 South Vietnamese President Nguyen Van Thieu is re-elected in a one-man election.
2007 President Roh Moo-hyun of South Korea goes to North Korea for an Inter-Korean summit with North Korean leader Kim Jong-il.
– North Korea–South Korea relations
2018 The Washington Post journalist Jamal Khashoggi is assassinated in the Saudi consulate in Istanbul, Turkey.
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3 October
2457BC Gaecheonjeol, Hwanung (환웅) purportedly descended from heaven. South Korea’s National Foundation Day.
382 Roman Emperor Theodosius I concludes a peace treaty with the Goths and settles them in the Balkans.
1683 Qing dynasty naval commander Shi Lang receives the surrender of the Tungning kingdom on Taiwan after the Battle of Penghu.
1939 The Treaty of Niš is signed by the Ottoman Empire and Russia ending the Russian–Turkish War.
1929 The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes is renamed to Yugoslavia by King Alexander I.
1932 The Kingdom of Iraq gains independence from the United Kingdom.
1935 Second Italo-Abyssinian War: Italy invades Ethiopia.
1942 A German V-2 rocket reaches a record 85 km (46 nm) in altitude.
1943 World War II: German forces murder 92 civilians in Lingiades, Greece.
1951 Korean War: The First Battle of Maryang San pits Commonwealth troops against communist Chinese troops.
– What Caused the Korean War and Why Did the U.S. Get Involved?
– Korean War | Map and Timeline
– United States in the Korean War
1952 The United Kingdom successfully tests a nuclear weapon in the Montebello Islands, Western Australia, to become the world’s third nuclear power.
– Nuclear weapons of the United Kingdom
– Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom
– The history of Britain’s nuclear weapons
– Nuclear Development in the United Kingdom
1962 Project Mercury: US astronaut Wally Schirra, in Sigma 7, is launched from Cape Canaveral for a six-orbit flight.
1963 A violent coup in Honduras begins two decades of military rule.
1990 The German Democratic Republic is abolished and becomes part of the Federal Republic of Germany; the event is afterwards celebrated as German Unity Day.
1993 An American attack against a warlord in Mogadishu fails; eighteen US soldiers and over 350 Somalis die.
1995 O. J. Simpson murder case: O. J. Simpson is acquitted of the murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman.
2008 The Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 for the U.S. financial system is signed by President George W. Bush.
2009 Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Turkey join in the Turkic Council.
2015 Forty-two people are killed and 33 go missing in the Kunduz hospital airstrike in Afghanistan.
– Civilian casualties in the war in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
– Civilian Casualties In Afghanistan Reach A Record High
– US airstrikes killed at least 22,000 civilians since 9/11, analysis finds
– Hidden Pentagon Records Reveal Patterns of Failure in Deadly Airstrikes
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4 October
1302 The Byzantine–Venetian War comes to an end.
1363 Battle of Lake Poyang: In one of the largest naval battles in history, Zhu Yuanzhang’s rebels defeat rival Chen Youliang.
1511 Formation of the Holy League of Aragon, the Papal States and Venice against France.
1535 The Coverdale Bible is printed, with translations into English by William Tyndale and Myles Coverdale.
1582 The Gregorian Calendar is introduced by Pope Gregory XIII.
1602 Eighty Years’ War and the Anglo-Spanish War: A fleet of Spanish galleys are defeated by English and Dutch galleons in the English Channel.
1636 Thirty Years’ War: The Swedish Army defeats the armies of Saxony and the Holy Roman Empire at the Battle of Wittstock.
1693 Nine Years’ War: Piedmontese troops are defeated by the French.
1824 Mexico adopts a new constitution and becomes a federal republic.
1853 The Crimean War begins when the Ottoman Empire declares war on the Russian Empire.
– Crimean War | Map, Summary, Combatants, Causes, & Facts
1817 World War I: The Battle of Broodseinde is fought between the British and German armies in Flanders.
1925 Great Syrian Revolt: Rebels led by Fawzi al-Qawuqji captured Hama from the French Mandate of Syria.
1957 Sputnik 1 becomes the first artificial satellite to orbit the Earth.
1958 The current constitution of France is adopted.
1966 Basutoland becomes independent from the United Kingdom and is renamed Lesotho.
1985 The Free Software Foundation is founded.
1993 Battle of Mogadishu occurs killing 18 U.S. Special Forces, two UN Peacekeepers and at least 600 Somalian militia men and civilians.
– Timeline of the 1993 Battle of Mogadishu
– The Battle of Mogadishu (1993)
– ‘Black Hawk Down’ And The True Story Of The Battle Of Mogadishu
– The Day of the Rangers: An unforgettable moment in military history
– Somalia intervention | UN Peacekeeping, US Military & Humanitarian Aid
1993 Tanks bombard the Russian parliament, while demonstrators against President Yeltsin rally outside.
2003 The Maxim restaurant suicide bombing in Israel kills twenty-one Israelis, both Jews and Arabs.
2006 WikiLeaks is launched.
[1] WikiLeaks:
– WikiLeaks – What is WikiLeaks
– Wikileaks: Document dumps that shook the world
[2] The Impact of WikiLeaks on Journalism:
– How WikiLeaks Changes Things for Us All (hbr.org)
– How WikiLeaks Affects Journalism | Council on Foreign Relations
– What is the effect of WikiLeaks for Freedom of Information?
2017 Joint Nigerien-American Special Forces are ambushed by Islamic State militants outside the village of Tongo Tongo.
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5 October
610 Heraclius arrives at Constantinople, kills Byzantine Emperor Phocas, and becomes emperor.
1143 With the signing of the Treaty of Zamora, King Alfonso VII of León and Castile recognizes Portugal as a Kingdom.
1789 French Revolution: The Women’s March on Versailles effectively terminates royal authority.
1900 Peace congress in Paris condemns British policy in South Africa and asserts Boer Republic‘s right to self-determination.
1905 The Wright brothers pilot the Wright Flyer III in a new world record flight of 24 miles in 39 minutes.
1910 In a revolution in Portugal the monarchy is overthrown and a republic is declared.
1938 In Nazi Germany, Jews’ passports are invalidated.
1943 Ninety-eight American POWs are executed by Japanese forces on Wake Island.
1944 The Provisional Government of the French Republic enfranchises women.
1962 The first of the James Bond film series, based on the novels by Ian Fleming, Dr. No, is released in Britain.
[1] Cultural Impact of James Bond:
– The Cultural Impact of James Bond – PopOptiq
[2] James Bond Films in the Cold War Era:
– (PDF) Popular Geopolitics and Motion Pictures: Cold War in James Bond Movies
– James Bond Films in Response to Growing Tensions During the Cold War
– “Ian Fleming’s infamous spy novels about the MI6 agent James Bond also referenced elements of the Cold War when being adapted into films. One example of this includes the first Bond film, Dr. No, which was released in 1962..”
– How JFK used James Bond to fight the Cold War
1962 The first Beatles single “Love Me Do” is released in Britain.
[1] How the Beatles Changed the World:
– Cultural impact of the Beatles
– 20 ways The Beatles changed the world
– How the Beatles Changed the World (Documentary) – YouTube
[2] The Beatles and World Peace:
– The Beatles: Standing For Peace And Social Justice
– The Beatles: Their Anti-War Legacy And Role In The Anti-War Movement
– Exploring The Memories Of World War II Through The Eyes Of The Beatles
1966 A reactor at the Enrico Fermi Nuclear Generating Station near Detroit suffers a partial meltdown.
1968 A Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association march in Derry is violently suppressed by police.
1988 A Chilean opposition coalition defeats Augusto Pinochet in his re-election attempt.
2000 Mass demonstrations in Serbia force the resignation of Slobodan Milošević.
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6 October
69BC Third Mithridatic War: The military of the Roman Republic subdue Armenia.
1762 Seven Years’ War: The British capture Manila from Spain and occupy it.
1908 The Bosnian crisis erupts when Austria-Hungary formally annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina.
1915 Entente forces land in Thessaloniki, to open the Macedonian front against the Central Powers
1915 Combined Austro-Hungarian and German Central Powers, reinforced by the recently joined Bulgaria launched a new offensive against Serbia under command of August von Mackensen .
1920 Ukrainian War of Independence: The Starobilsk agreement is signed by representatives of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic and the Makhnovshchina.
1939 World War II: The Battle of Kock is the final combat of the September Campaign in Poland.
1943 World War II: Thirteen civilians are burnt alive by a paramilitary group in Crete during the Nazi occupation of Greece.
1944 World War II: Units of the 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps enter Czechoslovakia during the Battle of the Dukla Pass.
1973 Egypt and Syria launch coordinated attacks against Israel, beginning the Yom Kippur War.
[1] Yom Kippur War:
– Yom Kippur War | Summary, Causes, Combatants, & Facts
– The October Arab-Israeli War of 1973: What happened?
[2] Yom Kippur War in October 1973:
– “In October 1973, the members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC), led by King Faisal of Saudi Arabia, proclaimed an oil embargo targeted at nations that had supported Israel during the Yom Kippur War.”
– “The Valley of Tears (Hebrew: עֵמֶק הַבָּכָא, Emek HaBakha) is the name given to an area in the Golan Heights after it became the site of a major battle in the 1973 Yom Kippur War…which was fought from 6 October to 9 October.”
– Timeless Lessons from the October 1973 Arab-Israeli War
1976 Premier Hua Guofeng arrests the Gang of Four, ending the Cultural Revolution in China.
1977 The first prototype of the Mikoyan MiG-29, designated 9-01, makes its maiden flight.
1981 Egyptian President Anwar Sadat is murdered by Islamic extremists.
1987 Fiji becomes a republic.
1995 The first planet orbiting another sun, 51 Pegasi b, is discovered.
2010 Instagram, a mainstream photo-sharing application, is founded.
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7 October
3761BC The epoch reference date (start) of the modern Hebrew calendar.
1403 Venetian–Genoese wars: The Genoese fleet under a French admiral is defeated by a Venetian fleet at the Battle of Modon.
1513 War of the League of Cambrai: Spain defeats Venice.
1828 Morea expedition: The city of Patras, Greece, is liberated by the French expeditionary force.
1879 Germany and Austria-Hungary sign the “Twofold Covenant” and create the Dual Alliance.
1912 The Helsinki Stock Exchange sees its first transaction.
1913 Ford Motor Company introduces the first moving vehicle assembly line.
1919 KLM, the flag carrier of the Netherlands, is founded. It is the oldest airline still operating under its original name.
1929 Photius II becomes Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople.
1933 Air France is inaugurated, after being formed by a merger of five French airlines.
1940 World War II: The McCollum memo proposes bringing the United States into the war in Europe by provoking the Japanese to attack the United States.
– Full Text of the McCollum Memorandum:
– Pearl Harbor – Mother of All Conspiracies
1944 World War II: During an uprising at Birkenau concentration camp, Jewish prisoners burn down Crematorium IV.
– Auschwitz II-Birkenau / History / Auschwitz-Birkenau
– Timeline: The history of Auschwitz-Birkenau
1949 The communist German Democratic Republic (East Germany) is formed.
1950 Mother Teresa establishes the Missionaries of Charity.
1958 The 1958 Pakistani coup d’état inaugurates a prolonged period of military rule.
1959 The Soviet probe Luna 3 transmits the first-ever photographs of the far side of the Moon.
1963 President Kennedy signs the ratification of the Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.
1977 The Fourth Soviet Constitution is adopted.
1985 Four men from the Palestine Liberation Front hijack the MS Achille Lauro off the coast of Egypt.
1987 Fiji becomes a republic.
1991 Croatian War of Independence: Bombing of the Banski Dvori in Zagreb, Croatia.
– Tudjman’s Police Minister Admits Croatia Started the War by Attacking Serbs
– Civil War: Croatia (1991-1992 and 1995)
– Croatia’s 1990s Paramilitaries: From Government Critics to Collaborators
– Serbian and Croatian Nationalism and the Wars In Yugoslavia
2000 Israeli-Palestinian conflict: Hezbollah militants capture three Israeli Defense Force soldiers in a cross-border raid.
2001 The U.S. invasion of Afghanistan begins with an air assault and covert operations on the ground, starting the longest war in American history.
[1] War in Afghanistan (2001-2021):
– War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)
– “The War is Worth Waging”: Afghanistan’s Vast Reserves of Minerals and Natural Gas
– The US War in Afghanistan and the Grab for Central Asian Oil
[2] From 9/11 To War in Afghanistan:
– 9/11 Analysis: From Reagan’s Al Qaeda Sponsored War on Afghanistan to George W. Bush’s 9/11
– Timeline: How September 11, 2001 led to US’s longest war
– US planned war in Afghanistan long before September 11
[3] War in Afghanistan, Oil, Gas and Minerals:
– Oil and 9-11: The Connection
– Oil and Empire: Afghanistan and 9/11
– Bush, Enron, UNOCAL and the Taliban
– USA: Unocal Advisor Named Representative to Afghanistan
– Afghanistan- A War For Gas And Oil Pipelines…
– OIL SECRETS BEHIND U.S. WAR ON AFGHANISTAN
– Pipeline Politics: Oil, Gas And The US Interest In Afghanistan
– Oil company adviser named US representative to Afghanistan
– U.S. Bases in Afghanistan Located Along Projected Oil Pipeline Route
– Afghanistan’s minerals to boost Taliban coffers
– Taliban Vows to Protect Gas Pipeline as War Expands to West Afghanistan
– The TAPI Pipeline in Post-U.S. Withdrawal Afghanistan
2002 The Space Shuttle Atlantis launches on STS-112 to continue assembly of the International Space Station.
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8 October
451 The first session of the Council of Chalcedon begins.
876 Frankish forces led by Louis the Younger prevent a West Frankish invasion and defeat emperor Charles II (“the Bald”).
1480 The Great Stand on the Ugra River puts an end to Tartar rule over Moscow
1573 End of the Spanish siege of Alkmaar, the first Dutch victory in the Eighty Years’ War.
1813 The Treaty of Ried is signed between Bavaria and Austria.
1856 The Second Opium War between several western powers and China begins with the Arrow Incident.
– Opium Wars | Causes & Effects
– CAUSES and EFFECTS of the Second Opium War
– The Second Opium War | Origins
1879 War of the Pacific: The Chilean Navy defeats the Peruvian Navy in the Battle of Angamos.
1895 Korean Empress Myeongseong is assassinated by Japanese infiltrators.
1912 The First Balkan War begins when Montenegro declares war against the Ottoman Empire.
1939 World War II: Germany annexes western Poland.
1941 World War II: During the preliminaries of the Battle of Rostov, German forces reach the Sea of Azov with the capture of Mariupol.
1943 World War II: Around 30 civilians are executed by Friedrich Schubert‘s paramilitary group in Kallikratis, Crete.
1967 Guerrilla leader Che Guevara and his men are captured in Bolivia.
– Che Guevara: Freedom Fighter or Myth?
– Ernesto ‘Che’ Guevara: The Full Story Of The Revolutionary Icon
– Was Che Guevara a mass murderer?. You know how much I admire Che Guevara…
– The Inconvenient Truth Behind Revolutionary Icon Che Guevara
– 10 Facts that You Might Not Know About Che Guevara
– The Death of Che Guevara: U.S. declassified documents
1973 Yom Kippur War: Israel loses more than 150 tanks in a failed attack on Egyptian-occupied positions.
[1] Yom Kippur War:
– Yom Kippur War | Summary, Causes, Combatants, & Facts
– NSA Review Of Intelligence Failures In The Yom Kippur War
[2] Yum Kippur War in October 1973:
– The October Arab-Israeli War of 1973: What happened?
– “In October 1973, the members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC), led by King Faisal of Saudi Arabia, proclaimed an oil embargo targeted at nations that had supported Israel during the Yom Kippur War.”
– Timeless Lessons from the October 1973 Arab-Israeli War
1982 Poland bans Solidarity and all other trade unions.
[1] Solidarity Movement in Poland:
– The Rise and Fall of Poland’s Solidarity Movement
[2] CIA and “Solidarity”:
– A Covert Action: Reagan, the CIA, and the Cold War Struggle in Poland
– The AFT, the CIA, and Solidarność
– In Defense of Communism: Solidarność: The CIA-backed ‘Trojan Horse’ of Poland’s Counterrevolution
– HOW WE HELPED SOLIDARITY WIN
[3] Catholic Church and “Solidarity”:
– Before Solidarity, There Was the Polish Church
– Role of the Catholic Church in Resisting Communist Rule in Poland
– Polish women reject the Catholic Church’s hold on their country
1991 Upon the expiration of the Brioni Agreement, Croatia and Slovenia sever all official relations with Yugoslavia.
2001 U.S. President George W. Bush announces the establishment of the Office of Homeland Security.
2020 Second Nagorno-Karabakh War: Azerbaijan twice deliberately targeted the Church of the Holy Savior Ghazanchetsots of Shusha
– Timeline of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War
– The Second Nagorno-Karabakh War: A Milestone in Military Affairs
– The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict: A Visual Explainer
– The Second Nagorno-Karabakh War in a Global South Perspective
– The Second Nagorno-Karabakh War: Takeaways for Singapore’s Ground-Based Air Defense
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Satoshi Ashikaga is a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace Development Environment. Having worked as researcher, development program/project officer, legal protection/humanitarian assistance officer, human rights monitor-negotiator, managing-editor, and more, he prefers a peaceful and prudent life. His previous work experiences, including those in war zones and war-torn zones, constantly remind him of the invaluableness of peace.
Tags: History
This article originally appeared on Transcend Media Service (TMS) on 2 Oct 2023.
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