The Night of Peace Propagation: Maha Shivatri in Hinduism

TRANSCEND MEMBERS, 11 Mar 2024

Prof Hoosen Vawda – TRANSCEND Media Service

Please note that the author, not a Hindu, has written this as an academic article with the greatest respect for Lord Shiva, a Hindu Deity. If there are any misrepresentations of the tenets of Hinduism, which may be considered offensive to Hindus, the author sincerely apologises and welcomes correction. The article is written in good faith and primarily serves as a project, resource material, in propagation of inter-religious cohesion and “Universal Peace.”

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 “Hinduism, with its diverse beliefs and practices, emphasises pluralism, karma, and the pursuit of liberation (moksha), impacting global culture through unique practices such as yoga, meditation, interfaith dialogue, renunciation, as well as fostering a tolerant and inclusive worldview, as a major global religion. The global impact of Hinduism extends through its vibrant, yet poignant religious contributions like Maha Shivaratri observed by the Hindu diaspora, worldwide.” [1]

“The Statue of Belief-Viswas Swaroopam”
Aerial view of the 369-foot-tall seated Lord Shiva statue, ‘Viswas Swaroopam, installed in Nathdwara town of Rajasthan’s Rajsamand district in India.  Claimed to be the tallest Shiva statue in the world, was unveiled on Saturday, 29th October 2022. The mega Lord Shiva Murti was inaugurated by the Chief Minister Ashok Gehlot along with preacher Morari Bapu and Rajasthan Assembly Speaker C P Joshi. Photo Credit Times of India

The night of Friday, 08^th March 2024, is important, in its annual remembrance, to signify Peace Propagation by the Hindus, globally, as well as in South Africa, where thousands of Hindu families, mainly third generation expatriates from the Indian Peninsula, observe the holy and auspicious occasion of Maha Shivaratri, “The Great Night of the Lord Shiva”, an important religious event in the Hindu, lunar calendar, respecting Lord Shiva[2].  This paper, examines the religious aspects of the night, Hindus observed, from its origins in antiquity, as well as its prescribed rituals, significance and the manner in which it is celebrated by Hindus, internationally.  The author also attended the cerebrations in a temple, as a Muslim, to augment religious cohesion and in respect for fellow South Africans, as a Peace Propagator. While in South Africa, it was a somber event characterised by respect for Lord Shiva, with supplication, self-purification and goodwill, as witnessed by the feeding of all the attendees, with vegetarian meals, and rendition of bhajans[3] of religious songs, dedicated to Lord Shiva and his consort, Parvathi Devi[4], globally, it is a major national event such as in Mauritius[5], were the celebrations proceed for a week, prior to the auspicious night, which is the climax of this religious festival in Hinduism.  The event at a local temple, which itself was established by early Indian immigrants, who wee brought in by the Colonial British occupiers of South Africa[6], on 16^th November in 1860, in a ship named HMS Truro[7], as indentured labourers[8] the sugar cane plantation workers, under contract, were called Grimitzs[9].  The work conditions, were harsh and actually akin to slavery, which was abolished officially in on 01^st December 1834[10].   On this date slavery came to an end in the Cape Colony. The move to abolish slavery in the Colony came a year after the Slavery Abolition Bill of 1833 was passed by the British House of Commons and by the House of Lords. Although the Bill was passed in August 1833 it came into effect on 1 August 1834.[11]  This is the Hindu diaspora which observed the Shivaratri on Friday 08^th March 2024 in Durban. Maha Shivaratri, which literally translates to “the Great Night of Shiva,” is a Hindu festival celebrated annually in honour of Lord Shiva, one of the principal deities of Hinduism. It is observed on the 13^th  night/14^th day of the Krishna Paksha [12](waning moon) in the Hindu month of Phalguna (February-March) and it varies according to the lunar calendar, which the Hindus follow.

The primary reasons behind celebrating Maha Shivaratri are:

1. Spiritual Significance: According to Hindu belief, on this night, the cosmos is in perfect unison, and the divine energy of Shiva is believed to be the most powerful and accessible. Devotees observe a strict fast and stay awake at night, chanting prayers, meditating, and making offerings to Lord Shiva to attain spiritual enlightenment and liberation from the cycle of birth and death.
2. Commemoration of Lord Shiva’s Cosmic Dance: The festival is believed to commemorate the famous celestial dance of Lord Shiva[13], known as the “Tandava,”[14] which symbolises the cosmic cycles of creation, preservation, and destruction. It is celebrated as the night when Shiva performed this dance.
3. Marriage of Lord Shiva and Parvati: According to some traditions, Maha Shivaratri marks the day when Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati got married, symbolizing the union of the divine masculine and feminine energies.
4. Overcoming Darkness and Ignorance: The festival is also associated with the victory of light over darkness, knowledge over ignorance, and the awakening of spiritual consciousness. Devotees stay awake throughout the night to overcome their own spiritual ignorance and embrace enlightenment.

The festivities include offering prayers, fasting, performing ritualistic worship (puja), chanting mantras, and meditating. Many devotees visit Shiva temples, where special pujas and abhishekams[15] (sacred bathing of the Shiva linga) are performed. The night is often celebrated with great fervour, with devotees singing devotional songs, performing traditional dances, and engaging in spiritual discussions, in India and other countries, where there are large numbers of Hindu s. such as Malaysia, Nepal, Sri Lanka and Kashmir.

Attendance at the Maha Shivaratri celebrations of non-Hindus, is welcomed and there are no restrictions.  It  is to promote religious harmony and peace is a commendable gesture, reflecting the spirit of unity and respect for diversity that is essential for a harmonious society and peaceful inter religious interactions with cohesion.

Essential prescribed rituals during Maha Shivaratri to be performed by the Swami in a Temple[16]

During Maha Shivaratri, there are several essential rituals and ceremonies that are traditionally performed by Hindu priests (Swamis or Pujaris) in temples dedicated to Lord Shiva. Here are some of the key rituals:

1. Mahanyasa Puja: This is a special preparatory ritual performed by the priests before the main puja (worship). It involves invoking the presence of Lord Shiva and seeking his blessings for a successful and auspicious ceremony.  This also involves the lighting of the ceremonial fire, the Hahven  and performing the purification
2. Kalasha Sthapana: This ritual involves the ceremonial installation of a sacred kalasha (pot) filled with water, adorned with mango leaves, coconut, and a spire made of kusha grass. It represents the divine presence of Lord Shiva during the puja.
3. Abhisheka: This is the most significant ritual of Maha Shivaratri, where the Shiva Lingam (a symbolic representation of Lord Shiva) is bathed and anointed with various sacred substances like milk, curd, honey, rose water, sandalwood paste, and vibhuti (sacred ash). This ritual is performed while chanting specific mantras.
4. Rudra Abhisheka: In some temples, a special Rudra Abhisheka is performed, which involves bathing the Shiva Lingam with the sacred water from the Ganges River or other holy rivers, along with the chanting of the Rudra hymns from the Vedas.
5. Bilva Archana: This ritual involves the worship of Lord Shiva using the leaves of the sacred Bilva (Bel) tree. The leaves are offered to the Shiva Lingam while reciting specific mantras.
6. Maha Aarti: This is a grand and elaborate ritual of waving lighted lamps, with large fires of camphor, before the deity, accompanied by the chanting of devotional hymns and the ringing of bells. It is a way of offering light and reverence to Lord Shiva.
7. Naivedya and Prasad Distribution: After the main puja, the priests offer naivedya (food offerings) to Lord Shiva and then distribute the prasad (sacred food) to the devotees as a blessed offering.
8. Shiva Puranam Recital: Throughout the night, the priests may recite or narrate the stories and legends associated with Lord Shiva from sacred texts like the Shiva Purana, to educate and inspire the devotees.

These rituals are performed with utmost devotion and adherence to the prescribed Vedic traditions and Agamic scriptures. The priests play a crucial role in ensuring the proper conduct of these sacred ceremonies, invoking the blessings of Lord Shiva for the spiritual well-being of the devotees and the world.  It is a solemn occasion inside the temples, attended by thousands of devotees in larger cities, often queuing to be blessed and receive prasad.

The ceremonial fire ritual, commonly referred to as “Hahven” is likely the Mahanyasa Puja or Mahanyasa Homa that is performed prior to the main rituals of Maha Shivaratri.

Mahanyasa Puja/Homa is a preparatory ritual that involves invoking the divine presence of Lord Shiva and seeking his blessings for a successful and auspicious ceremony. Here are some key points about this ritual:

1. Meaning: The term “Mahanyasa” is derived from Sanskrit, where “Maha” means great, and “Nyasa” means installation or invoking.
2. Purpose: The primary purpose of this ritual is to create a sacred and consecrated space by invoking the presence of Lord Shiva and other deities. It is believed to purify the environment and prepare it for the main Shivaratri rituals.
3. Fire Ritual (Homa): A central part of the Mahanyasa Puja is the performance of a fire ritual or Homa. In this ritual, sacred mantras are chanted, and offerings are made into the sacred fire (Havan Kund).
4. Invoking Deities: During the ritual, various deities, including Lord Shiva, Goddess Parvati, and other associated deities, are invoked and their presence is requested through specific mantras and rituals.
5. Purification: The ritual also involves the purification of the ritual materials, such as the water, sacred threads, and other items that will be used in the subsequent ceremonies.
6. Performed by Priests: The Mahanyasa Puja/Homa is typically performed by trained Hindu priests (pujaris) who are well-versed in the intricate rituals and mantras associated with Maha Shivaratri.

The Mahanyasa Puja/Homa is considered an essential precursor to the main Shivaratri celebrations, as it sets the stage for a spiritually charged and auspicious environment. It is believed that by invoking the divine presence and blessings through this ritual, the subsequent ceremonies and rituals become more powerful and effective in attaining the desired spiritual benefits and blessings from Lord Shiva.

The Shiva Lingam[17]

The Shiva Lingam is a sacred symbol that represents Lord Shiva in Hinduism. It is a cylindrical object, typically made of stone (such as black granite), that is found in Shiva temples across India and other parts of the world. The Lingam is a powerful and revered symbol in Hinduism, and its components hold deep symbolic meanings.

Here’s an explanation of the various components of the Shiva Lingam and their symbolic significance:

1. The Lingam itself: The cylindrical form of the Lingam represents the pure, formless, and infinite nature of Lord Shiva. It symbolizes the cosmic pillar or axis around which the entire universe revolves. The word “Lingam” is derived from the Sanskrit word “linga,” which means a mark or symbol.
2. The Base (Pitha or Peetha): The Lingam rests on a flat, rectangular base known as the Pitha or Peetha. This base represents the divine feminine energy, or Shakti, which is the source of all creation and supports the eternal, formless Shiva.
3. The Circumference (Brahma Granthi): There is a circular thread-like groove towards the base of the Lingam, known as the Brahma Granthi. It represents the universal creative force of Brahma, the Hindu deity associated with creation.
4. The Central Portion (Vishnu Granthi): Above the Brahma Granthi is another circular groove called the Vishnu Granthi, which symbolizes the preservative force of Vishnu, the deity associated with preservation and sustenance.
5. The Top Portion (Rudra Granthi): At the top of the Lingam, there is a third circular groove called the Rudra Granthi, representing the destructive and transformative power of Rudra (an aspect of Lord Shiva).
6. The Dome (Shikhar): The Lingam often has a dome-like structure at the top, known as the Shikhar. It represents the infinite and transcendental nature of Lord Shiva, who is beyond the limitations of form and shape.
7. The Yoni: The Lingam is often placed within a circular base or a carved channel known as the Yoni, which represents the divine feminine principle, or Shakti, and the source of all creation and fertility.

The black colour of the Shiva Lingam is typically associated with the formless, infinite, and eternal nature of Lord Shiva, who is beyond the limitations of color, shape, and form. The black granite material is also believed to absorb and retain spiritual energy, making it a powerful conduit for worship and meditation. The Shiva Lingam is not only a sacred symbol but also a powerful representation of the unity of the masculine and feminine principles, the cycle of creation, preservation, and dissolution, and the infinite and transcendental nature of the divine. traditionally, the Shiva Lingam is depicted and carved in black stone, usually black granite or basalt. However, there are instances where the Lingam is depicted or made in other colors, particularly white, and there are specific reasons and symbolisms associated with it.

The black colour of the Shiva Lingam is considered the most auspicious and holds deep symbolic significance:

1. It represents the formless, infinite, and transcendental nature of Lord Shiva, who is beyond the limitations of color, form, and shape.
2. Black symbolizes the darkness of ignorance and the dissolution of the universe, as Shiva is the ultimate destroyer.
3. The black granite material is believed to absorb and retain spiritual energy, making it a powerful conduit for worship and meditation.

However, in some temples and traditions, a white Shiva Lingam is also found and revered. The white colour holds the following symbolisms:

1. White represents purity, truth, and the awakened state of consciousness, which is the ultimate goal of Shiva worship.
2. It symbolizes the pure, unsullied, and radiant nature of Lord Shiva, who is the embodiment of absolute knowledge and enlightenment.
3. White is associated with the spiritual essence of Shiva, known as Sadashiva, which is beyond the cycle of creation, preservation, and dissolution.
4. In some traditions, the white Lingam is believed to represent the harmonic union of Shiva (the masculine principle) and Shakti (the feminine principle), symbolizing the completeness of the divine.

While the black Shiva Lingam is the most common and traditional representation, the white Lingam is also revered in certain contexts, especially when emphasizing the aspects of purity, enlightenment, and the transcendental nature of Shiva beyond the material realm. Ultimately, both the black and white Shiva Lingams are considered sacred and powerful symbols in Hindu tradition, each carrying its own symbolic meanings and significance in the worship of Lord Shiva.

The ritual of pouring fresh milk over the Shiva Lingam during puja (worship) in temples carries a deep symbolic meaning in Hinduism. Here are some of the key reasons behind this practice:

1. Purification and Cleansing: Milk is considered a pure and sattvic (pure and virtuous) substance in Hindu tradition. Pouring milk over the Lingam is a way of ritually cleansing and purifying the sacred symbol, removing any impurities or negative energies that may have accumulated.
2. Offering of Sustenance: Milk is a complete food and a source of nourishment. Offering milk to the Shiva Lingam is symbolic of providing sustenance and nourishment to the divine, expressing gratitude for the sustenance received from the cosmic forces represented by Lord Shiva.
3. Symbol of Fertility and Abundance: Milk is associated with fertility, nourishment, and abundance in Hindu culture. Pouring milk over the Lingam is a way of invoking Lord Shiva’s blessings for fertility, prosperity, and abundance in all aspects of life.
4. Cooling and Pacifying: Milk is known for its cooling properties, and Lord Shiva is often associated with the pacification of intense heat or anger. The act of pouring cool milk over the Lingam is symbolic of seeking Lord Shiva’s grace in cooling and pacifying the intense emotions or difficulties in one’s life.
5. Devotion and Surrender: The act of pouring milk over the Lingam is a gesture of complete devotion, surrender, and offering oneself to the divine grace of Lord Shiva. It symbolizes the merging of the individual soul with the Supreme Consciousness represented by the Lingam.
6. Ritual Significance: In Hindu rituals, milk holds great significance and is often used as a sacred offering to deities. Pouring milk over the Shiva Lingam is a traditional ritual practice that has been followed for centuries, carrying deep spiritual and symbolic meanings.

The milk that is poured over the Lingam is later collected and distributed as prasad (blessed offering) to the devotees, as it is believed to have absorbed the divine energy and blessings of Lord Shiva. Overall, the ritual of pouring milk over the Shiva Lingam is a profound act of devotion, purification, seeking blessings, and connecting with the divine essence represented by Lord Shiva in Hindu tradition.

The Essential Rituals of Maha Shivaratri
Photo Top: The Homa, or Haven, central fire purification ceremony performed by senior, learned Swamis, (priests) who are in a state of fast and abstinence from worldly pleasures, prior to the ceremony and accompanied by junior priests at the commencement of the Shivaratri Celebration in a temple.  The Homa can be very large or small, depending on the size of the temple.  It is observed by the devotees.  At the end of this ritual, the Chief Swami blesses the devotees and symbolically purifies them.
Photo Second from Top: The purification ritual of pouring fresh milk over the Shiva Lingam during Maha Shivaratri from a container, bya family of devotees.
Photo Third from Top: During Maha Shivaratri, the Hindu Devotees dress up like Lord Shiva, often enter a trance like state and can carry, replicas of the Shiva Lingam, as a dedication to Lord Shiva.  This trend has become extremely popular since enacted in a scene from the South Indian blockbuster, movie “Bahubali: The Beginning” from Chennai, directed by S.S. Rajamouli.  It was the highest grossing Indian movie, at the box office in India and worldwide.  Note the components of and the markings on the lingam
Photo Bottom: Enactment of the Lord Shiva’s Cosmic Dance in a temple by adults attired in Lord Shiva costumes.  Note the Homa, the prasad, the Arthi conducted with the complex, ornamental brass lamps, highly polished for the ceremony and the recitation of dedicated mantras, from the holy scriptures, by the senior Swami. The associate Swamis observe, together with the devotees in the background, during the solemn Shivaratri observance in a temple.  The prayer could also be conducted at home, by learned family members, or elders, on an appropriate scale and budget.
Photo Credit: Times of India

The practice of carrying a Shiva Lingam and walking to the temple, which is observed in India, Mauritius, and other places with significant Hindu populations, holds deep spiritual and cultural significance. Here are some of the primary reasons behind this ritual:

1. Pilgrimage and Devotion: Carrying the Lingam and walking to the temple is considered a form of pilgrimage or yatra. It is an act of devotion and a physical expression of one’s reverence and devotion towards Lord Shiva. The journey itself is seen as a spiritual undertaking, symbolizing the individual’s path towards self-realization and union with the divine.
2. Consecration and Empowerment: In Hindu tradition, it is believed that the Shiva Lingam gains immense spiritual power and becomes consecrated when it is carried by devotees with utmost faith and devotion. The act of carrying the Lingam is thought to infuse it with divine energy and blessings, making it more potent for worship and spiritual practices.
3. Purification and Atonement: The act of carrying the Lingam is considered a means of purification and atonement for one’s sins or mistakes. The physical effort and dedication involved in the journey are seen as a way to cleanse oneself of negativities and seek forgiveness from Lord Shiva.
4. Fulfillment of Vows: Some devotees undertake the ritual of carrying the Lingam as a way to fulfill a vow or mannat made to Lord Shiva. This could be in gratitude for a wish granted or as a means of seeking blessings and favors from the divine.
5. Community Participation: In many places, carrying the Lingam to the temple is a community event, involving large groups of devotees. It fosters a sense of unity, togetherness, and shared devotion among the members of the Hindu community.
6. Symbolic Representation: The Lingam itself represents the formless, infinite, and eternal nature of Lord Shiva. By carrying it, devotees symbolically embrace and connect with these divine qualities, seeking to transcend the limitations of the material world.

The journey of carrying the Lingam is often accompanied by prayers, chanting of mantras, and other rituals. It can range from a few kilometers to longer distances, depending on the tradition and the specific vow or intention of the devotees. The entire process is considered a deeply spiritual and transformative experience for those who undertake it with utmost devotion and reverence.

The practice of devotees dressing up like Lord Shiva and entering into a trance-like state during Maha Shivaratri celebrations is deeply rooted in the spiritual and cultural traditions of Hinduism. There are several reasons behind this ritual:

1. Embodiment of the Divine: By dressing up like Lord Shiva, devotees aim to embody the divine qualities and energy of the deity. They seek to connect with the cosmic consciousness of Shiva and experience a state of oneness with the divine.
2. Channelling Divine Energy: It is believed that during Maha Shivaratri, the cosmic energy of Lord Shiva is at its peak, and devotees who enter a trance-like state become conduits for channelling this divine energy. This state is seen as a means of achieving spiritual elevation and transcendence.
3. Spiritual Possession: In some traditions, the trance-like state is understood as a form of spiritual possession, where the devotee is believed to be temporarily possessed by the divine spirit or energy of Lord Shiva. This is considered a sacred and highly revered experience.
4. Emulation of Lord Shiva’s Tandava Dance: The trance-like state is often associated with the re-enactment of Lord Shiva’s famous Tandava dance, which symbolizes the cosmic cycles of creation, preservation, and destruction. Devotees aim to emulate this divine dance in their trance-like state.
5. Spiritual Purification: The intense physical and mental exertion involved in entering a trance-like state is seen as a means of purifying the body, mind, and spirit. It is believed to help cleanse the devotee of negative energies and karmic burdens.
6. Transcendence of Ego: The trance-like state is considered a way to transcend the limitations of the individual ego and connect with the universal consciousness represented by Lord Shiva. It is a means of achieving a higher state of spiritual awareness and enlightenment.

The practice of entering a trance-like state during Maha Shivaratri is often guided and supervised by experienced spiritual leaders or gurus. It involves rigorous physical and mental preparations, including fasting, chanting, and meditation. The trance-like state is celebrated as a powerful spiritual experience and is revered by the devotees and the wider Hindu community.

However, it is important to note that this practice should be undertaken with proper guidance and caution, as it can be physically and mentally demanding, and in some cases, may lead to potential harm if not approached with the necessary knowledge and care.

Fasting is also prescribed and considered an important spiritual practice on the auspicious day of Maha Shivaratri in the Hindu tradition. The key points about the significance and observance of fasting on this day:

1. Spiritual Purification: Fasting on Maha Shivaratri is believed to purify the mind, body, and soul. It is seen as a way to transcend physical desires and focus on spiritual elevation. hour
2. Devotion and Penance: By observing a strict fast, devotees express their devotion, discipline, and penance towards Lord Shiva. It is a way to seek his divine grace and blessings.
3. Heightened Consciousness: Fasting is said to heighten one’s spiritual consciousness and awareness, making it easier to connect with the divine energy of Lord Shiva on this auspicious day.
4. Symbolic Significance: The fast represents the burning away of ego, desires, and impurities, just as Lord Shiva is believed to have consumed the deadly poison Halahala to protect the universe.
5. Traditional Practice: Fasting on Maha Shivaratri is a long-standing tradition that has been observed by devotees for centuries. It is considered a sacred vow and an essential part of the celebrations.

The fast usually begins before sunrise on Maha Shivaratri and continues until the next morning after performing the rituals and puja. During this period, devotees abstain from consuming any food or water. However, some exceptions may be made for children, the elderly, and those with health conditions, who may observe a partial fast or have fruits and liquids.

Throughout the day and night of Maha Shivaratri, devotees engage in intense prayer, meditation, and spiritual practices, such as chanting mantras, performing ritualistic worship (puja), and keeping vigil in Shiva temples. The fast is typically broken the next morning after offering prayers and partaking in the prasad (sacred food offerings) distributed at the temple.

Fasting on Maha Shivaratri is believed to bestow immense spiritual benefits and is considered a powerful way to attain Lord Shiva’s blessings for physical, mental, and spiritual well-being.

The Nadaraja Pose of Lord Shiva and the Cosmic Dance[18]

The Cosmic Dance of Lord Shiva, depicted in the famous Nataraja pose, is a profound and symbolic representation of the cyclical nature of the universe and the divine play of creation, preservation, and dissolution. Here are the reasons and significance behind this iconic dance:

1. Symbolism of Creation, Preservation, and Dissolution: The Nataraja pose symbolizes the cosmic cycles of creation, preservation, and dissolution, which are personified by the Hindu deities Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva respectively. Shiva’s dance represents the eternal rhythms of the universe, where creation arises from destruction, and the cycle continues perpetually.
2. Representation of Cosmic Energy: The dance of Shiva is a visual metaphor for the powerful, eternal, and infinite energy that permeates the entire universe. Shiva’s vigorous and intense dance symbolizes the ceaseless, dynamic, and pulsating energy that drives the cosmos and sustains all life.
3. Illusion and Reality: The dance of Shiva represents the idea that the material world is an illusion (maya), and the ultimate reality is the eternal, unchanging consciousness represented by Shiva. The dance symbolizes the cosmic play of the divine, where the phenomenal world is a mere reflection of the ultimate truth.
4. Transcendence of Time and Space: Shiva’s dance transcends the limitations of time and space, representing the eternal and timeless nature of the divine consciousness. The dance signifies the boundless and infinite nature of the universe, which is beyond human comprehension.
5. Destruction of Ignorance: In the Nataraja pose, Shiva is depicted as the lord of dance, crushing the dwarf of ignorance under his feet. This symbolizes the destruction of ignorance, ego, and delusion, which are obstacles to attaining spiritual enlightenment and liberation.
6. Rhythm and Harmony: The dance of Shiva is a harmonious and rhythmic representation of the intricate balance and interconnectedness of all aspects of the universe. The dance symbolizes the underlying unity and harmony that exists amid the apparent chaos and diversity of creation.

The Nataraja pose is not just an artistic representation but a profound symbolic expression of the deepest philosophical and spiritual concepts in Hinduism. It is a visual embodiment of the cosmic truth, the eternal dance of the divine, and the cyclical nature of existence. The dance of Shiva inspires devotees to transcend the limitations of the material world and embrace the eternal, infinite, and divine consciousness that underlies all existence.  The cosmic energy of Lord Shiva, often depicted in the form of a dance, is known as the “Tandava.” The Tandava is a dynamic and powerful dance that symbolizes the cosmic cycles of creation, preservation, and destruction. Lord Shiva’s Tandava is considered the source of the rhythmic movement of the entire universe.

There are two main aspects of Lord Shiva’s cosmic dance:

1. Ananda Tandava (Dance of Bliss): In this form of Tandava, Lord Shiva is depicted as dancing with joy and bliss. It signifies the ecstatic and joyful nature of the cosmic dance, representing the divine celebration of life and creation.
2. Rudra Tandava (Dance of Destruction): This form of Tandava is more intense and fierce. Lord Shiva, as the cosmic dancer, performs the Rudra Tandava to bring about the destruction of the old and make way for the new. It symbolizes the cyclical nature of the universe, where creation and destruction are interlinked.

The cosmic dance of Lord Shiva is often portrayed with various elements, including:

• Nataraja (Lord of Dance): Lord Shiva is depicted as Nataraja, the cosmic dancer, in a dynamic posture with multiple arms and legs. He holds various attributes, including the damaru (drum) symbolizing the rhythm of creation, the fire representing destruction, and the raised foot symbolizing liberation.
• Chandra (Moon): The crescent moon on Lord Shiva’s matted hair symbolizes the passing of time and the cyclic nature of creation.
• Ganges River: The Ganges River flowing from Lord Shiva’s locks represents the purifying and life-giving aspects of the cosmic energy.

The Tandava is not just a physical dance but also a symbolic representation of the cosmic principles that govern the universe. It highlights the interconnectedness of creation, preservation, and destruction, emphasizing the eternal flow of cosmic energy. The dance of Lord Shiva is a profound metaphor for the cosmic order and the continuous cycle of life and death.

The depiction of Lord Shiva standing on one leg during the cosmic dance, known as the Tandava, holds profound symbolic significance in Hindu mythology and philosophy. This specific pose is often associated with the Nataraja form of Lord Shiva, where he is portrayed as the cosmic dancer, the “Lord of Dance.”

The significance of Lord Shiva standing on one leg in the Nataraja pose includes:

1. Balance and Harmony: The one-legged stance of Lord Shiva represents the idea of balance and harmony in the cosmos. It symbolizes the equilibrium and rhythmic order that underlies the apparent chaos and diversity in the universe. This pose suggests that the cosmic dance is a harmonious, well-coordinated expression of cosmic energy.
2. Cyclical Nature of Creation and Destruction: Lord Shiva’s cosmic dance signifies the cyclical nature of creation, preservation, and destruction in the universe. The one-legged stance may represent the dynamic and ever-changing aspects of existence, where life and death, creation and dissolution, are integral parts of the cosmic cycle.
3. Supremacy Over Ignorance (Apasmara): In the Nataraja depiction, Lord Shiva is often shown trampling on a demon, Apasmara, with one foot. Apasmara symbolizes ignorance and represents the forces of darkness and chaos. Lord Shiva’s act of standing on one leg over Apasmara signifies the triumph of knowledge, wisdom, and divine consciousness over ignorance.
4. Unity of Opposites: The Nataraja pose is a powerful representation of the unity of opposites—creation and destruction, life and death, order and chaos. Lord Shiva’s ability to maintain balance on one leg embodies the synthesis of dualities, emphasizing the ultimate oneness or non-duality (Advaita) in Hindu philosophy.
5. Eternal Flow of Energy: The one-legged stance suggests a continuous and unbroken flow of cosmic energy. It signifies that the dance of Lord Shiva is not static but rather an eternal, dynamic flow that sustains the universe.

Overall, the one-legged posture of Lord Shiva in the Nataraja form encapsulates profound philosophical concepts, highlighting the cosmic principles of balance, cyclicality, unity, and the transcendence of ignorance in the eternal dance of the cosmos.

The circle that surrounds the statue of Lord Shiva in the Nataraja pose is known as the “Prabha Mandala” or “Aureole.” This circular or elliptical ring of flames or light represents the cosmic energy and the cyclical nature of creation and destruction. The Prabha Mandala holds symbolic significance in Hindu iconography and adds depth to the depiction of Lord Shiva’s cosmic dance.

Key aspects of the Prabha Mandala include:

1. Symbol of Cosmic Energy: The flames or light in the Prabha Mandala symbolize the cosmic energy that radiates from Lord Shiva as he engages in the Tandava, the cosmic dance. It signifies the divine and transformative power that sustains the universe.
2. Cyclic Nature: The circular form of the Prabha Mandala represents the cyclical nature of time, creation, and dissolution. It emphasizes the eternal rhythm of the cosmic dance and the continuous flow of energy in the universe.
3. Boundaries of the Cosmos: In some interpretations, the Prabha Mandala is considered the boundary or veil that separates the divine realm of Lord Shiva’s dance from the ordinary, mundane world. It represents the transcendence of the physical and material aspects of existence.
4. Symbolic of the Sun: In certain depictions, the flames of the Prabha Mandala are reminiscent of the sun’s rays. This association connects Lord Shiva’s dance with the cosmic cycles related to the sun, reinforcing the idea of celestial order and harmony.
5. Purity and Illumination: The radiant circle also symbolizes purity and illumination. It represents the divine light that dispels darkness, ignorance, and illusion, leading the devotee toward spiritual enlightenment.

The Prabha Mandala is an integral part of the iconic representation of Nataraja and is often seen in sculptures, paintings, and other artistic depictions of Lord Shiva’s cosmic dance. Its symbolism enriches the visual narrative, conveying deeper philosophical meanings associated with the divine dance of creation and destruction.

The History of Maha Shivaratri[19]

The origins of Maha Shivaratri can be traced back to ancient times, with references found in various Hindu scriptures and texts. However, the exact date of its inception is unclear, as it has been celebrated for centuries across different regions of the Indian subcontinent. An overview of the origins and evolution of Maha Shivaratri, as well as its celebration in different parts of India:

Origins and Antiquity:

1. The festival finds mention in the Puranas, ancient Hindu texts that date back to several centuries BCE. The Shiva Purana, Skanda Purana, and Linga Purana provide detailed accounts of the significance and rituals associated with Maha Shivaratri.
2. The festival is believed to commemorate the cosmic dance of Lord Shiva, known as the Tandava, which symbolizes the cycles of creation, preservation, and dissolution of the universe.
3. According to some legends, Maha Shivaratri marks the wedding day of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati, representing the union of the divine masculine and feminine energies.
4. Archaeologically, the worship of Lord Shiva and the lingam (phallic symbol representing Shiva) can be traced back to the Indus Valley Civilization, dating back to around 2500 BCE.

Evolution and Spread:

1. Over the centuries, the celebration of Maha Shivaratri became widespread across the Indian subcontinent, with different regions and communities developing their own unique traditions and rituals.
2. In the medieval period, the festival gained further prominence due to the influence of various Hindu spiritual movements, such as the Bhakti movement, which emphasized devotion and love for the divine.
3. The festival was adopted and celebrated by various sects and traditions within Hinduism, including Shaivism, Shaktism, Vaishnavism, and others, each adding their own interpretations and practices.

Celebration in North and South India:

1. In North India, Maha Shivaratri is celebrated with great fervor, particularly in states like Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Bihar. Devotees throng to famous Shiva temples, such as the Vishwanath Temple in Varanasi, and perform elaborate rituals like the Rudra Abhisheka (bathing the Shiva Lingam with sacred substances).
2. In South India, the festival holds immense significance, especially in the states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana. Temples like the Brihadeeswara Temple in Thanjavur and the Nataraja Temple in Chidambaram witness grand celebrations, with devotees performing traditional dances and carrying milk pots to offer to the Shiva Lingam.
3. While the core rituals and beliefs remain consistent, the celebration of Maha Shivaratri may vary in terms of local customs, traditions, and cultural practices across different regions and communities.

Despite its ancient origins, Maha Shivaratri continues to be celebrated with great devotion and enthusiasm by Hindus worldwide, transcending regional and sectarian boundaries. The festival serves as a unifying force, bringing together devotees from diverse backgrounds to honour and seek the blessings of Lord Shiva.

The “Churning of the Ocean” [20]

Samundra Manthana, is a significant mythological event in Hindu cosmology, and it is closely associated with the reason why Lord Shiva is often depicted as having a blue complexion. According to the Puranic stories[21], the devas (gods) and asuras (demons) collaborated to churn the cosmic ocean of milk (Kshirasagara) to obtain the nectar of immortality (amrita). They used the serpent Vasuki as the churning rope and Mount Mandara as the churning rod.

During this arduous process, a deadly poison called Halahala emerged from the ocean and began to spread its toxicity across the universe, threatening to destroy all creation. None of the gods or demons could contain or consume this lethal venom.

In this critical moment, Lord Shiva came to the rescue of the universe. He held the Halahala poison in his throat, preventing it from spreading further. However, the intense toxic nature of the poison caused Shiva’s throat to turn blue. As a result, Lord Shiva is often depicted with a blue throat, known as Neelakantha[22] or Vishakantha, which literally translates to “blue-throated one.” This blue hue is a symbolic representation of his selfless act of protecting the universe from the destructive poison.  The blue colour associated with Lord Shiva also holds deeper symbolic meanings:

1. Transcendence and Infinity: The deep blue colour symbolises the infinite and transcendental nature of Lord Shiva, who is beyond the limitations of the material world.
2. Calmness and Serenity: The blue hue represents the calm and serene nature of Shiva, who embodies detachment, wisdom, and equanimity.
3. Spiritual Knowledge: The blue colour is associated with spirituality, knowledge, and the infinite expanse of consciousness that Shiva represents.
4. Night and Darkness: Shiva is also associated with the night, darkness, and the mysteries of the universe, which are often symbolized by the deep blue colour.

The “Churning of the Ocean” event and the resulting blue throat of Lord Shiva have become iconic symbols in Hindu mythology, art, and worship. They serve as a reminder of Shiva’s compassion, selflessness, and his role as the protector and sustainer of the universe

The Symbolic Attributes of Lord Shiva[23] and his attired accompaniments.

It is relevant to enumerate and explain the various components and symbols associated with the iconography of Lord Shiva in Hindu art and imagery. These symbols carry deep spiritual and mythological significance:

1. Crescent Moon (Chandrashekhar): Shiva is often depicted with a crescent moon adorning his hair or head. This represents his status as the lord of the night and the waxing and waning cycles of time.
2. Damaru (Mini Drum): The damaru, a small drum, is one of Shiva’s principal attributes. It symbolizes the primordial sound (nada) from which the universe originated, and its rhythmic beat represents the cycle of creation and dissolution.
3. Trishul (Trident): The trishul is a powerful weapon and symbol associated with Shiva. It represents the three fundamental aspects of the universe: creation, preservation, and destruction, or the three gunas (qualities) of sattva, rajas, and tamas.
4. Cobra or Snake: Shiva is often depicted with a snake coiled around his upper body or neck. The snake symbolizes the cosmic energy (kundalini) that lies dormant within every individual and the mastery over desires and temptations.
5. Three Horizontal Lines (Tripundra): The three horizontal lines on Shiva’s forehead represent the three prominent eyes of Shiva (the third eye being the spiritual eye of wisdom and knowledge) and the three aspects of time: past, present, and future.
6. Tiger or Leopard Skin (Vrikshacharma): Shiva is frequently shown wearing a tiger or leopard skin, which symbolizes his detachment from material possessions and his renunciation of worldly desires.
7. Ganga (River Ganges): In some depictions, the River Ganges is shown flowing from the matted locks of Shiva’s hair, representing the descent of the sacred river from heaven to earth.
8. Rudraksha Beads: Shiva is often adorned with garlands of rudraksha beads, which are believed to have spiritual and therapeutic properties and are used for meditation and prayer.
9. Vibhuti (Sacred Ash): The sacred ash (vibhuti) smeared on Shiva’s body and forehead represents the purifying and cleansing aspects of his divine energy, as well as the destruction of worldly attachments.
10. Nandi (Bull): Nandi, the bull, is Shiva’s loyal vahana (vehicle) and companion, symbolizing strength, virility, and the ability to overcome obstacles.
11. Cow: In some depictions, a cow is shown near Shiva, representing the divine mother, fertility, and the sustenance provided by nature.
12. Conch Shell (Shankha): The conch shell is sometimes depicted in Shiva’s hand, representing the primordial sound (Om) that represents the creative energy of the universe.

These symbols and attributes, when combined, represent the various aspects of Lord Shiva’s divine nature, his cosmic powers, and his role as the supreme deity in the Hindu pantheon, embodying the principles of creation, preservation, and dissolution.

Photo Top: Graphic depiction of Lord Shiva in the Cosmic Dance
 Inset: The Nadarajah Pose Emanating Cosmic Energy to the entire universe, cast as a Bronze/Brass Religious Ornament and used in Hindu Prayers, including weddings, funerals and other religious events.
Photo Bottom: The Symbolic Attributes of the Physical features of Lord Shiva and His Attired Accessories.
Photo Credits: Wikimedia Commons

The Mega Statues of Lord Shiva, around the world[24]

It is also relevant to list some of the major and largest statues of Lord Shiva around the world, listed in descending order of their size, along with the temples or locations they are associated with:

1. Statue of Adiyogi (112 feet/34.1 meters), Isha Yoga Center, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India: This massive 112-foot-tall statue of Lord Shiva in the yogic posture is the largest Shiva statue in the world. It was unveiled in 2017 by Sadhguru Jaggi Vasudev and is located at the Isha Yoga Center.
2. Shiva Statue (92 feet/28 meters), Nataraja Temple, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India: This monumental bronze statue of Lord Shiva in the Nataraja (cosmic dancer) pose is located inside the famous Nataraja Temple in Chidambaram and is one of the largest such statues in India.
3. Shiva Statue (66 feet/20.1 meters), Shiva Murti, Grand Bassin, Mauritius: The Shiva Murti, also known as the Mangal Mahadev, is a massive statue of Lord Shiva standing in the sacred lake of Grand Bassin in Mauritius. It was inaugurated in 2007 and is one of the tallest Shiva statues outside of India.
4. Shiva Statue (57 feet/17.4 meters), Murudeshwara, Karnataka, India: The towering Shiva statue at Murudeshwara is located on a hilltop overlooking the Arabian Sea. It is the second-tallest Shiva statue in India and is a significant pilgrimage site.
5. Shiva Statue (51 feet/15.5 meters), Vishwanath Temple, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India: This imposing Shiva statue is situated inside the premises of the famous Vishwanath Temple in Varanasi, one of the holiest cities in Hinduism.
6. Shiva Statue (49 feet/15 meters), Kailashnath Mahadev Statue, Sanga, Rajasthan, India: This massive Shiva statue is located in the town of Sanga in Rajasthan and is surrounded by the Aravalli Hills, adding to its serene and majestic setting.
7. Shiva Statue (45 feet/13.7 meters), Viswanath Temple, Dwarka, Gujarat, India: The Viswanath Temple in Dwarka, Gujarat, houses a colossal Shiva statue that stands at 45 feet tall and is a popular pilgrimage destination.
8. Shiva Statue (42 feet/12.8 meters), Rajiv Gandhi Park, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India: This towering Shiva statue is located in the Rajiv Gandhi Park in Visakhapatnam and is a prominent landmark in the city.

These massive Shiva statues not only showcase the artistic and architectural brilliance but also reflect the deep reverence and devotion towards Lord Shiva in the Hindu faith. They serve as significant pilgrimage sites and spiritual destinations for devotees from around the world.  However, the largest Murti, is the magnificent “Statue of Belief” or “Viswas Swaroopam” located in Nalgonda district, Telangana, India. This colossal statue is a remarkable achievement and deserves special mention.

The Viswas Swaroopam is a gigantic statue of Lord Shiva, standing at an incredible height of 369 feet (112.5 meters). It is currently the tallest seated statue in the world and the second-tallest sculpture ever built after the Spring Temple Buddha in China.

Some key details about this monumental Shiva statue:

1. Construction: The statue was constructed using reinforced concrete and weighs an astounding 30,000 tons. It took nearly 10 years and over 40 million dollars to complete this engineering marvel.
2. Design: The statue depicts Lord Shiva seated in a cross-legged posture, wearing a crown and holding a trident in one hand. The intricate details and carvings on the statue are truly remarkable.
3. Comparison with other iconic structures:
   • The Eiffel Tower in Paris stands at 324 meters, making the Viswas Swaroopam taller than this iconic tower.
   • The Statue of Liberty in New York is 93 meters tall, only about a quarter of the height of the Shiva statue.
   • The Christ the Redeemer statue in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is 38 meters tall, dwarfed by the gigantic Viswas Swaroopam.
4. Purpose: The statue was constructed with the aim of promoting spirituality, devotion, and tourism in the region. It is expected to attract millions of visitors and devotees from around the world.
5. Surroundings: The statue is located in a picturesque setting, surrounded by lush greenery and artificial lakes, adding to its serene and spiritual aura.

The Viswas Swaroopam is not only an engineering and architectural marvel but also a testament to the deep-rooted devotion and faith in Lord Shiva. Its sheer size and grandeur are awe-inspiring, making it a truly remarkable addition to the list of monumental statues around the world, dedicated to spiritual and religious icons.

Photo Top: The Lord Shiva Mega Murti in the Grand Bassin Complex in Mauritius
Photo Bottom:  The Crater form, Grand Bassin Lake in Mauritius, which is associated with the narrative of the Miracles of Lord Shiva and Parvati Devi.  Note the location of the temples and the mega Lord Shiva Statue in the highly developed complex, catering for thousands of pilgrims, during Maha Shivaratri, which is observed over a period of a week.
Photo Inset: The Maha Shivaratri Celebrations in Mauritius
Note the colourful floats, depicting the Siva Lingam on the right in Black and the Statue of Kali Ma on the left with other Hindu deities sponsored by various companies to mark the Shivaratri Observance in major cities in Mauritius. These celebrations often extend over a period of a week, prior to the auspicious night of Maha Shivaratri.
Photo Credit:  Wikimedia Commons

 The legends and miracles associated with Lord Shiva and the formation of the sacred Grand Bassin lake in Mauritius, as narrated by the local guides and Hindu traditions.

According to the stories, the Grand Bassin, also known as Ganga Talao, was formed due to a miraculous event related to Lord Shiva. The legend goes as follows:

Lord Shiva was carrying the sacred Ganges River in the locks of his hair after Lord Brahma requested him to bring the holy river down to earth. As Shiva was transporting the Ganges, a few drops fell from his hair onto the island of Mauritius, creating the natural lake known as Grand Bassin.  This event is believed to have occurred during the great flood mentioned in Hindu scriptures, when the world was submerged in water. Lord Shiva is said to have saved the world from this deluge by stemming the flow of the Ganges with his hair.  The Grand Bassin lake is thus considered highly sacred by Hindus, as it is believed to contain the holy waters of the Ganges brought by Lord Shiva himself. It is believed that taking a dip or a sip of the water from this lake has purifying and spiritual benefits.  During the annual Maha Shivaratri festival, a grand pilgrimage takes place at the Grand Bassin, where devotees congregate in large numbers to offer prayers and perform rituals. The lake’s surroundings feature the massive Shiva Murti statue (66 feet tall), as well as smaller temples and shrines dedicated to Lord Shiva and other Hindu deities.  The miracles associated with Lord Shiva’s role in forming the Grand Bassin and saving the world from the great flood have been passed down through generations and are deeply ingrained in the cultural and spiritual fabric of Mauritius, which has a significant Hindu population. These legends add to the sacred and mystical aura of the Grand Bassin, making it a revered pilgrimage site for Hindus around the world.

In the Hindu trinity of Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva, each deity plays a specific role in the cycle of creation, preservation, and destruction of the universe. Several reasons are advanced why Lord Shiva is referred to as the “Destroyer”:

1. Symbolism of Dissolution: Shiva represents the aspect of dissolution or destruction in the cosmic cycle. Just as creation and preservation are necessary, destruction is an equally important process to facilitate renewal and regeneration.
2. Cycle of Time: Shiva symbolizes the eternal cycle of time, where everything that is created must eventually dissolve and merge back into the source. This process of destruction is seen as a natural and necessary part of the cycle of birth, growth, and death.
3. Transformation and Change: Destruction, as embodied by Shiva, is not seen as an end in itself but rather as a means of transformation. It is the process that precedes the creation of something new, just as the old must give way to the new in the continuous cycle of existence.
4. Overcoming Ignorance and Ego: Shiva’s destructive aspect is also associated with the annihilation of ignorance, ego, and attachments that bind beings to the cycle of rebirth. By destroying these limitations, Shiva helps facilitate spiritual liberation and transcendence.
5. Cosmic Balance: The three deities – Brahma (Creator), Vishnu (Preserver), and Shiva (Destroyer) – represent the cosmic balance and harmony that sustains the universe. Without the destructive aspect represented by Shiva, the cycle of creation and preservation would become stagnant, and no renewal or progress would be possible.

While the idea of destruction may seem negative at first glance, in Hinduism, it is seen as a necessary and positive force that facilitates change, growth, and spiritual evolution. Shiva’s role as the “Destroyer” is not one of mindless destruction but rather a transformative power that paves the way for new beginnings and the continuous cycle of life.

Furthermore, Shiva is also revered as the embodiment of transcendental consciousness, the ultimate reality beyond the realm of creation, preservation, and destruction. Thus, his destructive aspect is just one facet of his multifaceted nature, which encompasses both the material and the spiritual realms.

The Global Celebration of Shivaratri[25]

Maha Shivaratri is celebrated with enthusiasm and unique customs across various regions of the world and among different ethnic groups in India. Here are some variations in the way Maha Shivaratri is observed:

In India:

1. North India:
   • Devotees in North India, especially in states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, observe a night-long vigil, visiting Shiva temples and offering prayers.
   • Special events and processions are organized, featuring traditional music and dance dedicated to Lord Shiva.
2. South India:
   • In states like Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, Maha Shivaratri is celebrated with grandeur. Devotees perform special pujas, abhishekams (ritual bathing of the Shiva Linga), and engage in night-long prayers.
   • Traditional dance forms like Bharatanatyam in Tamil Nadu may be performed as part of the festivities.
3. West India:
   • In states like Maharashtra and Gujarat, people celebrate Maha Shivaratri with cultural programs, bhajans (devotional songs), and visits to Shiva temples.
   • Some regions also organize processions featuring idols or images of Lord Shiva.
4. East India:
   • In states like West Bengal and Odisha, Maha Shivaratri is observed with fasting, prayers, and cultural events.
   • Devotees participate in traditional dances and dramas depicting stories related to Lord Shiva.

Across the World:

1. Nepal:
   • Maha Shivaratri is a national holiday in Nepal. Pashupatinath Temple in Kathmandu sees a massive influx of devotees.
   • Pilgrims from different parts of the world travel to Nepal to participate in the celebrations.
2. Mauritius:
   • With a significant Hindu population, Maha Shivaratri is celebrated as a public holiday. Devotees fast, visit temples, and engage in prayers and cultural activities.
3. Indonesia:
   • In Bali, Indonesia, where Hinduism is predominant, Maha Shivaratri is celebrated with prayers, offerings, and processions.
4. United States and Europe:
   • Hindu communities in the United States and Europe organize Maha Shivaratri events, including prayers, bhajans, and cultural performances.
   • Temples and cultural organizations play a vital role in bringing the diaspora together to celebrate the festival.

Among Different Ethnic Groups:

1. Hindus:
   • Hindus across India and the world celebrate Maha Shivaratri with fasting, night-long prayers, and visits to Shiva temples.
2. Jains:
   • In some Jain communities, Maha Shivaratri is observed as a day to express reverence to Lord Shiva. Devotees may participate in prayers and engage in charitable activities.
3. Sikhs:
   • While not universally observed, some Sikhs may also participate in Maha Shivaratri festivities, emphasizing the diversity of cultural practices within the broader Indian subcontinent.

These variations showcase the rich cultural diversity and adaptability of Maha Shivaratri celebrations, with each region and ethnic group contributing its unique customs and traditions to the festivals.  Maha Shivaratri is traditionally observed on the 14th night of the dark fortnight (Krishna Paksha) in the Hindu month of Phalguna (or Maagha), which corresponds to a night with no moon or a new moon night. This lunar phase is referred to as “Amavasya” or the no-moon night.  The absence of the moon during this period is considered auspicious for the worship of Lord Shiva. Devotees often engage in night-long prayers, visit Shiva temples, and perform special rituals such as the abhishekam (ritual bathing) of the Shiva Linga. The choice of the dark night symbolizes the transcendence from darkness to light, reflecting the spiritual journey of the devotees seeking enlightenment and divine blessings during Maha Shivaratri.  In Hinduism, beliefs about the auspiciousness or inauspiciousness of the time of birth can vary, and different communities may have different traditions and interpretations. Generally, the concept of Muhurat (auspicious time) plays a significant role in Hindu traditions, including childbirth.  Some people prefer certain astrological conditions or auspicious moments for childbirth, such as specific planetary positions, nakshatras (lunar mansions), and days. However, the belief in the auspiciousness or inauspiciousness of the time of birth is not universal, and many factors may influence individual beliefs and practices.  While some might consider a birth during the dark night or Amavasya (new moon) as inauspicious, others may not place significant importance on these factors. It’s essential to note that views on auspiciousness can vary widely among different communities and individuals within the diverse tapestry of Hinduism. Ultimately, personal beliefs, cultural practices, and regional traditions play a significant role in shaping perspectives on auspiciousness in Hindu culture.

Maha Shivaratri is indeed associated with the marriage of Lord Shiva and Parvati Devi in Hindu mythology and further elaboration. According to the Puranas (ancient Hindu texts), particularly the Shiva Purana and the Skanda Purana, the marriage of Shiva and Parvati is celebrated on the night of Maha Shivaratri.

The narrative is as follows:

Parvati’s Penances[26]: Parvati, the daughter of King Himavan, wanted to marry Lord Shiva. However, Shiva was known for his ascetic lifestyle and was deeply immersed in meditation. Undeterred by Shiva’s disinterest in worldly matters, Parvati decided to undertake severe penances to win his favour. Her penances were so intense that they spanned many years.

Lord Shiva’s Testing[27]: Eventually, Parvati’s devotion and determination impressed Lord Shiva. However, before agreeing to the marriage, Shiva decided to test her sincerity. In one version of the story, Shiva took the form of an old, haggard man and questioned Parvati’s resolve. Parvati, undeterred, asserted her unwavering commitment, and this pleased Shiva.

The Wedding on Maha Shivaratri[28]: The divine marriage of Lord Shiva and Parvati took place on the night of Maha Shivaratri. This is believed to be the 13th or 14th night of the dark fortnight in the month of Phalguna, depending on regional variations in the lunar calendar. The marriage ceremony is said to have taken place at the sacred abode of Lord Shiva, Mount Kailash.

Maha Shivaratri, therefore, holds special significance as the night when Lord Shiva and Parvati united in marital bliss. Devotees often celebrate this occasion by re-enacting the divine wedding through various rituals, prayers, and festivities. The marriage of Shiva and Parvati symbolizes the union of the divine masculine and feminine energies, representing harmony and balance in the cosmic order. The story of Lord Shiva’s marriage to Parvati on the night of Maha Shivaratri is a widely accepted and celebrated aspect of Hindu mythology. However, it’s important to note that Hinduism is a diverse religion with a vast array of beliefs, practices, and traditions. Different sects and communities within Hinduism may emphasize different aspects of the mythology, and interpretations can vary.  While the marriage of Shiva and Parvati is a significant and popular narrative, there may be some variations in the way different sects or regions observe Maha Shivaratri and the associated stories. Some devotees may focus more on the ascetic aspect of Shiva and his meditation, while others may emphasize the divine union with Parvati.  Overall, the acceptance of specific stories and interpretations can vary among individuals and communities within the broader Hindu tradition. Hinduism accommodates a rich tapestry of beliefs and practices, and there is often room for diversity in understanding and celebrating the mythology associated with deities like Lord Shiva.

There is also a narrative that relates the phallus to the holy Shivaratri. The association of the phallus, known as the Lingam, with Lord Shiva is indeed an integral aspect of Shivaratri and Shiva worship in Hinduism. The Lingam is considered a symbol of the formless, transcendent aspect of Lord Shiva, representing the divine creative power and the unmanifested cosmic energy. The worship of the Shiva Lingam is a central component of Maha Shivaratri rituals.

The key points to clarify this association:

Symbolism of the Lingam:[29]

• The Lingam is a symbol of the cosmic pillar or axis, representing the unchanging, formless aspect of the divine. It is often associated with the concept of creation and regeneration.
• The cylindrical shape of the Lingam is seen as a representation of the male creative energy, while the yoni (the base or pedestal on which the Lingam rests) represents the female creative energy.

Maha Shivaratri Rituals:[30]

• During Maha Shivaratri, devotees engage in the ritualistic worship of the Shiva Lingam. This may involve the pouring of milk, water, honey, or other sacred substances over the Lingam as a form of abhishekam (ritual bathing).
• Devotees also offer bilva leaves, bael fruit, and other sacred items to the Lingam as a sign of reverence and devotion.

Symbolism of Union:

• The union of the Lingam and the yoni symbolizes the cosmic union of Shiva and Shakti, representing the dynamic interplay of the masculine and feminine energies in the universe.
• This symbolism is not just about physical union but also signifies the spiritual and cosmic harmony that underlies the creation and sustenance of the world.

Transcendence of Form:

The Lingam, being a symbol, emphasises the transcendence of form and encourages devotees to look beyond the physical representation to recognise the formless, eternal nature of the divine.

It is important to approach the symbolism of the Lingam with an understanding of its spiritual and metaphysical significance in the context of Hindu worship. While the association may be seen as explicit, the deeper meaning lies in the representation of the divine attributes and the cosmic principles associated with Lord Shiva. Different sects and regions within Hinduism may interpret and emphasize these symbols in varying ways.

The Bottom Line is that Maha Shivaratri is often seen as a night of spiritual significance, peace, and divine connection in Hinduism. Peace during Maha Shivaratri is the universal code of conduct, which should translate into daily peaceful conduct, in one’s life and be synchronised with the Divine Rhythm.  Devotees observe this auspicious occasion with prayers, meditation, and rituals dedicated to Lord Shiva, seeking blessings and inner harmony. While the festival involves various customs and practices, the overarching theme is often one of spiritual reflection and devotion.  Here are some aspects of Maha Shivaratri that contribute to its association with peace and divine connection:  Night-Long Vigil (Jagaran): Devotees often engage in a night-long vigil, staying awake and immersed in prayers and meditation. This practice is believed to symbolize the awakening of spiritual consciousness and a connection with the divine. Inner Transformation: Maha Shivaratri is considered a time for self-reflection and inner transformation. Devotees strive for personal growth, seeking to overcome obstacles and attain spiritual enlightenment through their devotion to Lord Shiva.  Rituals and Pujas: Special rituals and pujas (worship ceremonies) are performed on Maha Shivaratri. These practices are intended to invoke the divine presence, purify the mind, and create a serene and harmonious atmosphere. Renunciation of Worldly Pleasures: Some devotees choose to fast or renounce certain worldly pleasures during Maha Shivaratri. This act of self-discipline is believed to purify the body and mind, fostering a sense of inner peace and closeness to the divine.  Chanting of Mantras: The chanting of sacred mantras dedicated to Lord Shiva is a common practice during Maha Shivaratri. The rhythmic recitation is believed to create a serene and spiritually charged environment. While Maha Shivaratri is associated with peace and divine connection, individual experiences and interpretations may vary. For many, it is a time to strengthen their spiritual practices, express devotion, and foster a sense of inner peace and tranquillity in alignment with the divine.

Maha Shivaratri is primarily a Hindu festival, and its observance is not a standard practice in Buddhism, Jainism, or other distinct religious traditions. Each religion has its own set of festivals, rituals, and practices that may differ significantly from those observed in Hinduism.

Here’s a brief overview of how Maha Shivaratri relates to other mentioned religious groups:

1. Buddhism: Maha Shivaratri is not a Buddhist festival. Buddhism has its own calendar of religious observances and festivals, with significant events related to the life of Buddha, the Dharma, and the Sangha.
2. Jainism: Jainism also has its own set of festivals, and Maha Shivaratri is not traditionally observed within the Jain religious calendar. Jains celebrate events related to the Tirthankaras and other key figures in their tradition.
3. Sai Baba Sect: The followers of Sai Baba, who is considered a saint and spiritual teacher, do not typically observe Maha Shivaratri as part of their religious practices. They may have their own set of celebrations and events.
4. Radha Soami Followers: Radha Soami Satsang Beas, a spiritual organization, does not have specific observances related to Maha Shivaratri. Their followers focus on spiritual teachings and gatherings.
5. Bahaism: Baha’is do not observe Maha Shivaratri, as their religious calendar is distinct and centered around the teachings of Baha’u’llah, distantly related to Islam, as a monotheistic religion. Baha’is have their own set of Holy Days and celebrations.

It is important to note that while these religious groups may not observe Maha Shivaratri, they may have their own festivals and special occasions that hold significance within their respective faiths. Religions often have unique calendars and observances that reflect their specific beliefs and teachings and the Bottom Line is that they all preach inner, self and outer community Peace.

Photo Top: Queues of Devotees engaging to pray at multiple Shiva Lingams, in order to expedite the flow of the thousands of pilgrims during Shivaratri in a Temple.
Photo Middle:  An Adult re-enactment of Lord Shiva during Maha Shivaratri .  Note the essential components of the symbolic attire and the blue tint, associated with the deity, parading the streets, enroute to the temple in the evening, beginning at 1800 hours, local time and the prayers are ongoing the entire night, until 0600 hours, the next morning.  The entire night’s supplication is divided into three sessions, at the end of which blessed, prasad (food) is distributed to the devotees.
Photo Bottom: Children of devotees are often fully attired like Lord Shiva during the Shivaratri observance, at night and attend temples, throughout India.  Note the detailed components of the attire, symbolising each aspect of pious human life, including the blue tint attributed to Lord Shiva.
Photo Credits:  Times of India

References:

[1] Personal quote by author, March 2024

[2] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva

[3] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhajan

[4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parvati

[5] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Mauritius

[6] http://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0259-94222017000300062

[7] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truro_(ship)

[8] https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help-with-your-research/research-guides/indian-indentured-labourers/#:~:text=Many%20Indians%20agreed%20to%20become,abolition%20of%20slavery%20in%201834.

[9] https://www.gov.za/news/speeches/premier-sihle-zikalala-arrival-indian-indentured-workers-south-africa-16-nov-2020

[10] https://www.zinnedproject.org/news/tdih/britain-slavery-abolition-act/#:~:text=On%20August%201%2C%201834%2C%20Britain,inspiration%20and%20hope%20for%20abolitionists.

[11] https://www.bing.com/search?pglt=43&q=When+was+slavery+abolished+in+South+Africa%2C+officially&cvid=b125469c23b242f9a940dc4de8b15ce7&gs_lcrp=EgZjaHJvbWUyBggAEEUYOTIHCAEQRRj8VdIBCTE5Njk3ajBqMagCALACAA&FORM=ANNAB1&PC=U531

[12] https://www.astroved.com/astropedia/en/festivals/krishna-paksha-ashtami

[13] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nataraja

[14] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandava

[15] https://www.wikihow.com/Perform-Shiva-Abhishekam-at-Home

[16] https://www.hindustantimes.com/photos/maha-shivratri-2024-rules-to-rituals-all-you-need-to-know-101709440595606.html

[17] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingam

[18] https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/south-east-se-asia/india-art/a/shiva-as-lord-of-the-dance-nataraja

[19] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri

[20] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samudra_Manthana

[21] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puranas

[22] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilakanta_(Hinduism)

[23] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiva

[24] https://www.news18.com/news/lifestyle/mahashivratri-2022-a-look-at-7-tallest-statues-of-lord-shiva-around-the-world-3522068.html

[25] https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/religion/festivals/mahashivratri-2024-date-puja-time-history-and-significance-of-maha-shivratri/articleshow/108284012.cms

[26] https://www.hinduscriptures.in/gods/goddesses/parvati

[27] https://hinduism.stackexchange.com/questions/48285/are-there-any-events-when-lord-shiva-tested-his-devotees

[28] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri

[29] https://www.ancient-origins.net/artifacts-other-artifacts/lingam-0011364

[30] https://www.mahashivratri.org/shivaratri-rituals.html

______________________________________________

Professor G. Hoosen M. Vawda (Bsc; MBChB; PhD.Wits) is a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace Development Environment.
Director: Glastonbury Medical Research Centre; Community Health and Indigent Programme Services; Body Donor Foundation SA.
Principal Investigator: Multinational Clinical Trials
Consultant: Medical and General Research Ethics; Internal Medicine and Clinical Psychiatry:UKZN, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine
Executive Member: Inter Religious Council KZN SA
Public Liaison: Medical Misadventures
Activism: Justice for All
Email: vawda@ukzn.ac.za

This article originally appeared on Transcend Media Service (TMS) on 11 Mar 2024.

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