This Week in History
HISTORY, 9 Mar 2015
Satoshi Ashikaga – TRANSCEND Media Service
March 9-15
Quote of the Week:
“Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world. Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has.” — Margaret Mead
For Margaret Mead, visit, for instance, http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Margaret_Mead ; http://www2.webster.edu/~woolflm/margaretmead.html ; http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/371443/Margaret-Mead ; and http://www.interculturalstudies.org/Mead/biography.html
MARCH 9
1991 Massive demonstrations are held against Slobodan Milošević in Belgrade.
1989 U.S. performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.
1977 The Hanafi Siege: In a thirty-nine-hour standoff, armed Hanafi Muslims seize three Washington, D.C., buildings, killing two and taking 149 hostage.
1956 Soviet forces suppress mass demonstrations in the Georgian SSR, reacting to Nikita Khrushchev‘s de-Stalinization policy.
1954 McCarthyism: CBS television broadcasts the See It Now episode, “A Report on Senator Joseph McCarthy“, produced by Fred Friendly.
1945 World War II: A coup d’état by Japanese forces in French Indochina removes the French from power.
1945 The Bombing of Tokyo by the United States Army Air Forces begin, one of the most destructive bombing raids in history.
Visit, for instance, http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/tokyo.htm;_ and /or_ http://flgrube1.tripod.com/id13.html
1944 World War II: Soviet Army planes attack Tallinn, Estonia.
1944 World War II: Japanese troops counter-attack American forces on Hill 700 in Bougainville in a battle that would last five days.
1933 Great Depression: President Franklin D. Roosevelt submits the Emergency Banking Act to Congress, the first of his New Deal policies.
1925 Pink’s War: The first Royal Air Force operation conducted independently of the British Army or Royal Navy begins.
1916 Mexican Revolution: Pancho Villa leads nearly 500 Mexican raiders in an attack against the border town of Columbus, New Mexico.
1847 Mexican–American War: The first large-scale amphibious assault in U.S. history is launched in the Siege of Veracruz.
1811 Paraguayan forces defeat Manuel Belgrano at the Battle of Tacuarí.
MARCH10
1990 In Haiti, Prosper Avril is ousted 18 months after seizing power in a coup.
1990 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.
1987 Vatican formal opposition to test-tube fertilization & embryo transfer.
1982 The United States places an embargo on Libyan petroleum imports because of their support of terrorist groups.
1980 Formation of the Irish Army Ranger Wing.
1975 Vietnam War: Ho Chi Minh Campaign – North Vietnamese troops attack Ban Mê Thuột, South Vietnam, on their way to capturing Saigon on the final push for victory over South Vietnam.
1970 Vietnam War: Captain Ernest Medina is charged by the U.S. military with My Lai war crimes.
1969 In Memphis, Tennessee, James Earl Ray pleads guilty to assassinating Martin Luther King Jr. He later unsuccessfully attempts to retract his plea.
1968 Vietnam War: Battle of Lima Site 85, concluding the 11th with largest single ground combat loss of United States Air Force members (12) during that war.
1966 Military Prime Minister of South Vietnam Nguyễn Cao Kỳ sacked rival General Nguyễn Chánh Thi, precipitating large-scale civil and military dissension in parts of the nation.
1960 USSR agrees to stop nuclear testing.
1959 Tibetan uprising: Fearing an abduction attempt by China, 300,000 Tibetans surround the Dalai Lama‘s palace to prevent his removal.
– “The 1959 Tibetan Uprising or 1959 Tibetan Rebellion began on 10 March 1959, when a revolt erupted in Lhasa, the capital of Tibet, which had been under the effective control of the Communist Party of China since the Seventeen Point Agreement in 1951. Although the 14th Dalai Lama‘s flight occurred in 1959, armed conflict between Tibetan rebels and the Chinese army started in 1956 in the Kham and Amdo regions, which were subjected to socialist reform. The guerrilla warfare later spread to other areas of Tibet and lasted through 1962.” (Quoted from Wikipedia Tibetan uprising.)
– For human rights issues in Tibet before 1959 and other pertinent issues, visit, for instance, http://info-buddhism.com/Human-Rights-in-Tibet-before-1959_Robert_Barnett.html ;_ http://globalcommunitywebnet.com/GIM/gimTibetfacts.htm ;_ http://www.china.org.cn/english/international/41895.htm ;_ http://www.chinahumanrights.org/CSHRS/Magazine/Text/t20090727_477608.htm ;_ http://www.bjreview.com/Tibet_in_50_Years/2009-03/09/content_183853.htm ;_ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DiLbAEQqrqY;_ and/or_ http://abuse.wikia.com/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet.
1952 Fulgencio Batista leads a successful coup in Cuba and appoints himself as the “provisional president”.
1945 The U.S. Army Air Force firebombs Tokyo, and the resulting conflagration kills more than 100,000 people, mostly civilians.
1944 Greek Civil War: The Political Committee of National Liberation is established in Greece by the National Liberation Front.
1922 Mahatma Gandhi is arrested in India, tried for sedition, and sentenced to six years in prison, only to be released after nearly two years for an appendicitis operation.
1909 By signing the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909, Thailand relinquishes its sovereignty over the Malay states of Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis and Terengganu, which become British protectorates.
1861 El Hadj Umar Tall seizes the city of Ségou, destroying the Bambara Empire of Mali.
1841 The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo is ratified by the United States Senate, ending the Mexican–American War.
1831 The French Foreign Legion is established by King Louis Philippe to support his war in Algeria.
1830 The Royal Netherlands East Indies Army is created.
1816 Crossing of the Andes: A group of royalist scouts is captured during the Action of Juncalito.
1814 Napoleon I of France is defeated at the Battle of Laon in France.
MARCH 11
2014 The Republic of Crimea declares its independence.
2012 A U.S. soldier kills 16 civilians in the Panjwayi District of Afghanistan near Kandahar.
For relevant issues on massacres by NATO/US in Afghanistan, visit, for instance, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_massacres_in_Afghanistan#War_in_Afghanistan_.282001_-_present.29;_http://otherwords.org/massacres_expose/ ;_ http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2007/05/afgh-m05.html;_ http://workers.org/2007/world/afghanistan-1213/ ;_ http://www.moscowtopnews.com/?area=postView&id=1987 http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2008/08/afgh-a26.html;_and/or_ http://turklar.com/english/?p=196
2011 An earthquake measuring 9.0 in magnitude strikes 130 km (81 mi) east of Sendai, Japan, triggering a tsunami killing thousands of people. This event also triggered the second largest nuclear accident in history, and one of only two events to be classified as a Level 7 on the International Nuclear Event Scale. Also visit the section of March 11, 2011 of this website of Nuclear Age Peace Foundation: http://www.wagingpeace.org/march-this-month-in-nuclear-threat-history/
For earthquakes and tsunamis, visit, for instance, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami;_ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami;_ http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/tsunami/basics.html ;_http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/current-exhibitions/nature-s-fury-the-science-of-natural-disasters/earthquakes-and-tsunamis;_http://www.livescience.com/21486-earthquakes-causes.html;_and/or _ http://seps.mgd-colo.peak.org/earthquakes_and_tsunamis.htm.
For relevant nuclear issues and safety, visit, for instance, https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/earthquake-lessons-nuclear-safety;_ http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/fs-seismic-issues.pdf http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Safety-of-Plants/Nuclear-Power-Plants-and-Earthquakes/ http://www.cbsnews.com/news/nuclear-plant-earthquake-safety-panel-focuses-on-diablo-canyon/;_ http://world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Safety-of-Plants/Safety-of-Nuclear-Power-Reactors/;_ http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/nuclear-safety-official-warned-quakes-problem-wikileaks/story?id=13151224 ;_http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_safety_and_security
2010 Economist and businessman Sebastián Piñera is sworn in as President of Chile, while three earthquakes, the strongest measuring magnitude 6.9 and all centered next to Pichilemu, capital of Cardenal Caro Province, hit central Chile during the ceremony.
2007 Georgia claims Russian helicopters attacked the Kodori Valley in Abkhazia, an accusation that Russia categorically denies later.
2004 Madrid train bombings: Simultaneous explosions on rush hour trains in Madrid, Spain, kill 191 people.
1990 Patricio Aylwin is sworn in as the first democratically elected President of Chile since 1970.
1990 Lithuania declares itself independent from the Soviet Union.
1983 Pakistan successfully conducts a cold test of a nuclear weapon.
1978 Coastal Road massacre: At least 37 are killed and more than 70 are wounded when Al Fatah hijack an Israeli bus, prompting Israel’s Operation Litani.
1977 The 1977 Hanafi Muslim Siege: more than 130 hostages held in Washington, D.C., by Hanafi Muslims are set free after ambassadors from three Islamic nations join negotiations.
1975 Vietnam War: North Vietnamese and Viet Cong guerrilla forces establish control over Ban Me Thuot commune from the South Vietnamese army.
1975 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.
1954 US Army charges Senator Joseph McCarthy used undue pressure tactics.
1946 Rudolf Höss, the first commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp, is captured by British troops.
1945 World War II: The Empire of Vietnam, a short-lived Japanese puppet state, is established with Bảo Đại as its ruler.
1945 World War II: The Imperial Japanese Navy attempts a large-scale kamikaze attack on the U.S. Pacific Fleet anchored at Ulithi atoll in Operation Tan No. 2.
1943 Nazi Militia forms in Netherlands.
For Netherlands under Nazi during World War II, visit, for instance, http://www2.webster.edu/~woolflm/netherlands.html;_and/or _ http://military.wikia.com/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II
1942 World War II: General Douglas MacArthur flees Corregidor. World War II: General Douglas MacArthur flees Corregidor.
1941 World War II: President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs the Lend-Lease Act into law, allowing American-built war supplies to be shipped to the Allies on loan.
1931 Ready for Labour and Defence of the USSR, abbreviated as GTO, is introduced in the Soviet Union.
1931 World War I:Mesopotamian Campaign — Baghdad falls to Anglo-Indian forces commanded by General Stanley Maude.
1888 The Great Blizzard of 1888 begins along the eastern seaboard of the United States, shutting down commerce and killing more than 400.
1879 Shō Tai formally abdicated his position of King of Ryūkyū, under orders from Tokyo, ending the Ryukyu Kingdom
For history of Ryukyu or Okinawa (= Ryukyu’s modern name), visit, for instance,_ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom;_ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands;_ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Ryukyu_Islands;_ http://www.uchinanchu.org/uchinanchu/history_early.htm;_ http://wn.com/history_of_the_ryukyu_islands;_ http://www.oki-islandguide.com/history;_ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa http://japanfocus.org/-Yoshida-Kensei/2857;_ and/or _ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadena_Air_Base.
1861 American Civil War: The Constitution of the Confederate States of America is adopted.
1845 The Flagstaff War: Unhappy with translational differences regarding the Treaty of Waitangi, chiefs Hone Heke, Kawiti and Māori tribe members chop down the British flagpole for a fourth time and drive settlers out of Kororareka, New Zealand.
1824 The United States Department of War creates the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
For native Americans (aka American Indians) and their history, visit, for instance, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States;_ http://www.thewildwest.org/nativeamericans/nativeamericansociety/353-theamericanindiantraged.html;_ http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2013/09/29/tragic-history-african-slaves-and-indians;_ http://theactivistwriter.com/2010/11/22/the-canary-effect-native-americas-tragic-history/;_ http://www.allabouthistory.org/native-american-history.htm ;_and/or_ http://www.indians.org/articles/native-american.html.
1811 During André Masséna‘s retreat from the Lines of Torres Vedras, a division led by French Marshal Michel Ney fights off a combined Anglo-Portuguese force to give Masséna time to escape.
1784 The signing of the Treaty of Mangalore brings the Second Anglo-Mysore War to an end.
MARCH 12
2013 Google agrees to settle a privacy lawsuit, paying a $7 million fine over its handling of wireless data from early 2008 until the spring of 2010. For this issue, visit, for instance, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_Google.
2011 A reactor at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant melts and explodes and releases radioactivity into the atmosphere a day after Japan’s earthquake.
– Visit, for instance, http://fukushimaupdate.com/; and/or_ http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Safety-of-Plants/Fukushima-Accident/.
– Also see http://starlee-funnyworld.blogspot.com/2011_05_01_archive.html.
2009 Financier Bernard Madoff pleads guilty in New York to scamming $18 billion, the largest in Wall Street history.
2003 Zoran Đinđić, Prime Minister of Serbia, is assassinated in Belgrade.
1999 Former Warsaw Pact members the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland join NATO.
1993 Janet Reno is sworn in as the United States‘ first female attorney general.
1993 North Korea nuclear weapons program: North Korea says that it plans to withdraw from the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty and refuses to allow inspectors access to its nuclear sites.
1993 Several bombs explode in Bombay (Mumbai), India, killing about 300 and injuring hundreds more.
1992 Mauritius becomes a republic while remaining a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.
1987 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.
1971 The March 12 Memorandum is sent to the Demirel government of Turkey and the government resigns.
1968 Mauritius achieves independence from the United Kingdom.
1967 Suharto takes over from Sukarno to become Acting President of Indonesia.
1966 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.
1947 The Truman Doctrine is proclaimed to help stem the spread of Communism.
1945 USSR returns Transylvania to Romania.
1942 Pacific War: The Battle of Java ends with an Allied surrender to the Japanese Empire.
1940 Winter War: Finland signs the Moscow Peace Treaty with the Soviet Union, ceding almost all of Finnish Karelia. Finnish troops and the remaining population are immediately evacuated.
1938 Anschluss: German troops occupy and absorb Austria.
Visit, for instance, http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/hitler-announces-an-anschluss-with-austria ;_ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Anschluss_referendum,_1938;_ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/26730/Anschluss ;_ and/or _ http://www.ushmm.org/research/research-in-collections/search-the-collections/bibliography/anschluss.
As to the Constitution of Austria, visit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Austria ;_ and/or _ http://usa5.org/c/constitution-of-austria.
1934 Konstantin Päts and General Johan Laidoner stage a coup in Estonia, and ban all political parties.
1933 Great Depression: Franklin D. Roosevelt addresses the nation for the first time as President of the United States. This is also the first of his “fireside chats“.
1930 Mahatma Gandhi leads a 200-mile march, known as the Salt March, to the sea in defiance of British opposition, to protest the British monopoly on salt.
1922 Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan form The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic.
1921 İstiklal Marşı is adopted in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey.
1920 The Kapp Putsch begins when the Marinebrigade Ehrhardt is ordered to march on Berlin.
1918 Moscow becomes the capital of Russia again after Saint Petersburg held this status for 215 years.
1885 Tonkin Campaign: France captures the citadel of Bắc Ninh.
1881 Andrew Watson makes his Scotland debut as the world’s first black international football player and captain.
1811 Peninsular War: A day after a successful rear guard action, French Marshal Michel Ney once again successfully delayed the pursuing Anglo-Portuguese force at the Battle of Redinha.
1689 The Williamite War in Ireland begins.
MARCH 13
2014 After protests earlier this month, the Israeli parliament votes 65 to 1 for legislation that ends exemptions from military service for ultra-Orthodox Jewish seminary students.
2013 Pope Francis is elected, in the papal conclave, as the 266th Pope of the Catholic Church.
Visit, for instance, http://www.opednews.com/articles/Pope-Francis-and-Change-in-by-Steven-Jonas-Abortion_Abortion_CHANGE_Capitalism-140106-607.html ;_ and/or_ http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/22/pope-francis-reforms_n_4604608.html.
1996 Dunblane massacre: in Dunblane, Scotland, 16 primary school children and one teacher are shot dead by spree killer Thomas Watt Hamilton who then commits suicide.
1992 An earthquake registering 6.8 on the Richter scale kills over 500 in Erzincan, eastern Turkey.
1979 The New Jewel Movement, headed by Maurice Bishop, ousts Prime Minister Eric Gairy in a nearly bloodless coup d’etat in Grenada.
1962 Lyman Lemnitzer, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, delivers a proposal, called Operation Northwoods, regarding performing terrorist attacks upon Guantánamo Bay Naval Base, to Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara. The proposal is scrapped and President John F. Kennedy removes Lemnitzer from his position.
1962 Yugoslavia grants 1,000 prisoners amnesty.
1957 Cuban student revolutionaries storm the presidential palace in Havana in a failed attempt on the life of President Fulgencio Batista.
1951 Israel demands DM 6.2 billion compensation from Germany.
Visit https://www.facebook.com/VFWPost2819/posts/557911380895912.
1944 USSR recognizes Italian Badoglio government.
1943 The Holocaust: German forces liquidate the Jewish ghetto in Kraków.
1940 The Russo-Finnish Winter War ends.
1933 Great Depression: Banks in the U.S. begin to re-open after President Franklin D. Roosevelt mandates a “bank holiday“.
1921 Mongolia is proclaimed an independent monarchy, ruled by Russian military officer Roman von Ungern-Sternberg as a dictator.
1920 The Kapp Putsch briefly ousts the Weimar Republic government from Berlin.
1900 Second Boer War: British forces occupy Bloemfontein, Orange Free State.
1884 The Siege of Khartoum, Sudan begins, ending on January 26, 1885.
1881 Alexander II of Russia is killed near his palace when a bomb is thrown at him. (Gregorian date: it was March 1 in the Julian calendar then in use in Russia.)
1865 American Civil War: The Confederate States of America agree to the use of African American troops.
1862 American Civil War: The U.S. federal government forbids all Union army officers from returning fugitive slaves, thus effectively annulling the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and setting the stage for the Emancipation Proclamation.
1809 Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden is deposed in a coup d’état.
1781 William Herschel discovers Uranus.
1697 Nojpetén, capital of the Itza Maya kingdom, fell to Spanish conquistadors, the final step in the Spanish conquest of Guatemala.
MARCH 14
2008 A series of riots, protests, and demonstrations erupt in Lhasa and elsewhere in Tibet.
2007 The Left Front government of West Bengal sends at least 3,000 police to Nandigram in an attempt to break Bhumi Uchhed Pratirodh Committee resistance there; the resulting clash leaves 14 dead.
2006 Members of the Chadian military fail in an attempted coup d’état.
1988 Johnson South Reef Skirmish: Chinese forces defeat Vietnamese forces in Johnson South Reef, disputed Spratly Islands.
1984 Gerry Adams, head of Sinn Féin, is seriously wounded in an assassination attempt in central Belfast.
1978 The Israeli Defense Force invades and occupies southern Lebanon, in Operation Litani.
1964 A jury in Dallas finds Jack Ruby guilty of killing Lee Harvey Oswald, the assumed assassin of John F. Kennedy.
1951 Korean War: For the second time, United Nations troops recapture Seoul.
1943 World War II: The Kraków Ghetto is “liquidated”.
1942 Orvan Hess and John Bumstead became the first in the United States successfully to treat a patient, Anne Miller, using penicillin.
1939 Slovakia declares independence under German pressure.
– For this event, visit, for instance, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia ;_ http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/triumph/tr-czech.htm ;_ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_resistance_to_Nazi_occupation ;_ and/or_ http://thirdreichruins.com/czech.htm.
1915 World War I: Cornered off the coast of Chile by the Royal Navy after fleeing the Battle of the Falkland Islands, the German light cruiser SMS Dresden is abandoned and scuttled by her crew.
1903 The Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge is established by US President Theodore Roosevelt.
– Visit, for instance, http://www.fws.gov/Refuges/profiles/index.cfm?id=41572 ;_ http://firstrefuge.org/ ;_ and/or _ http://www.tidewater-florida.com/wildlife-refuges/pelican-island-nwr.htm.
– For conservation of nature/natural resources, visit, for instance, http://www.nature.org/ ;_ http://www.keepbanderabeautiful.org/natureconservation.html ;_ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature ;_ http://www.iucn.org/about/ ;_ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_%28ethic%29 ;_ http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/conservation-natural-resources.html ;_ http://www.pensoft.net/journals/natureconservation ;_ and/or _ http://www.globalissues.org/article/177/nature-and-animal-conservation.
1903 The Hay–Herrán Treaty, granting the United States the right to build the Panama Canal, is ratified by the United States Senate. The Colombian Senate would later reject the treaty.
1900 The Gold Standard Act is ratified, placing United States currency on the gold standard.
1782 Battle of Wuchale: Emperor Tekle Giyorgis pacifies a group of Oromo near Wuchale.
1780 American Revolutionary War: Spanish forces capture Fort Charlotte in Mobile, Alabama, the last British frontier post capable of threatening New Orleans in Spanish Louisiana.
1647 Thirty Years’ War: Bavaria, Cologne, France and Sweden sign the Truce of Ulm.
MARCH 15
2006 UN General Assembly decides to create Human Rights Council.
– Visit UN General Assembly Resolution 60/251 (2006): http://www.un-documents.net/a60r251.htm.
– The website of the Human Rights Council:_ http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/Pages/HRCIndex.aspx.
1991 The Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany comes into effect, granting full sovereignty to the Federal Republic of Germany.
1990 Mikhail Gorbachev is elected as the first President of the Soviet Union.
1985 Brazilian military dictatorship ends.
1985 The first Internet domain name is registered (symbolics.com).
1985 US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.
1978 China performs nuclear test at Lop Nor, PRC.
1978 Somalia and Ethiopia signed a truce to end the Ethiopian-Somali War.
1965 President Lyndon B. Johnson, responding to the Selma crisis, tells U.S. Congress “We shall overcome” while advocating the Voting Rights Act.
1964 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.
1961 South Africa withdraws from the Commonwealth of Nations.
1945 World War II: Soviet forces begin an offensive to push Germans from Upper Silesia.
1943 World War II: Third Battle of Kharkov – the Germans retake the city of Kharkov from the Soviet armies in bitter street fighting.
1939 Carpatho-Ukraine declares itself an independent republic, but is annexed by Hungary the next day.
1939 World War II: German troops occupy the remaining part of Bohemia and Moravia; Czechoslovakia ceases to exist.
1933 Austrian Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss keeps members of the National Council from convening, starting the austrofascist dictatorship.
1926 The dictator Theodoros Pangalos is elected President of Greece without opposition.
1922 After Egypt gains nominal independence from the United Kingdom, Fuad I becomes King of Egypt.
1917 Tsar Nicholas II of Russia abdicates the Russian throne and his brother the Grand Duke becomes Tsar.
1916 President Woodrow Wilson sends 4,800 United States troops over the U.S.-Mexico border to pursue Pancho Villa.
1906 Rolls-Royce Limited is incorporated.
1888 Start of the Anglo-Tibetan War of 1888.
1874 France and Viet Nam sign the Second Treaty of Saigon, further recognizing the full sovereignty of France over Cochinchina.
1843 A revolution breaks out in Hungary. The Habsburg rulers are compelled to meet the demands of the Reform party.
________________________________
Satoshi Ashikaga is a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment originally from Japan.
(Sources and references: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_9 to 15; http://www.brainyhistory.com/days/march_9.html to 15; http://www.historyorb.com/events/march/09 to 15; and other relevant websites and documents, mentioned above.)
This article originally appeared on Transcend Media Service (TMS) on 9 Mar 2015.
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