This Week in History

HISTORY, 21 Dec 2015

Satoshi Ashikaga - TRANSCEND Media Service

TWH logo history

Dec 21-27

QUOTE OF THE WEEK:

“Always remember to slow down in life; live, breathe, and learn; take a look around you whenever you have time and never forget everything and every person that has the least place within your heart.” – Unattributed

 

DECEMBER 21

2004  Iraq War: A suicide bomber killed 22 at the forward operating base next to the main US military airfield at Mosul, Iraq, the single deadliest suicide attack on American soldiers.

1999  The Spanish Civil Guard intercepts a van loaded with 950 kg of explosives that ETA intended to use to blow up Torre Picasso in Madrid, Spain.

1995  The city of Bethlehem passes from Israeli to Palestinian control.

1994  Mexican volcano Popocatépetl, dormant for 47 years, erupts gases and ash.

1992  A Dutch DC-10, flight Martinair MP 495, crashes at Faro Airport, killing 56.

1988  A bomb explodes on board Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland, killing 270.

1979  USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

1979  Lancaster House Agreement: An independence agreement for Rhodesia is signed in London by Lord Peter Carrington, Sir Ian Gilmour, Robert Mugabe, Joshua Nkomo, Bishop Abel Muzorewa and S.C. Mundawarara.

Lancaster House Agreement:

History of Rhodesia/Zimbabwe:

1976  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

Nuclear Weapons and the United States:

1973  The Geneva Conference on the Arab–Israeli conflict opens.

UN Security Council Resolutions 338 and 344 of 1973:

Geneva Peace Conference of 1973:

Arab-Israeli Conflict:

History of Arab-Israeli Conflict:

1968  Apollo program: Apollo 8 is launched from the Kennedy Space Center, placing its crew on a lunar trajectory for the first visit to another celestial body by humans.

1965  The United Nations adopts the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.

International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination:

One of the Historical Cases – Nuremberg Laws of Nazi Germany:

One of the Historical Cases – Apartheid of South Africa:

Zionism and Anti-Semitism:

Anti-Zionism, Anti-Semitism and/or Anti-Israel? :

Sports and Racism:

Beauty Contest and Racism:

Is “American Exceptionalism” a National or Political Sense of Racism or Something Else? :

Some Other Pertinent Articles from Transcend.org/TMS:

1963  The episode of intercommunal violence called “Bloody Christmas” begins in Cyprus, ultimately resulting in the displacement of 25,000-30,000 Turkish Cypriots and destruction of more than 100 villages.

Bloody Christmas of 1963 in Cyprus:

1962  Rondane National Park is established as Norway’s first national park.

1946  An earthquake of 8.1 Mw and subsequent tsunami in Nankaidō, Japan, kills over 1,300 people and destroys over 38,000 homes.

1941  World War II: A formal treaty of alliance between Thailand and Japan is signed in the presence of the Emerald Buddha in Wat Phra Kaew, Thailand.

1936  First flight of the Junkers Ju 88 multi-role combat aircraft.

1923  United Kingdom and Nepal formally signed an agreement of friendship, called the Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923, which superseded the Treaty of Sugauli signed in 1816.

Nepal-Britain Relations:

History of Nepal:

1907  The Chilean Army commits a massacre of at least 2,000 striking saltpeter miners in Iquique, Chile.

1907 Santa María de Iquique Massacre:

1879  World première of Henrik Ibsen‘s A Doll’s House at the Royal Theatre in Copenhagen, Denmark.

1844  The Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers commences business at its cooperative in Rochdale, England, starting the Cooperative movement.

1832  Egyptian–Ottoman War: Egyptian forces decisively defeat Ottoman troops at the Battle of Konya.

1620  Plymouth Colony: William Bradford and the Mayflower Pilgrims land on what is now known as Plymouth Rock in Plymouth, Massachusetts.

1598  Battle of Curalaba: The revolting Mapuche, led by cacique Pelentaru, inflict a major defeat on Spanish troops in southern Chile.

 

 

DECMEBER 22

2010  The repeal of the Don’t ask, don’t tell policy, the 17-year-old policy banning homosexuals serving openly in the United States military, is signed into law by President Barack Obama.

2008  An ash dike ruptured at a solid waste containment area in Roane County, Tennessee, releasing 1.1 billion US gallons (4,200,000 m3) of coal fly ash slurry.

2001  Burhanuddin Rabbani, political leader of the Northern Alliance, hands over power in Afghanistan to the interim government headed by President Hamid Karzai.

1997  Hussein Farrah Aidid relinquishes the disputed title of President of Somalia by signing the Cairo Declaration, in Cairo, Egypt. It is the first major step towards reconciliation in Somalia since 1991.

1997  Acteal massacre: Attendees at a prayer meeting of Roman Catholic activists for indigenous causes in the small village of Acteal in the Mexican state of Chiapas are massacred by paramilitary forces.

Acteal Massacre of 1997:

1992  The Archives of Terror are discovered.

Archives of Terror:

1991  Armed opposition groups launch a military coup against President of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia.

1990  The Croatian Parliament adopts the current Constitution of Croatia.

1990  Final independence of Marshall Islands and Federated States of Micronesia after termination of trusteeship.

1989  Berlin’s Brandenburg Gate re-opens after nearly 30 years, effectively ending the division of East and West Germany.

1989  Communist President of Romania Nicolae Ceaușescu is overthrown by Ion Iliescu after days of bloody confrontations. The deposed dictator and his wife flee Bucharest with a helicopter as protesters erupt in cheers.

1987  In Zimbabwe, the political parties ZANU and ZAPU reach an agreement that ends the violence in the Matabeleland region known as the Gukurahundi.

History of Zimbabwe:

1978  The pivotal Third Plenum of the 11th National Congress of the Communist Party of China is held in Beijing, with Deng Xiaoping reversing Mao-era policies to pursue a program for Chinese economic reform.

1974  The house of former British Prime Minister Edward Heath is attacked by members of the Provisional IRA.

1974  Grande Comore, Anjouan and Mohéli vote to become the independent nation of Comoros. Mayotte remains under French administration.

1971  USSR performs underground nuclear test in Atyrau (Kazakhstan), Russia.

Underground Nuclear Tests:

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

1968  Cultural Revolution: People’s Daily posted the instructions of Mao Zedong that it is “The intellectual youth must go to the country, and will be educated from living in rural poverty.”(Down to the Countryside Movement)

Cultural Revolution:

Up to the Mountains and Down to the Countryside Movement:

1962  USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

1961  US performs nuclear test at Nevada Test Site.

Nuclear Weapons and the United States:

1956  Colo, the first gorilla to be bred in captivity, is born at the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium in Ohio.

1951  The Selangor Labour Party is founded in Selangor, Malaya.

1947  The Constituent Assembly of Italy approves the Constitution of Italy.

1944  World War II: The Vietnam People’s Army is formed to resist Japanese occupation of Indochina, now Vietnam.

1944  World War II: Battle of the Bulge – German troops demand the surrender of United States troops at Bastogne, Belgium, prompting the famous one word reply by General Anthony McAuliffe: “Nuts!”

Battle of the Bulge:

1942  World War II: Adolf Hitler signs the order to develop the V-2 rocket as a weapon.

V-2 Rocket:

1940  World War II: Himarë is captured by the Greek army.

1939  Indian Muslims observe a “Day of Deliverance” to celebrate the resignations of members of the Indian National Congress over their not having been consulted over the decision to enter World War II with the United Kingdom.

1937  The Lincoln Tunnel opens to traffic in New York City.

1920  The GOELRO economic development plan is adopted by the 8th Congress of Soviets of the Russian SFSR.

1891  Asteroid 323 Brucia becomes the first asteroid discovered using photography.

 

 

DECEMBER 23

2007  An agreement is made for the Kingdom of Nepal to be abolished and the country to become a federal republic with the Prime Minister becoming head of state.

1990  History of Slovenia: In a referendum, 88.5% of Slovenia‘s overall electorate vote for independence from Yugoslavia.

Independence Movement of Slovenia in 1990:

Slovenia:

Foreign Relations of Slovenia:

History of Slovenia:

Economy of Slovenia:

History of Yugoslavia and Its Break-up:

Constitutions of the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia:

1982  The United States Environmental Protection Agency announces it has identified dangerous levels of dioxin in the soil of Times Beach, Missouri.

1979  Soviet war in Afghanistan: Soviet Union forces occupy Kabul, the Afghan capital.

Soviet-Afghan War 1979 – 1989:

1979  USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

1972  The 16 survivors of the Andes flight disaster are rescued after 73 days, having survived by cannibalism.

1972  An earthquake of 6.5 magnitude strikes the Nicaraguan capital of Managua killing more than 10,000.

1970  The Democratic Republic of the Congo officially becomes a single-party state.

Democratic Republic of Congo:

History of the Democratic Republic of the Congo:

Human Rights in the Democratic Republic of the Congo:

Economy of the Democratic Republic of the Congo:

1970  USSR performs underground nuclear test at Mangystau, Kazakhstan.

Mangystau:

USSR’s Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Effect and/or Impact of Nuclear Weapons Tests:

Underground Nuclear Tests:

1970  The North Tower of the World Trade Center in Manhattan, New York, New York is topped out at 1,368 feet (417 m), making it the tallest building in the world.

1968  The 82 sailors from the USS Pueblo are released after eleven months of internment in North Korea.

1958  Dedication of Tokyo Tower, the world’s highest self-supporting iron tower.

1954  First successful kidney transplant is performed by J. Hartwell Harrison and Joseph Murray.

1948  Seven Japanese convicted of war crimes by the International Military Tribunal for the Far East are executed at Sugamo Prison in Tokyo, Japan.

1947  The transistor is first demonstrated at Bell Laboratories.

1941  World War II: After 15 days of fighting, the Imperial Japanese Army occupies Wake Island.

1940  World War II: Greek submarine Papanikolis (Y-2) sinks the Italian motor ship Antonietta.

1938  Discovery of the first modern coelacanth in South Africa.

1936  Colombia becomes a signatory to the Buenos Aires copyright treaty.

1921  Visva-Bharati University is inaugurated.

1919  Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919 becomes law in the United Kingdom.

1916  World War I: Battle of Magdhaba – Allied forces defeat Turkish forces in Egypt‘s Sinai Peninsula.

1914  World War I: Australian and New Zealand troops arrive in Cairo, Egypt.

1913  The Federal Reserve Act is signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson, creating the Federal Reserve System.

1893  The opera Hansel and Gretel by Engelbert Humperdinck is first performed.

1876  First day of the Constantinople Conference which resulted in agreement for political reforms in the Balkans.

1823  A Visit from St. Nicholas, also known as The Night Before Christmas, is published anonymously.

1793  The Battle of Savenay: a decisive defeat of the royalist counter-revolutionaries in War in the Vendée during the French Revolution.

 

 

DECEMBER 24

2008  Lord’s Resistance Army, a Ugandan rebel group, begins a series of attacks on Democratic Republic of the Congo, massacring more than 400.

2005  Chad–Sudan relations: Chad declares a state of war against Sudan following a December 18 attack on Adré, which left about 100 people dead.

2003  The Spanish police thwart an attempt by ETA to detonate 50 kg of explosives at 3:55 p.m. inside Madrid‘s busy Chamartín Station.

1999  Indian Airlines Flight 814 hijacked in Indian airspace between Kathmandu, Nepal, and Delhi, India; aircraft eventually landed at Kandahar, Afghanistan. Ordeal ended on December 31 with the release of 190 survivors (one passenger killed).

1997  The Sid El-Antri massacre (or Sidi Lamri) in Algeria kills 50–100 people.

1994 Air France Flight 8969 is hijacked on the ground at Houari Boumediene Airport, Algiers, Algeria. Over the course of three days three passengers are killed, as are all four terrorists.

1981  USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

1980  Witnesses report the first of several sightings of unexplained lights near RAF Woodbridge, in Rendlesham Forest, Suffolk, England, United Kingdom, an incident called “Britain’s Roswell“.

1979  The first European Ariane rocket is launched.

1973  District of Columbia Home Rule Act is passed, allowing residents of Washington, D.C. to elect their own local government.

1969  Nigerian troops capture Umuahia, the last Biafran capital before its dissolution became Owerri

1969  The oil company Phillips Petroleum made the first oil discovery in the Norwegian sector of North Sea.

1968  Apollo program: The crew of Apollo 8 enters into orbit around the Moon, becoming the first humans to do so. They performed ten lunar orbits and broadcast live TV pictures.

1966  A Canadair CL-44 chartered by the United States military crashes into a small village in South Vietnam, killing 129.

1964  Vietnam War: Viet Cong operatives bomb the Brinks Hotel in Saigon, South Vietnam to demonstrate they can strike an American installation in the heavily guarded capital.

1962  USSR performs nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR.

1951  Libya becomes independent from Italy. Idris I is proclaimed King of Libya.

History of Libya:

Economy of Libya:

1943  World War II: US General Dwight D. Eisenhower is named Supreme Allied Commander for the Invasion of Normandy.

1942  World War II: French monarchist, Fernand Bonnier de La Chapelle, assassinates Vichy French Admiral François Darlan in Algiers, Algeria.

1941  World War II: Kuching is conquered by Japanese forces.

1939  World War II: Pope Pius XII makes a Christmas Eve appeal for peace.

1929  Assassination attempt on Argentine President Hipólito Yrigoyen.

1924  Albania becomes a republic.

History of Albania:

1914  World War I: The “Christmas truce” begins.

1906  Radio: Reginald Fessenden transmits the first radio broadcast; consisting of a poetry reading, a violin solo, and a speech.

1871  Aida opens in Cairo, Egypt.

1865  The Ku Klux Klan is formed.

 

 

DECEMBER 25

2004  Cassini orbiter releases Huygens probe which successfully landed on Saturn‘s moon Titan on January 14, 2005.

2003 The ill-fated Beagle 2 probe, released from the Mars Express spacecraft on December 19, disappears shortly before its scheduled landing.

2000  Russian President Vladimir Putin signs a bill into law that officially establishes a new National Anthem of Russia, with music adopted from the anthem of the Soviet Union that was composed by Alexander Vasilyevich Alexandrov.

1991  Mikhail Gorbachev resigns as General Secretary of the Soviet Union (the union itself is dissolved the next day). Ukraine‘s referendum is finalized and Ukraine officially leaves the Soviet Union.

1989  Deposed President of Romania Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife, First-Deputy Prime-Minister Elena Ceaușescu are condemned to death and executed after a summary trial.

1977  Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin meets in Egypt with its president Anwar Sadat.

1968  Kilvenmani massacre, 44 Dalits (untouchables) burnt to death in Kizhavenmani village, Tamil Nadu, a retaliation for a campaign for higher wages by Dalit laborers.

1968  Apollo program: Apollo 8 performs the very first successful Trans-Earth injection (TEI) maneuver, sending the crew and spacecraft on a trajectory back to Earth from Lunar orbit.

1965  The Yemeni Nasserist Unionist People’s Organisation is founded in Ta’izz

1963  Turkish Cypriot Bayrak Radio begins transmitting in Cyprus after Turkish Cypriots are forcibly excluded from Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation.

1962  USSR performs nuclear test as its final above-ground nuclear test at Novaya Zemlya USSR, in anticipation of the 1963 Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty.

1947  The Constitution of the Republic of China goes into effect.

1946  The first in Europe artificial, self-sustaining nuclear chain reaction is initiated within Soviet F-1 nuclear reactor.

1941  Admiral Émile Muselier seizes the archipelago of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, which become the first part of France to be liberated by the Free French Forces.

1941  World War II: Battle of Hong Kong ends, beginning the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong.

1941  Admiral Chester W. Nimitz arrives at Pearl Harbor to assume command of the US Pacific Fleet

1932  An earthquake of magnitude 7.6 in Gansu, China kills 275 people.

1927  The Vietnamese Nationalist Party is founded.

1914  A series of unofficial truces occur across the Western Front to celebrate Christmas.

 

 

DECEMBER 26

2009  China opens the world’s longest high-speed rail route, which links Beijing and Guangzhou.

2006  An oil pipeline in Lagos, Nigeria explodes, killing at least 260.

2004  Orange Revolution: The final run-off election in Ukraine is held under heavy international scrutiny.

2004  An earthquake of magnitude 9.3 creates a tsunami causing devastation in Sri Lanka, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, the Maldives and many other areas around the rim of the Indian Ocean, killing over 230,000.

2003  An earthquake of magnitude 6.6 devastates southeast Iranian city of Bam, killing tens of thousands and destroying the citadel of Arg-é Bam.

1998  Iraq announces its intention to fire upon US and British warplanes that patrol the northern and southern no-fly zones.

1997  The Soufrière Hills volcano on the island of Montserrat explodes, creating a small tsunami offshore.

1996  Start of the largest strike in South Korean history.

1994  Four Armed Islamic Group hijackers seize control of Air France Flight 8969. When the plane lands at Marseille, a French Gendarmerie assault team boards the aircraft and kills the hijackers.

1991  The Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union meets and formally dissolves the Soviet Union.

1983  USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

1982  USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

For some more pertinent information, see, “1983 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR”, mentioned above.

1982  Time‘s Man of the Year is for the first time a non-human, the personal computer.

1977  USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

For some more pertinent information, see, “1983 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR”, mentioned above.

1976  The Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist–Leninist) is founded.

1972  Vietnam War: As part of Operation Linebacker II, 120 American B-52 Stratofortress bombers attacked Hanoi, including 78 launched from Andersen Air Force Base in Guam, the largest single combat launch in Strategic Air Command history.

Vietnam War in 1972:

1966  The first Kwanzaa is celebrated by Maulana Karenga, the chair of Black Studies at California State University, Long Beach.

1948  Cardinal József Mindszenty is arrested in Hungary and accused of treason and conspiracy.

1944 World War II: George S Patton‘s Third Army breaks the encirclement of surrounded U.S. forces at Bastogne, Belgium.

1943  World War II: German warship Scharnhorst is sunk off of Norway’s North Cape after a battle against major Royal Navy forces.

1941  US President Franklin D. Roosevelt signs a bill establishing the fourth Thursday in November as Thanksgiving Day in the United States.

1925  Turkey adopts the Gregorian calendar.

1898  Marie and Pierre Curie announce the isolation of radium.

1883  The Harbour Grace Affray between Irish Catholics and Protestant Orangemen causes five deaths in Newfoundland.

1862  The largest mass-hanging in U.S. history took place in Mankato, Minnesota, 38 Native Americans died.

1846  Trapped in snow in the Sierra Nevadas and without food, members of the Donner Party resort to cannibalism.

1825  Advocates of liberalism in Russia rise up against Czar Nicholas I and are put down in the Decembrist revolt in Saint Petersburg.

1811  A theater fire in Richmond, Virginia kills the Governor of Virginia George William Smith and the president of the First National Bank of Virginia Abraham B. Venable.

1806  Battles of Pultusk and Golymin: Russian forces hold French forces under Napoleon.

1805  Austria and France sign the Treaty of Pressburg.

1799  Four thousand people attend George Washington‘s funeral where Henry Lee III declares him as “first in war, first in peace and first in the hearts of his countrymen.”

1793 Second Battle of Wissembourg: France defeat Austria.

 

 

DECEMBER 27

2009  Iranian election protests: On the Day of Ashura in Tehran, Iran, government security forces fire upon demonstrators.

2008  Operation Cast Lead: Israel launches 3-week operation on Gaza.

2007  Riots erupt in Mombasa, Kenya, after Mwai Kibaki is declared the winner of the presidential election, triggering a political, economic, and humanitarian crisis.

2007  Former Pakistani prime minister Benazir Bhutto is assassinated in a shooting incident.

2004  Radiation from an explosion on the magnetar SGR 1806-20 reaches Earth. It is the brightest extrasolar event known to have been witnessed on the planet.

2002  Two truck bombs kill 72 and wound 200 at the pro-Moscow headquarters of the Chechen government in Grozny, Chechnya, Russia.

2001  China is granted permanent normal trade relations with the United States.

1997  Taliban forces retake the strategic Bagram Airfield which solidifies their buffer zone around Kabul, Afghanistan.

1996  Taliban forces retake the strategic Bagram Airfield which solidifies their buffer zone around Kabul, Afghanistan.

1989  The Romanian Revolution concludes, as the last minor street confrontations and stray shootings abruptly end in the country’s capital, Bucharest.

1987  USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

1985  Palestinian guerrillas kill eighteen people inside the airports of Rome, Italy, and Vienna, Austria.

1983  Pope John Paul II visits Mehmet Ali Ağca in Rebibbia‘s prison and personally forgives him for the 1981 attack on him in St. Peter’s Square.

1981  USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

For some more pertinent information, see “1987 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR,” mentioned above.

1979  The Soviet Union invades the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan.

1978  Spain becomes a democracy after 40 years of fascist dictatorship.

1974  USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR.

For some more pertinent information, see “1987 USSR performs nuclear test at Eastern Kazakh/Semipalitinsk USSR,” mentioned above.

1968  Apollo program: Apollo 8 splashes down in the Pacific Ocean, ending the first orbital manned mission to the Moon.

1968  China detonates its first nuclear weapon at Lop Nor (Lop Nur).

Lop Nor Nuclear Weapons Test Site:                            

China’s Nuclear Weapon Programs:

1966  The Cave of Swallows, the largest known cave shaft in the world, is discovered in Aquismón, San Luis Potosí, Mexico.

1961 Belgium and Congo resume diplomatic relations.

Belgian Congo:

1960  France performs nuclear test at Reggane, Algeria.

French Nuclear Tests in Reggane, Algeria:

Some Pertinent YouTube Videos:

Pertinent Reports:

Radiation Contaminations in Reggane:

France’s Nuclear Tests:

1949  Indonesian National Revolution: The Netherlands officially recognizes Indonesian independence. End of the Dutch East Indies.

History of Indonesia:

Indonesia:

Foreign Relations of Indonesia:

Indonesia and the United Nations:

Economy of Indonesia:

1945  The World Bank and International Monetary Fund are created with the signing of an agreement by 29 nations.

World Bank and the IMF:

Problems of the World Bank and the IMF:

1942  The Union of Pioneers of Yugoslavia is founded.

1939  Winter War: Finland holds off a Soviet attack in the Battle of Kelja.

1939  Erzincan, Turkey, is hit by an earthquake, killing 30,000.

1929  Soviet General Secretary Joseph Stalin orders the “liquidation of the kulaks as a class“, ostensibly as an effort to spread socialism to the countryside.

1918  The Great Poland Uprising against the Germans begins.

History of Poland:

Second Poland Republic:

1831  Charles Darwin embarks on his journey aboard the HMS Beagle, during which he will begin to formulate the theory of evolution.

1703  Portugal and England sign the Methuen Treaty which gives preference to Portuguese imported wines into England.

1657  The Flushing Remonstrance is signed.

______________________________

Satoshi Ashikaga, having worked as researcher, development program/project officer, legal protection/humanitarian assistance officer, human rights monitor-negotiator, managing-editor, and more, prefers a peaceful and prudent life, especially that in communion with nature.  His previous work experiences, including those in war zones and war-torn zones, remind him of the invaluableness of peace.  His interest and/or expertise includes international affairs, international law, jurisprudence, economic and business affairs, project/operations or organizational management, geography, history, the environmental/ecological issues, visual/audio documentation of nature and culture, and more. Being a member of the TRANSCEND Network for Peace, Development and Environment, he is currently compiling This Week in History on TMS.

(Sources and references: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/december_21   to_december_27; http://www.historyorb.com/events/december/21   to december/27; http://www.brainyhistory.com/days/december_21.html   to December_27.html; and other pertinent web sites and/or documents, mentioned above.)

  1. The views expressed in the cited or quoted websites and/or documents in this article do not necessarily reflect those of the author of this article. These websites and/or documents are cited or quoted for academic or educational purposes. Neither the author of this article nor the Transcend Media Service (TMS) is responsible for the contents, information, or whatsoever contained in these websites and/or documents.
  2. One of the primary purposes of this article is to provide the readers with opportunities to think about “peace”, including positive peace and negative peace as well as external/outer peace and internal/inner peace, and more, directly or indirectly, from various angles and/or in the broadest sense, through historical events. It is because this article is prepared specifically for the TMS whose main objective is to address “peace” through peace journalism.

This article originally appeared on Transcend Media Service (TMS) on 21 Dec 2015.

Anticopyright: Editorials and articles originated on TMS may be freely reprinted, disseminated, translated and used as background material, provided an acknowledgement and link to the source, TMS: This Week in History, is included. Thank you.

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